Digital Commons Network^™

Polish Stamp Commemorating Majdanek Death Camp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with green illustration of a skeleton in Nazi uniform pouring gas on a compound of buildings.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Majdanek Death Camp stamp issued by Poland in 1946 commemorating the atrocities that took place there. Stamp depicts death in skeletal form of a Third Reich Nazi pouring Zyklon B into gas chambers.

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard Returned

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with purple printed postcard lines with handwritten address to S. Hirowska and return address from S. Hajskopf with message written in ink. Message has red markings over it.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postcard addressed to S. Hirowska in Warsaw, return address from S. Hajskopf in Lidzmannstadt Ghetto with message written in ink. Postcard returned unsent. The notations "unclean", "Yiddish and Jewish language forbidden" and "Returned" were applied by German censor. Return address: S. Hajskopf, Litzmannstadt Ghetto , "Litzmannstadt Ghetto, Dec 25. Translation: "Dear Aunt, Uncle, and Emek, Grandmother and I received your card and it made …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with green printed postcard lines. Includes handwritten address in blue to Rev. Leon Rosenberg with return address from Hermann Pfamensh Rosenberg. Includes a message written in blue ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Litzmannstadt Ghetto postcard sent from one brother Hermann Rosenberg to another, Rev. Leon Rosenberg, possibly converted to Christianity and living in the U.S.A. Purple handstamp of Rumkowski and Judenrat (Jewish Elders), German censor markings.

"Dear Brother: Again the Lord has brought us great joy that we received your letter for which we thank you very much. We are very happy to hear that the …

Litzmannstadt Ghetto Postcard Returned Due To Inadmissible Contents

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with printed purple postcard lines. Includes handwritten address to J. Rosenblum from Shw. Berek and handwritten message.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

"Censored postcard from Litzmannstadt Ghetto prisoner to Jewish resident of Warsaw with red lined censor markings and hand- stamped ""INHALT UNZULASSIG"" meaning that some of the contents were inadmissible. Hence this postcard not sent.

Dear Parents and Grandparents, We received your letter dear father and the card -- On the first I shall give you an answer to the card that you sent. I am sorry that I cannot take care of the package that …

Censored Postcard Litzmannstadt Ghetto With "Inhalt Unzulassig" Cachet And Erased Content From Israel Beidermann

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan postcard with printed purple postcard lines with handwritten address to Kurt Schaffer from Israel Biedrmann with handwritten message including one censored portion.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Postcard returned not posted due to inadmissible contents. Litzmannstadt Ghetto prisoner Mr. Biedermann’s postcard was ineligible to be posted due to German censor discovering content that would be too provocative to mail. Hence the stamped censor mark “INHALT UNZULASSIG”. These decisions were quite arbitrary and ensured that prisoners were cut off from the outside world.

"Israel" Envelope

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Purple grey envelope with typewritten address to Henri Landauer and return address typewritten on back flap to Julius Israel Josephi.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: A law enacted August 17, 1938 required Jews with non-Jewish forenames to assume the name "Sara" if a woman and "Israel" if a man. This law became effective January 1, 1939. These names were to be used on all correspondence -- private or official -- including return addresses on mail.

Third Reich Cover To Dr. Pappenheimer In Shanghai From Isaak Gottleib

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan envelope with typewritten address to Mr. & Mrs. D. Pappenheimer. Includes handwritten address on back flap from Mr. Isaak Gottlieb.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: This envelope to Dr. Pappenheimer traveled through Siberia to reach its destination in Shanghai where Jews were given safe haven. Nazi censor markings.

Life Insurance Document For Margot Loewenstein

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Typewritten document in black and blue with a large red Star of David stamp with the word "Jude."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

A very disturbing set of three typed documents (2012.1.44, 2012.1.45, 2012.1.46) from Berlin. Each is ominously stamped "Jude" in a large red Star of David, concerning the life insurance policy of one Margot Lowenstein of Hamburg, who fled Nazi Germany in August 1939 for England. Under German law, Jews who left the country or were forcibly deported were forced to forfeit any benefits or monies due on existing life insurance policies. The document, loosely translated in …

George F. Duckwitz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Black and white photograph of a dower-looking man in glasses, with his dark hair slicked back, wearing a three-piece suit and tie. The tie has a pearl pin in it, and is askew. Back: Pasted sticker naming Duckwitz a West German personality. Beneath a black handstamp giving copyright to Camera Press.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Press photograph of George F. Duckwitz (1904-1973). Duckwitz had been a German businessman who joined the Nazi Party in 1932. He was eventually assigned to the German embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, as an attaché. After 1942 Duckwitz worked with Werner Best, the Gestapo …

