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Dealing With Uncertainty And Sensitivity Issues In Process-Based Models Of Carbon And Nitrogen Cycles In Northern Forest Ecosystems, G. R. Larocque, J. S. Bhatti, A. M. Gordon, N. Luckai, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, P. A. Arp, C. -F Zhang, Alexander Komarov, Pavel Grabarnik, M. Wattenbach, C. Peng, Jianfeng Sun, Thomas White
Dealing With Uncertainty And Sensitivity Issues In Process-Based Models Of Carbon And Nitrogen Cycles In Northern Forest Ecosystems, G. R. Larocque, J. S. Bhatti, A. M. Gordon, N. Luckai, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, P. A. Arp, C. -F Zhang, Alexander Komarov, Pavel Grabarnik, M. Wattenbach, C. Peng, Jianfeng Sun, Thomas White
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of …
Incorporating Qualitative Indicators To Support River Managers; Application Of Fuzzy Sets, J. A. E. B. Janssen, Jean-Luc De Kok, A. Y. Hoekstra, R. M. J. Schielen
Incorporating Qualitative Indicators To Support River Managers; Application Of Fuzzy Sets, J. A. E. B. Janssen, Jean-Luc De Kok, A. Y. Hoekstra, R. M. J. Schielen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In evaluation of river management strategies it is generally difficult to deal with the loosely structured and uncertain information at hand. Due to the increasing number of interests and objectives involved in river management it becomes more important to find a way to deal with such information. This paper explores to what extent fuzzy set theory can help in the modelling of relations between river management measures and their effects. The authors conclude that fuzzy logic can provide a valuable contribution because of the relative transparency of the method, the possibility to include qualitative knowledge and the incorporation of uncertainty. …
Problems And Solutions In Up- And Down-Scaling In Environmental Modelling For The Policy Scale, Ulrich Leopold, Peter Finke, Reimund Roetter
Problems And Solutions In Up- And Down-Scaling In Environmental Modelling For The Policy Scale, Ulrich Leopold, Peter Finke, Reimund Roetter
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental models are mostly developed to study processes at a certain scale. They are increasingly applied for analyses to support decision making of policy makers on natural resource and environmental risk management. Usually the policy scale differs from the scale the models are developed for as processes have to be taken into account occurring at various scales. In addition, many models were developed for research purposes rather than for policy support. As a consequence, several models are often combined into model chains to arrive at estimates for the policy scale, each sub-model describing a sub set of processes and only …
A Framework For Assessing Uncertainty In Ecosystem Models, M. Wattenbach, Pia Gottschalk, Fred Hattermann, Claus Rachimow, Michael Flechsig, Pete Smith
A Framework For Assessing Uncertainty In Ecosystem Models, M. Wattenbach, Pia Gottschalk, Fred Hattermann, Claus Rachimow, Michael Flechsig, Pete Smith
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In addition to their use as research tools, ecosystem models have been used more frequently in the last two decades to support policy decisions and inform stakeholder consultations. Models have been central to the work of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The usefulness of results from model simulations for any purpose is determined by their quality like the uncertainty accompanying model outputs. In model evaluation, however, a broad variety of different approaches to define uncertainty still exists and these have not, so far, been standardized. In contrast, field research has already defined …
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Land cover changes over large areas can be monitored using remote sensing (RS) technology. These changes are one of the key driving forces for ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) using a top-down, remote sensing (RS) driven mechanism to estimate forest C fluxes in the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1972-2000. Disturbances such as forest stand replacement were detected on 30 randomly-located 10-km by 10-km sampling blocks using Landsat imagery at 60-m resolution. Spatially explicit modeling of carbon dynamics in GEMS was organized using …
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Land cover changes over large areas can be monitored using remote sensing (RS) technology. These changes are one of the key driving forces for ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) using a top-down, remote sensing (RS) driven mechanism to estimate forest C fluxes in the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1972-2000. Disturbances such as forest stand replacement were detected on 30 randomly-located 10-km by 10-km sampling blocks using Landsat imagery at 60-m resolution. Spatially explicit modeling of carbon dynamics in GEMS was organized using …
Imagine – Scenario Development For Environmental Impact Assessment Studies, T. Wagener, Y. Liu, S. Stewart, H. Hartman, M. Mahmoud
