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Articles 1 - 30 of 140
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Changing Prejudice Against Minority Groups: The Role Of Self- And Group-Affirmation, Constantina Badea, Yara Alnajjar
Changing Prejudice Against Minority Groups: The Role Of Self- And Group-Affirmation, Constantina Badea, Yara Alnajjar
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
According to self-affirmation theory, prejudice towards minority groups represents defensive reactions that individuals may exhibit to cope with threats to their ingroup. Affirming participants’ important values, reminding them of important personal or collective successes, attenuates defensive reactions such as prejudice and discrimination. A distinction is first made between self-affirmation, accomplished by recalling values that are meaningful to the individual, and group-affirmation, achieved through the recall of values important to an ingroup (e.g., family, nation). Inconsistent results were obtained in studies using self- and group-affirmation manipulations for reducing prejudice. The aim of this article is to examine factors that …
Cognitive And Behavioral Variations Within The Collectivistic Cultural Sphere: Comparing Japanese And Koreans’ Self/Other Views And The Influence On Emotion Processing, Mariko Kikutani, Machiko Ikemoto, Eun-Joo Park, Keith Rogers
Cognitive And Behavioral Variations Within The Collectivistic Cultural Sphere: Comparing Japanese And Koreans’ Self/Other Views And The Influence On Emotion Processing, Mariko Kikutani, Machiko Ikemoto, Eun-Joo Park, Keith Rogers
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Cross-cultural psychology research often incorporates a division of East and West, contrasting people in East-Asian collectivistic and Western individualistic cultures. However, the extent of such trait should differ within the individualistic or collectivistic group, and looking into behavioral variations occurring within the individual or collectivistic cultural sphere is also very important for the cross-cultural research. To contribute to this purpose, this article compares people from Japan and South Korea based on literature review to reveal how culture influence people’s views on themselves and others, as well as communication styles. Further, the article discusses how those views and communication styles form …
Police And Cross-Cultural Psychology: The Impact Of Human Values On Violence, Claudio V. Torres, Sharon Glazer
Police And Cross-Cultural Psychology: The Impact Of Human Values On Violence, Claudio V. Torres, Sharon Glazer
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Researchers of police psychology must be well-acquainted with police work and culture both nationally and organizationally. However, most studies developed in police psychology do not fully account for the national context within which a study was done. In this article review, we discuss two social phenomena commonly studied by police psychologists: aggression and violence. Taking primarily a cross-national approach, we focus on the predictive role of individual values on aggression and violence. Schwartz’s (1992) values theory, at the individual level of analysis, was chosen due to its importance to cross-cultural psychology, as well as its implications on well-being (e.g., Sagiv …
Respectful Research: Working With Indigenous Peoples In Psychological, Anthropological And Cross-Cultural Sciences, Gesa Solveig Duden, Daniel Bagheri Sarvestani
Respectful Research: Working With Indigenous Peoples In Psychological, Anthropological And Cross-Cultural Sciences, Gesa Solveig Duden, Daniel Bagheri Sarvestani
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Indigenous peoples today face a wide range of constantly evolving political, epistemic and socio-cultural forms of contemporary colonial violence. Modern discourses and research practices both continue to promote Eurocentric narratives while marginalizing non-Western Indigenous perspectives. In our research project focusing on Maya Ch’orti cultural identities in the context of Indigenous peoples’ rights movements, we aimed to follow Indigenous Rights guidelines on how to conduct respectful, collaborative research with instead of on or about Indigenous peoples, thereby exploring forms of subjective epistemologies. In the present article, we provide a description of our endeavour and practices as well as of the challenges …
Growing Old In Adopted Lands: The Nexus Of Ageing And Acculturation Research, Ágnes Szabó
Growing Old In Adopted Lands: The Nexus Of Ageing And Acculturation Research, Ágnes Szabó
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Ageing and migration are overlapping and interconnected social issues. Both ageing and acculturation research have been on the rise for decades, yet the two fields rarely intersect. Gerontological research on ageing migrants is situated outside of acculturation theory and older migrants have been largely overlooked in acculturation research. In this article, I provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on ageing in migrants, focusing on three lines of inquiry: epidemiological perspective on healthy ageing, critical approaches to understanding beliefs and values about what it means to age healthily for migrants, and research examining structural inequalities in older migrants’ …
Cultural Orientations Of Northerners And Southerners, Evert Van De Vliert
Cultural Orientations Of Northerners And Southerners, Evert Van De Vliert
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