Postcard From Belzyce Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with message written in purple pencil.Back: Printed postcard lines in brown with writing in pencil. Includes black and purple hand stamps, a green pasted stamp of a man in profile facing left, and a red arrow.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Polish postcard bearing scarce small boxed BELZYCE alongside of German franking, addressed in pencil to Berlin. Belzyce, a small town in the province of Lublin, Poland, was overcome by Germany in September, 1939. A ghetto was established 1940 which housed Jews from Belzyce as well as other towns in Poland. The liquidation of the ghetto …

Envelope From Krakow Ghetto

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Green envelope with typewritten address. Includes several purple and black hand stamps, some writing in pencil, and a pasted brown stamp depicting a buildling in upper right corner.Back: Address written in black cursive ink.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Envelope franked General Government 6 pfg. tied Krakow cds, from Zydowska Samopomoc Spoleczna (Jewish Self-Help Society) in Krakow Ghetto to Rada Zydowska (Jewish Aid Society) in Wadlew, Poland. One of the five major metropolitan ghettos in the General Government territory created by the Nazis, Krakow was surrounded by barbed wire and brick walls shaped as tombstones. 18,000 Jews were …

Briefaktion (Operation Mail) Postcards, Auschwitz

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan postcard with message written in purple pencil. Back: Black printed postcard lines with writing in purple pencil. Includes a purple hand stamp on bottom left, and several black hand stamps on top right, and a pasted purple stamp of Hitler in profile at the top right.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: One of four cards (2015.2.105 -.108) with Deutsches Reich franking on card from Birkenau to Prague, bearing 5 line "Rukanwort nur auf Postkarten in deutscher Sprach uber die Reichvereiningung der Juden in Detuschland..." 1944. Among the many deceptions used by the Nazis to deflect rumors and …

Drancy, France Internment Camp Food Package Card

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan paper with printed black text and a purple circular hand stamp in upper lefthand corner.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Unused food package card with violet triple ring cachet "CAMP D'INTERNMENT DE DRANCY." Drancy was a high-rise apartment complex in the northeast suburb of Paris in the 1930s before the Nazis confiscated it and utilized it as an internment camp to hold Jews and other “undesirables” who were later deported to the extermination camps. 65,000 Jews were deported from Drancy, of whom 63,000 were murdered including 6,000 children. The Vichy government under Petain and Laval cooperated with Nazi …

Aryanization Of Jewish-Owned Gleiser Furniture, Berlin Francotyp Card

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan card with printed black lines and information blanks with information written in with black ink. Top section and lower section have a series of pasted and hand stamps. Includes information on the history of a machine manufactured by Gleiser, with dates, name and address of purchaser, along with maintenance information. Gleiser was a formerly Jewish, then Aryanized company. Back: Information filled in with black ink. Stamps at top and bottom right.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

A card containing history of technical information on a machine manufactured by Gleiser, with dates, name and address of purchaser, along …

Zyklon-B Cannister Label

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: Tan paper with text in black, white and red. Includes skull and crossbones in upper left corner, a red shield with white design in lower left, and a black circular hand stamp on right edge. Zyklon B was a pesticide used in Nazi death camps to exterminate Jews through vaporizing pellets in shower chambers.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

A hydrogen cyanide product produced by Degesch, Zyklon-B had originally been used as a pesticide. By summer of 1941, the Nazis were experimenting with it on Soviet POWs, and discovered that the vaporizing pellets were an effective means of …

Postcard Commemorating Death Of Zelea Codreanu

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A sepia photograph of Romanian men in the street.Back: White postcard with black printed postcard lines. Includes writing in blue ink as well as purple and blue postage stamps, as well as two black hand stamps.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Romanian postcard commemorating the 70th anniversary of the death of Iron Guard leader Zelea Codreanu, and his exile in Spain. Overprint on stamp of Iron Guard symbol with a picture of party members marching.

American Commemoratives: Raoul Wallenberg Stamps

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

White sheet with four Raoul Wallenberg stamps. Includes several illustrations of classical-looking women and text in English.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: American commemorative stamps from 1997 celebrating achievements of Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat who saved Jews of Hungary

First Day Cover: Israeli Celebration Of The End Of Wwii And Liberation Of Concentration Camps

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Large envelope with five rows of identical stamps with US, UK and Russian flags.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Israeli First Day Cover celebrating the end of WWII and liberation of concentration camps.

Raoul Wallenberg Commemorative Envelope

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

White envelope with a stamp of a man in profile, titled "Raoul Wallenberg" in English and Hebrew.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Stamp issued in 1983 to honor the humanitarian achievements of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg.