Imagine – Scenario Development For Environmental Impact Assessment Studies, T. Wagener, Y. Liu, S. Stewart, H. Hartman, M. Mahmoud
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Scenario analysis is a process of evaluating possible future events through the consideration of alternative possible (though not equally likely) outcomes (scenarios). The analysis is designed to enable improved decision-making and assessment through a more complete consideration of possible outcomes and their implications. The development of strategies for water resources planning and management and the assessment of impacts of potential environmental change are often guided by analyzing multiple future scenarios within an Integrated Modeling (IM) framework, usually driven by forcing derived from global climate models and/or possible future socio-economic changes. The process of scenario development involves making explicit and/or implicit …
A Retrospective Analysis Of Model Uncertainty For Forecasting Hydrologic Change, D. J. Semmens, M. Hernandez, D. C. Goodrich, W. G. Kepner
A Retrospective Analysis Of Model Uncertainty For Forecasting Hydrologic Change, D. J. Semmens, M. Hernandez, D. C. Goodrich, W. G. Kepner
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
GIS-based hydrologic modeling offers a convenient means of assessing the impacts associated with land-cover/use change for environmental planning efforts. Alternative future scenarios can be used as input to hydrologic models and compared with existing conditions to evaluate potential environmental impacts as part of this process. Model error, however, can be significant and potentially compounded when projecting future land-cover/use change and management conditions. To address this problem we have utilized repeat observations of land cover/use as a proxy for projected future conditions. A systematic analysis of model efficiency during simulations based on observed land-cover/use change is used to quantify error associated …
An Efficient Algorithmic Framework For Environmental Modeling, U. Diwekar
An Efficient Algorithmic Framework For Environmental Modeling, U. Diwekar
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental systems often involve nonlinear models, continuous as well discrete decisions, and multiple objectives. Uncertainties are inherent in these models increasing the complexity of decision making further. This paper presents an efficient algorithmic framework for environmental decision making for large scale systems involving multiple objectives in the face of uncertainties.
Ten Iterative Steps In Development And Evaluation Of Environmental Models, A. J. Jakeman, R. A. Letcher, J. P. Norton
Ten Iterative Steps In Development And Evaluation Of Environmental Models, A. J. Jakeman, R. A. Letcher, J. P. Norton
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Models are increasingly being relied upon to inform and support natural resource management. They are incorporating an ever broader range of disciplines and now often confront people without strong quantitative or model-building backgrounds. These trends imply a need for wider awareness of what constitutes good model-development practice, including reporting of models to users and sceptical review of models by users. To this end the paper outlines ten basic steps of good, disciplined model practice. The aim is to develop purposeful, credible models from data and prior knowledge, in consort with end-users, with every stage open to critical review and revision. …
Uncertainty In Environmental Decision-Making: Issues, Challenges And Future Directions, Holger R. Maier, James C. Ascough Ii
Uncertainty In Environmental Decision-Making: Issues, Challenges And Future Directions, Holger R. Maier, James C. Ascough Ii
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental decision-making is complicated by the complexity of natural systems and the often competing needs of multiple stakeholders. Modelling tools are often used to assist at various stages of the environmental decision-making process. If such models are to provide effective decision support, the uncertainties associated with all aspects of the decision-making process need to be taken into account explicitly. However, as models become more complex in order to better represent integrated environmental, social and economic systems, achieving this goal becomes more difficult. Some of the important issues that need to be addressed in relation to the incorporation of uncertainty in …
Consistency Versus Optimality In Environmental Model Identification Under Uncertainty, T. Wagener, P. Dornsife, M. Clark
Consistency Versus Optimality In Environmental Model Identification Under Uncertainty, T. Wagener, P. Dornsife, M. Clark
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Current model identification strategies often have the objective of finding the model or model structure which provides the best performance in reproducing the observed response of a system at hand. Such a strategy typically favours more complex (bottom-up) models with a higher degree of freedom and thus larger flexibility. While this bias can be reduced through punishing models for being more complex, real advancements in our understanding with respect to appropriate system representations are made if we quantify the extent to which our model is consistent with the available data. In particular the idea of an optimal parameter set is …