A growing group of psychologists recognizes that many collective mindsets and practices are functionally linked to natural habitats, which predominantly differ from north to south. Notably, cultural collectivism, power distance and aggression increase from the South Pole toward the Equator but decrease from the Equator toward the North Pole; conversely, cultural creativity, gender equality and life satisfaction decrease from the South Pole toward the Equator but increase from the Equator toward the North Pole. None of these cultural orientations varies considerably in east-west direction. Both theoretically and empirically, the most plausible explanation is that societies at higher latitudes adopt greater …
Social Psychological Studies Of Latin American Cultures With Particular Reference To Brazil, Peter B. Smith, Taciano L. Milfont, Nelson Hauck Filho
Social Psychological Studies Of Latin American Cultures With Particular Reference To Brazil, Peter B. Smith, Taciano L. Milfont, Nelson Hauck Filho
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
This paper presents an English language translation of a book chapter that was originally published in Portuguese. It is reproduced here in full, by kind permission of the editors and publishers, in order to make it available to English language speakers. The paper first addresses ways of defining culture and the development of measures of cultural variation. Contrasts between the collectivism that defines East Asian culture and the collectivism of Latin America are then identified. Topics addressed include values, self-construal, life satisfaction, emotion, honour culture, social influence and the phenomenon of jeitinho. Although the text leads toward a consideration …
Emotion Socialization In The Indian Cultural Context, Tripti Kathuria, Shagufa Kapadia Prof., Wolfgang Friedlmeier
Emotion Socialization In The Indian Cultural Context, Tripti Kathuria, Shagufa Kapadia Prof., Wolfgang Friedlmeier
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The social cultural norms that guide parental practices regarding emotion socialization are determined by cultural meanings ascribed to emotion, emotion expression, regulation, and larger socialization goals. The majority of the empirical research on emotion socialization has been carried out in the US and in Western European countries. The current article aims at understanding emotion socialization in the Indian context interweaving broader views on parenting and socialization, socialization goals, and ancient and modern emotion concepts that shape emotion socialization in India. The heterogeneity of the Indian culture as well as modernization processes that influence these practices suggest heterogeneity of emotion socialization …
Views On Aging – Current Trends And Future Directions For Cross-Cultural Research, Anna E. Kornadt, Clara De Paula Couto, Klaus Rothermund
Views On Aging – Current Trends And Future Directions For Cross-Cultural Research, Anna E. Kornadt, Clara De Paula Couto, Klaus Rothermund
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The investigation of what enables societies and individuals to age well remains one of the greatest challenges of our time. Views on aging are a decisive factor in this process, and thus, improving their understanding through cross-cultural research is of utmost importance. In the current review, we address the role of socio-ecological variables and cultural values and beliefs when investigating country differences in what people think about older persons and getting old themselves. Several complexities are introduced in terms of a differentiated conceptualization of views on aging that takes life domains and normative prescriptions into account, and also in terms …
Implicit Motives Across Cultures, Jan Hofer, Athanasios Chasiotis
Implicit Motives Across Cultures, Jan Hofer, Athanasios Chasiotis
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
In recent years, methodological and substantial progress has been made in the field of cross-cultural studies on implicit motives. We propose that cross-cultural studies on implicit motives are indispensable to understand universal and culture-specific variations in individuals’ mental processes and behavior. It is assumed that implicit motives represent the first motivational system to be shaped in a human being’s ontogeny and that they have far-reaching consequences for individuals’ development, their feelings and actions in everyday life across different cultural groups. Applying psychometrically sound measurements cross-culturally, researchers have revealed a number of universal relationships between implicit motives and psychological and behavioral …
The Rice Theory Of Culture, Thomas Talhelm
The Rice Theory Of Culture, Thomas Talhelm
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The rice theory of culture is the idea that rice farming societies developed into more interdependent, tight cultures in response to the demands of the plant. Farming in general is an interdependent subsistence style, but traditional paddy rice farming was starkly different from other major crops like wheat, corn, and potatoes. Paddy rice required twice as much labor per hectare as wheat farming. Farmers responded by creating customs to share labor. Paddy rice also depended on irrigation systems to flood and drain the fields. Once farmers controlled water, they now had to coordinate how much water each farmer got, when …
Conspiracy Theories Through A Cross-Cultural Lens, Roland Imhoff
Conspiracy Theories Through A Cross-Cultural Lens, Roland Imhoff
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Conspiracy beliefs and an overarching conspiracy mentality binding them together are hot topics in psychology, not the least due to potential societal costs that are associated with them. Despite anecdotal evidence supporting the ubiquity of such beliefs across the globe, very little research has systematically explored cross-cultural differences, let alone tested theory-based hypotheses about such differences. The present paper highlights important methodological and theoretical considerations in developing a sound research program in predictors of country-level variations in conspiracy endorsement.