Creation Of The Israeli State Commemorative Envelope

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan envelope with text in Hebrew, German and English. Includes an illustration of the Star of David. Titled, "Resolution of the General Assembly of the UNO to Establish a Jewish State in Palestine."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Israeli Provisional cover used during interim period between the end of the British mandate and beginning of Jewish state with postmark of Ramat Gan on the JNF stamp/label honoring the Warsaw Ghetto fighters and first stamps of Israel, the Doar Ivri, postmarked in Tel Aviv with date 1 May 1949. The UN General Assembly had resolved to recognize the establishment of …

Beit Theresienstadt Central Card Index For Elizabeth Rosa Ornstein

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: White paper with printed brown text. Titled Beit Theresienstadt, and shows a seal with a leaf growing from a brick wall on top. Gives printed out information about Elizabeth Rosa Ornstein.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Form from "Beit Theresienstadt," the central index for Theresienstadt Ghetto victims, yielding information on their countries of origin, transport dates to Theresienstadt and ultimate fate. This sheet is about Elizabeth Rosa Ornstein from Austria, when she was deported to Theresienstadt in March 1944. Just three months later she was deported to Auschwitz where she was murdered. The information about the victims was …

Beit Theresienstadt Central Card Index For Gertruda Trüde Shön

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: White paper with printed brown text. Titled Beit Theresienstadt, and shows a seal with a leaf growing from a brick wall on top. Gives printed out information about (Gertruda) Trüde Shön.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

Form from "Beit Theresienstadt," the central index for Theresienstadt Ghetto victims, yielding information on their countries of origin, transport dates to Theresienstadt and ultimate fate. This sheet is about (Gertruda) Trüde Shön from Czechoslovakia, when she was deported to Theresienstadt on December 17, 1942. She was deported to Auschwitz on October 9, 1944 where she was murdered. The information about the victims …

East German Holocaust Monument Stamps

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Series of four stamps. First stamp is red and white and shows a tall monument on a plaza, titled, "Gedenkstätte Buchenwald." Second stamp has green illustration of a monument with a statue on top of it with a crowd below. Titled, "Mahnmal Ravensbrück." Third stamp has a red illustration of a monument jutting into a harbor. Titled, "Mahnmal Ravensbrück." Final stamp shows a white monument with triangles over a brick wall. Titled "Mahnmal Sachsenhausen."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: To honor the dead and to remind those who continue to live, many monuments were constructed on the sites of …

Leo Baeck Commemorative Stamp

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Stamp with brown background with a white illustration of a man with glasses.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: West Germany issued this stamp on the first anniversary of the death of Dr. Leo Baeck, Rabbi of the Theresienstadt Ghetto. Baeck served on the Jewish Council and was the last Eldest of the Council. He was liberated by the Russians and lived in London after the war.

International Day Of Liberation Stamps

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Blue and pink stamps with a shirtless man titled, "Zum tode Geführt und Siehe Wir Leben."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

On April 9, 1955, the German Democratic Government issued these stamps to commemorate the International Day of Liberation.

International Day Of Liberation Commemorative Card

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

White sheet with blue and pink stamps with an illustration of a shirtless man. Titled, "Für den Aufbau Nationaler Gedenkstätten in Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen."

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: On April 9, 1955, the German Democratic Government issued these stamps to commemorate the International Day of Liberation.

Jubilee Of Jewish Volunteers Of The Second World War Poster

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Front: A brownish grey poster with military illustrations in blue and tan up and down either side either side. Includes blue printed text in English and Hebrew, a green pasted stamp showing a man parachuting behind barbed wire, two black hand stamps and a depiction of the Israeli flag.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Israeli Military poster celebrating Jewish volunteers of WW2: The Jewish Brigade and the Paratroopers.

Israeli Immigration Id Card

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Cover: Green with printed text on top and bottom in Hebrew and '75958' near center. Interior:Two staples hold woman's photograph in place. Purple stamps and black Hebrew hand stamps throughout. Includes several handwritten numbers.

Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: This "Teudat Ole" card for the young woman states that she emigrated from Romania.

Envelope From The International Refugee Organization Sent From Apo 541 (Salzburg)

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan envelope on American Joint Distribution Committee Salzburg Area Headquarters stationary with typewritten address to Miss Jeanette Robbins.

Envelope From The International Refugee Organization Sent From Apo 407 (Munich)

Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection

Tan envelope with typewritten address to Mrs. Esther C. Elbin, Personal Service Department, American Joint Distribution Committee, New York, New York with printed and typewritten return address for the Medical Department, AJDC.