Scenario Analysis In Water Resources Management Under Data Uncertainty, Antonio Manca, Giovanni M. Sechi, Andrea Sulis, Paola Zuddas
Scenario Analysis In Water Resources Management Under Data Uncertainty, Antonio Manca, Giovanni M. Sechi, Andrea Sulis, Paola Zuddas
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In water resources management problems, uncertainty is mainly associated with the value of hydrological exogenous inflows and demand patterns. Deterministic models are inadequate to represent these problems and traditional stochastic optimization models cannot be used if there is insufficient statistical information to support the model. In this paper the uncertainty is modelled by a scenario approach in a multistage environment which includes different possible system configurations in a wide time horizon. A robust chance optimization model is used in order to obtain a so-called barycentric value with respect to decision variables. The successive reoptimization step, based on this barycentric solution, …
A Protocol For The Development, Evaluation And Application Of Environmental Models In Decision Making, Noha Gaber, Pasky Pascual, Gary Foley, Neil Stiber, Elsie Sunderland
A Protocol For The Development, Evaluation And Application Of Environmental Models In Decision Making, Noha Gaber, Pasky Pascual, Gary Foley, Neil Stiber, Elsie Sunderland
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Models have emerged as essential tools in environmental management, whether used to further the understanding of complex environmental processes or to inform decisions for environmental planning, remediation, protection or regulation. However, their utility aside, there is also an acknowledgment of their limitations. The question is not whether or not to use models, but rather how best to develop and use models to arrive at credible, defensible and robust decisions and what attributes make a model useful for a given situation. To understand the role of models and decision support tools in environmental management, we must first consider the different types …
Dealing With Uncertainty And Sensitivity Issues In Process-Based Models Of Carbon And Nitrogen Cycles In Northern Forest Ecosystems, G. R. Larocque, J. S. Bhatti, A. M. Gordon, N. Luckai, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, P. A. Arp, C. -F Zhang, Alexander Komarov, Pavel Grabarnik, M. Wattenbach, C. Peng, Jianfeng Sun, Thomas White
Dealing With Uncertainty And Sensitivity Issues In Process-Based Models Of Carbon And Nitrogen Cycles In Northern Forest Ecosystems, G. R. Larocque, J. S. Bhatti, A. M. Gordon, N. Luckai, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, P. A. Arp, C. -F Zhang, Alexander Komarov, Pavel Grabarnik, M. Wattenbach, C. Peng, Jianfeng Sun, Thomas White
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of …
Incorporating Qualitative Indicators To Support River Managers; Application Of Fuzzy Sets, J. A. E. B. Janssen, Jean-Luc De Kok, A. Y. Hoekstra, R. M. J. Schielen
Incorporating Qualitative Indicators To Support River Managers; Application Of Fuzzy Sets, J. A. E. B. Janssen, Jean-Luc De Kok, A. Y. Hoekstra, R. M. J. Schielen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In evaluation of river management strategies it is generally difficult to deal with the loosely structured and uncertain information at hand. Due to the increasing number of interests and objectives involved in river management it becomes more important to find a way to deal with such information. This paper explores to what extent fuzzy set theory can help in the modelling of relations between river management measures and their effects. The authors conclude that fuzzy logic can provide a valuable contribution because of the relative transparency of the method, the possibility to include qualitative knowledge and the incorporation of uncertainty. …
Problems And Solutions In Up- And Down-Scaling In Environmental Modelling For The Policy Scale, Ulrich Leopold, Peter Finke, Reimund Roetter
Problems And Solutions In Up- And Down-Scaling In Environmental Modelling For The Policy Scale, Ulrich Leopold, Peter Finke, Reimund Roetter
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental models are mostly developed to study processes at a certain scale. They are increasingly applied for analyses to support decision making of policy makers on natural resource and environmental risk management. Usually the policy scale differs from the scale the models are developed for as processes have to be taken into account occurring at various scales. In addition, many models were developed for research purposes rather than for policy support. As a consequence, several models are often combined into model chains to arrive at estimates for the policy scale, each sub-model describing a sub set of processes and only …