A Repository Of Schwartz Value Scales With Instructions And An Introduction, Shalom H. Schwartz
A Repository Of Schwartz Value Scales With Instructions And An Introduction, Shalom H. Schwartz
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
This repository of value instruments includes the numerous authorized language versions of each of the four instruments developed by Schwartz to measure the basic values in his theory: The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS), the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ40), the PVQ21 (aka the Human Values Scale of the European Social Survey [ESS21]), and the revised PVQ-RR. For each instrument, the repository includes instructions for coding and analysis and the most important references relevant to it. A short introductory essay briefly outlines the key assumptions underlying the theory and instruments, the principles that organize the values into a circle, and the translation …
Introduction To Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Ipartheory) And Evidence, Ronald P. Rohner
Introduction To Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Ipartheory) And Evidence, Ronald P. Rohner
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory) is an evidence-based theory of socialization and lifespan development. It is composed of three subtheories, each of which deals with a separate but interrelated set of issues. IPARTheory’s personality subtheory – which is the most highly developed component of the theory – deals primarily with the pancultural nature and effects of interpersonal acceptance and rejection. Coping subtheory explores the fact that some individuals are better able to cope with experiences of perceived rejection than are other individuals. Finally, IPARTheory’s sociocultural systems subtheory attempts to predict and explain major causes and sociocultural correlates of interpersonal acceptance-rejection worldwide. …
Remote Acculturation 101: A Primer On Research, Implications, And Illustrations From Classrooms Around The World, Lauren Eales, Sarah Gillespie, Sarah Eckerstorfer, Ema M. Eltag, Global Educators Group, Gail M. Ferguson
Remote Acculturation 101: A Primer On Research, Implications, And Illustrations From Classrooms Around The World, Lauren Eales, Sarah Gillespie, Sarah Eckerstorfer, Ema M. Eltag, Global Educators Group, Gail M. Ferguson
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Remote acculturation (RA) is a modern form of acculturation common among youth, which results from contact with a distant culture via the 4 Ts of globalization (trade, technology, tourism, and transnationalism). This article provides an introduction to RA by describing the what, who, how, where, and why of RA, summarizing its implications for youth development and health, and offering additional resources for student/classroom use. Utilizing our perspectives as psychology researchers and secondary school educators spanning 19 countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, we supplement research findings from our lab and others with real-world illustrations from our …
Case Studies: Us-Japan Comparison Of Attachment Transmission, Kazuko Y. Behrens, Karen Jones-Mason
Case Studies: Us-Japan Comparison Of Attachment Transmission, Kazuko Y. Behrens, Karen Jones-Mason
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Today, attachment research has become increasingly more quantitative and complex, utilizing extremely sophisticated statistical analyses often based on enormous synthesized datasets across the globe (Verhage et al., 2016). This marks a significant advancement in the attachment field in particular and developmental fields in general. However, this phenomenon arguably restricts the ability to visualize interactions of each parent-child dyad, on which the relationship quality is assessed. Notably, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) are the most validated, widely-used attachment measures world-wide, known to predict attachment transmission. This paper demonstrates the qualitative presentation of attachment transmission data, …
Multinational Bibliography On Acculturation (1808-2020), With Url Links To Abstracts Or Full-Text, Joaquim Castro, Floyd W. Rudmin
Multinational Bibliography On Acculturation (1808-2020), With Url Links To Abstracts Or Full-Text, Joaquim Castro, Floyd W. Rudmin
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Acculturation is an ancient topic of scholarship, with ever more interest and importance as migration increases on a global scale. The pace of scholarship has accelerated in the past few decades, with the result that earlier scholarship tends to be lost and recent scholarship is often unfound. The following bibliography is intended to help remedy these kinds of problems. This 2020 revision of Rudmin’s 2011 bibliography has almost 8,300 references, including much of the acculturation literature written in Portuguese, French, and Spanish.