A Framework For Assessing Uncertainty In Ecosystem Models, M. Wattenbach, Pia Gottschalk, Fred Hattermann, Claus Rachimow, Michael Flechsig, Pete Smith
A Framework For Assessing Uncertainty In Ecosystem Models, M. Wattenbach, Pia Gottschalk, Fred Hattermann, Claus Rachimow, Michael Flechsig, Pete Smith
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In addition to their use as research tools, ecosystem models have been used more frequently in the last two decades to support policy decisions and inform stakeholder consultations. Models have been central to the work of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The usefulness of results from model simulations for any purpose is determined by their quality like the uncertainty accompanying model outputs. In model evaluation, however, a broad variety of different approaches to define uncertainty still exists and these have not, so far, been standardized. In contrast, field research has already defined …
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Land cover changes over large areas can be monitored using remote sensing (RS) technology. These changes are one of the key driving forces for ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) using a top-down, remote sensing (RS) driven mechanism to estimate forest C fluxes in the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1972-2000. Disturbances such as forest stand replacement were detected on 30 randomly-located 10-km by 10-km sampling blocks using Landsat imagery at 60-m resolution. Spatially explicit modeling of carbon dynamics in GEMS was organized using …
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
Impacts Of Forest Disturbances On The Carbon Cycle In The Laurentian Plains And Hills Of The United States, Jinxun Liu, Shuguang Liu, Linda S. Heath, Thomas R. Loveland, Larry L. Tieszen
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Land cover changes over large areas can be monitored using remote sensing (RS) technology. These changes are one of the key driving forces for ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) using a top-down, remote sensing (RS) driven mechanism to estimate forest C fluxes in the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1972-2000. Disturbances such as forest stand replacement were detected on 30 randomly-located 10-km by 10-km sampling blocks using Landsat imagery at 60-m resolution. Spatially explicit modeling of carbon dynamics in GEMS was organized using …
Imagine – Scenario Development For Environmental Impact Assessment Studies, T. Wagener, Y. Liu, S. Stewart, H. Hartman, M. Mahmoud
Imagine – Scenario Development For Environmental Impact Assessment Studies, T. Wagener, Y. Liu, S. Stewart, H. Hartman, M. Mahmoud
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Scenario analysis is a process of evaluating possible future events through the consideration of alternative possible (though not equally likely) outcomes (scenarios). The analysis is designed to enable improved decision-making and assessment through a more complete consideration of possible outcomes and their implications. The development of strategies for water resources planning and management and the assessment of impacts of potential environmental change are often guided by analyzing multiple future scenarios within an Integrated Modeling (IM) framework, usually driven by forcing derived from global climate models and/or possible future socio-economic changes. The process of scenario development involves making explicit and/or implicit …
A Retrospective Analysis Of Model Uncertainty For Forecasting Hydrologic Change, D. J. Semmens, M. Hernandez, D. C. Goodrich, W. G. Kepner
A Retrospective Analysis Of Model Uncertainty For Forecasting Hydrologic Change, D. J. Semmens, M. Hernandez, D. C. Goodrich, W. G. Kepner
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
GIS-based hydrologic modeling offers a convenient means of assessing the impacts associated with land-cover/use change for environmental planning efforts. Alternative future scenarios can be used as input to hydrologic models and compared with existing conditions to evaluate potential environmental impacts as part of this process. Model error, however, can be significant and potentially compounded when projecting future land-cover/use change and management conditions. To address this problem we have utilized repeat observations of land cover/use as a proxy for projected future conditions. A systematic analysis of model efficiency during simulations based on observed land-cover/use change is used to quantify error associated …
An Efficient Algorithmic Framework For Environmental Modeling, U. Diwekar
An Efficient Algorithmic Framework For Environmental Modeling, U. Diwekar
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental systems often involve nonlinear models, continuous as well discrete decisions, and multiple objectives. Uncertainties are inherent in these models increasing the complexity of decision making further. This paper presents an efficient algorithmic framework for environmental decision making for large scale systems involving multiple objectives in the face of uncertainties.
Ten Iterative Steps In Development And Evaluation Of Environmental Models, A. J. Jakeman, R. A. Letcher, J. P. Norton
Ten Iterative Steps In Development And Evaluation Of Environmental Models, A. J. Jakeman, R. A. Letcher, J. P. Norton
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Models are increasingly being relied upon to inform and support natural resource management. They are incorporating an ever broader range of disciplines and now often confront people without strong quantitative or model-building backgrounds. These trends imply a need for wider awareness of what constitutes good model-development practice, including reporting of models to users and sceptical review of models by users. To this end the paper outlines ten basic steps of good, disciplined model practice. The aim is to develop purposeful, credible models from data and prior knowledge, in consort with end-users, with every stage open to critical review and revision. …
Uncertainty In Environmental Decision-Making: Issues, Challenges And Future Directions, Holger R. Maier, James C. Ascough Ii
Uncertainty In Environmental Decision-Making: Issues, Challenges And Future Directions, Holger R. Maier, James C. Ascough Ii
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Environmental decision-making is complicated by the complexity of natural systems and the often competing needs of multiple stakeholders. Modelling tools are often used to assist at various stages of the environmental decision-making process. If such models are to provide effective decision support, the uncertainties associated with all aspects of the decision-making process need to be taken into account explicitly. However, as models become more complex in order to better represent integrated environmental, social and economic systems, achieving this goal becomes more difficult. Some of the important issues that need to be addressed in relation to the incorporation of uncertainty in …
Consistency Versus Optimality In Environmental Model Identification Under Uncertainty, T. Wagener, P. Dornsife, M. Clark
Consistency Versus Optimality In Environmental Model Identification Under Uncertainty, T. Wagener, P. Dornsife, M. Clark
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Current model identification strategies often have the objective of finding the model or model structure which provides the best performance in reproducing the observed response of a system at hand. Such a strategy typically favours more complex (bottom-up) models with a higher degree of freedom and thus larger flexibility. While this bias can be reduced through punishing models for being more complex, real advancements in our understanding with respect to appropriate system representations are made if we quantify the extent to which our model is consistent with the available data. In particular the idea of an optimal parameter set is …
Scenario Analysis In Water Resources Management Under Data Uncertainty, Antonio Manca, Giovanni M. Sechi, Andrea Sulis, Paola Zuddas
Scenario Analysis In Water Resources Management Under Data Uncertainty, Antonio Manca, Giovanni M. Sechi, Andrea Sulis, Paola Zuddas
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
In water resources management problems, uncertainty is mainly associated with the value of hydrological exogenous inflows and demand patterns. Deterministic models are inadequate to represent these problems and traditional stochastic optimization models cannot be used if there is insufficient statistical information to support the model. In this paper the uncertainty is modelled by a scenario approach in a multistage environment which includes different possible system configurations in a wide time horizon. A robust chance optimization model is used in order to obtain a so-called barycentric value with respect to decision variables. The successive reoptimization step, based on this barycentric solution, …
A Protocol For The Development, Evaluation And Application Of Environmental Models In Decision Making, Noha Gaber, Pasky Pascual, Gary Foley, Neil Stiber, Elsie Sunderland
A Protocol For The Development, Evaluation And Application Of Environmental Models In Decision Making, Noha Gaber, Pasky Pascual, Gary Foley, Neil Stiber, Elsie Sunderland
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Models have emerged as essential tools in environmental management, whether used to further the understanding of complex environmental processes or to inform decisions for environmental planning, remediation, protection or regulation. However, their utility aside, there is also an acknowledgment of their limitations. The question is not whether or not to use models, but rather how best to develop and use models to arrive at credible, defensible and robust decisions and what attributes make a model useful for a given situation. To understand the role of models and decision support tools in environmental management, we must first consider the different types …
Stochastic Simulation Of Soil Water Status On Reclaimed Land In Northern Alberta
Stochastic Simulation Of Soil Water Status On Reclaimed Land In Northern Alberta
Journal of Spatial Hydrology
Studies of spatial variability and simulation of available soil water and extractable soil water are scarce and yet such data are essential in hydrologic and solute transport modeling. A study was conducted to characterize spatial variability of available soil water and extractable soil water on a reclaimed site in northern Alberta. The vegetation on site included grasses, legumes and shrubs. The site was reclaimed and the reconstructed profile was made up of 40-100 cm of clay loam/peat material overlying fine tailings sand. Soil water was measured using neutron moisture meters on a frequency of approximately two weeks during the growing …