Culture, Language And Emotion, Alexandra S. Dylman, Marie-France Champoux-Larsson, Ingrid Zakrisson
Culture, Language And Emotion, Alexandra S. Dylman, Marie-France Champoux-Larsson, Ingrid Zakrisson
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Culture, language and emotion all influence and affect our daily lives in their own manner. Although there is a large body of research suggesting that these factors interact with each other in intricate ways, they have traditionally been studied independently of each other. Furthermore, although biculturalism and bilingualism are not new phenomena, they are now prevalent globally to the extent that research investigating culture or language cannot be complete without taking them into account. Thus, in this paper, we discuss how culture, language and emotion may mutually influence one another in a globalized world where biculturalism and bilingualism are commonplace …
Adolescent Future Orientation: Does Culture Matter?, Rachel Seginer
Adolescent Future Orientation: Does Culture Matter?, Rachel Seginer
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Future orientation, or the image individuals have of the future, provides the grounds for setting goals and planning, and therefore is considered an important adolescent developmental task. This chapter introduces future orientation research by describing its evolvement from a thematic approach focusing on the content of future domains to a model consisting of three components, discusses its universal and cross-cultural meanings, and reports a replicated finding that across cultures, adolescents share a common core of future orientation domains consisting of education, career, and marriage and family. Based on findings on effects of the family setting on future orientation and an …
Grandfathers And Fathers In Ukraine And Across Cultures, David W. Shwalb, Oleh Vasylenko
Grandfathers And Fathers In Ukraine And Across Cultures, David W. Shwalb, Oleh Vasylenko
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
This article begins with a review of international research on how cultures and contexts influence the roles of grandfathers and fathers (for book-length reviews, see Shwalb & Hossain, 2018; Shwalb, Shwalb, & Lamb, 2013). Subsequently, this article describes the historical and contemporary background of Ukrainian society, provides a review of the extremely limited existing literature on families in Ukraine, and describes the results of exploratory open-ended interviews with 20 fathers and 20 grandfathers in Lviv City and three nearby villages in western Ukraine. The main finding of the interviews was a confirmation of several contextual influences on grandfathers and fathers, …
Cultural-Developmental Perspective: Chinese Immigrant Students’ Academic Achievement Motivation As An Illustrative Example, Jennifer J. Chen
Cultural-Developmental Perspective: Chinese Immigrant Students’ Academic Achievement Motivation As An Illustrative Example, Jennifer J. Chen
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
In this article, I present research evidence corroborating that students of Chinese descent are a high-achieving clique compared to other ethnic and cultural groups. A prominent explanation invokes cultural values highly emphasized in Chinese societies, especially those focusing on filial piety and educational achievement. However, for Chinese immigrant adolescents exposed to another cultural model and undergoing developmental changes, the motivation mechanisms underlying their academic achievement are more complex. I posit that this complexity can be understood and unraveled by contextual theories of acculturation and human development. Moreover, expanding on the cultural-developmental perspective as advocated by others, I explicate specifically how …
Family And Socialization Factors In Brazil: An Overview, Maria Auxiliadora Dessen, Cláudio V. Torres
Family And Socialization Factors In Brazil: An Overview, Maria Auxiliadora Dessen, Cláudio V. Torres
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The structure of the Brazilian family is related to five sub-cultures that, in turn, relate to the geographic regions of the country. This chapter presents a brief characterization of Brazilian culture and family, and describes changes in the structural relations and in the redefinition of models of Brazilian family organization. In order to illustrate the subtle interactions among social factors that influence the family in Brazil, we point out some values, beliefs, and practices employed by middle- and working-class parents. This paper also describes some of the characteristics of parent-child relationships within these families, providing an overview of children’s work, …
Institutional Resources With Notable Foci On Psychology And Culture, Walt Lonner, Wolfgang Friedlmeier
Institutional Resources With Notable Foci On Psychology And Culture, Walt Lonner, Wolfgang Friedlmeier
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The following Centers, Institutes, Programs and Units (hereafter called “entities”), all components of colleges and universities in many countries, are important resources for teaching, research, consultation and services that have some focus on psychology and culture. The aim of this list is to provide brief information about each entity and to identify the main contact person(s) at each.
The Psychology Of Morality, Diane Sunar
The Psychology Of Morality, Diane Sunar
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Five questions regarding the nature of the moral sense, the origin of conscience, the development of morality, variability in the moral sense, and the relation of morality to behavior are examined from the point of view of four theoretical approaches (psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and evolutionary psychology). In addition, some concepts and findings from outside the four approaches are also touched upon. The moral sense is shown to be complex, comprising cognitions, feelings, and behaviors. The theoretical approaches disagree regarding the issues of whether conscience directly reflects social teaching, or is constructed by the developing individual. They …
Contextual Conditions For Acculturation And Adjustment Of Adolescent Immigrants – Integrating Theory And Findings, Maja K. Schachner, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver, Peter Noack
Contextual Conditions For Acculturation And Adjustment Of Adolescent Immigrants – Integrating Theory And Findings, Maja K. Schachner, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver, Peter Noack
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
In this paper we review the literature on contextual conditions related to the school, the family, and ethnic or immigrant-group membership, and their association with adjustment outcomes of adolescent immigrants in Europe. Drawing on theories in the areas of acculturation and development, the first aim was to develop a conceptual framework, which integrates acculturative and developmental processes in early adolescence and can guide the literature review in this area. The second aim was to identify the most important conditions for adolescent immigrants’ acculturation and adjustment outcomes in school and the family, and related to immigrant-group membership.
The Historical And Social-Cultural Context Of Acculturation Of Moroccan-Dutch, Youssef Azghari, Erna Hooghiemstra, Fons J.R. Van De Vijver
The Historical And Social-Cultural Context Of Acculturation Of Moroccan-Dutch, Youssef Azghari, Erna Hooghiemstra, Fons J.R. Van De Vijver
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Moroccan laborers and their families started migrating to the Netherlands from the 1960s. We used research findings on migration and acculturation to examine the historical and social-cultural context of Moroccan-Dutch. Dutch administration at national, regional, and local level had no integration policy upon their arrival. Later, when many Moroccan-Dutch stayed longer in the Netherlands than anticipated, the Dutch administration favored a multicultural policy based on integration and maintenance of ethnic culture. This contrasted with the Moroccan policy: Moroccans abroad were told not to integrate in Dutch society but to invest in Morocco. Due to the weak outcomes and a negative …
Culture And Group Processes, Christopher Kavanagh, Masaki Yuki
Culture And Group Processes, Christopher Kavanagh, Masaki Yuki
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Contrary to traditional views of North Americans as strongly individualistic, accumulating evidence indicates that they are actually also highly collectivistic, or group-oriented, when compared to people in other parts of the world. Review of previous findings suggest an alternative view; cultural differences in group-behavior and psychology does not reside in the levels of collectivism, or the strength and amount of identity and loyalty to the group, but rather in the type of psychological processes that bring about those phenomena: specifically, an orientation towards intergroup differentiation and comparisons in North American cultures versus an orientation towards intragroup relationships in East Asian …
Upper Classes And Immorality: Ecological Validation Of 50 Years Of Power Research, Philippe Cachia
Upper Classes And Immorality: Ecological Validation Of 50 Years Of Power Research, Philippe Cachia
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Does power corrupt? Scholars have examined this causality with mixed results. This study uses the World Value Survey (WVS) database to examine the power-corruption link across cultures and time. The WVS inquires respondents’ justification for moral domains of purity/sanctity, authority/respect, and fairness/reciprocity. Power is operationalized as belonging to the upper-class. The study provides evidence that the upper-class respondents are significantly more justifying of breaking moral rules across world regions. But results also indicate that morality of upper classes is diverging with time from the rest of the population, narrowing in some countries, and widening in others. A discussion on the …
Conceptualizing Cultural Variations In Close Friendships, Roger Baumgarte
Conceptualizing Cultural Variations In Close Friendships, Roger Baumgarte
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The goal of this article is to propose a model, new to the field, describing cultural variations in close friendships. The model addresses shortcomings in past research regarding how close friendships differ in individualist compared to collectivist cultures. The model proposes three dimensions, with six overlapping but conceptually useful styles of friendship, Independents versus Interveners, Includers versus Excluders, and Idealists versus Realists. Succinct, simplified descriptors of each style follow: Independents respect each other’s autonomy, value spending quality time with friends, and support each other’s sense of self. Interveners are actively involved in their friends’ lives, reflecting the …
Reconsidering Attachment In Context Of Culture: Review Of Attachment Studies In Japan, Kazuko Y. Behrens
Reconsidering Attachment In Context Of Culture: Review Of Attachment Studies In Japan, Kazuko Y. Behrens
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
This paper revisits the attachment controversies, reexamining the debates regarding attachment phenomenon being universal or culture-specific, and reconsiders whether it is possible to conduct culturally sensitive attachment research in non-Western societies while incorporating systematic empirical designs to enable replications across cultures. The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding about the clash between the fields and achieve consensus regarding the value of attachment research while acknowledging the limitations of attachment research in certain cultural contexts. The cultural debate will focus on one non-Western culture – Japan – where the controversy began. Finally, this review proposes the way in …