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The Effect Of Unique Labels On Face Perception In Infancy, Hillary R. Hadley
The Effect Of Unique Labels On Face Perception In Infancy, Hillary R. Hadley
Doctoral Dissertations
Faces are universally important for a variety of reasons, ranging from identifying individuals to conveying social information. During the first year of life, infants’ experience with commonly encountered face groups shapes how infants perceive familiar and unfamiliar faces. Between 6 and 9 months of age, infants become worse at differentiating among individual faces from unfamiliar face groups (e.g., other-species faces), a process known as “perceptual narrowing”. Labeling faces from a previously unfamiliar face group has been found to promote individual-level differentiation, as well as expert neural processing for the face group. However, it is currently unclear what influences individual-level labels …
The Neural Correlates Of Emotion Reactivity And Regulation In Young Children With Adhd, Claudia I. Lugo-Candelas
The Neural Correlates Of Emotion Reactivity And Regulation In Young Children With Adhd, Claudia I. Lugo-Candelas
Doctoral Dissertations
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently occurring pediatric neurobehavioral disorder. Although emotion reactivity and regulation are frequently impaired in ADHD, few studies have examined these factors in preschool aged children with ADHD, and none have explored the neural correlates of emotion reactivity and regulation in this group though event-related potentials (ERPs). Children aged 4 to 7 with (n = 24) and without (n = 30) ADHD symptoms completed an attention task composed of four blocks: baseline, frustration, suppression, and recovery. In the frustration and suppression blocks, negative affect was induced by false negative feedback. During the …
The Role Of Adoptive Identity In Career Development Of College And Non-College Individuals, Yesel Yoon
The Role Of Adoptive Identity In Career Development Of College And Non-College Individuals, Yesel Yoon
Doctoral Dissertations
Identity development is a particularly salient developmental task that begins to take form during adolescence, and consolidation of multiple domains of identity is necessary for achieving successful outcomes in adulthood (Erikson, 1968). The purpose of this study was to examine the role of an ascribed adoptive identity on the individualization of one’s chosen career identity. Adoptive identity was examined using both individual and family-level factors, and career identity was measured across adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. The present study used a sub-sample of adoptees, adoptive mothers, and adoptive fathers from an ongoing longitudinal research study, the Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Program …
Detecting Candidate Preknowledge Of Items Using A Predictive Checking Method, Xi Wang
Detecting Candidate Preknowledge Of Items Using A Predictive Checking Method, Xi Wang
Doctoral Dissertations
In on-demand high-stakes testing programs such as GRE and TOEFL, some items are repeatedly used across test administrations to reduce the cost of developing new items constantly. Item exposure provides an opportunity for examinees to have knowledge of particular test items in advance of their administration. It poses a threat to test security and ultimately will result in invalid test scores. Therefore, many testing programs conduct quality control to monitor test compromise at individual and/or group level. A predictive checking method is proposed in this study to detect examinee preknowledge on exposed items. We consider a scenario where a test …
Infants' Reasoning About Agents' Identity: The Case Of Sociomoral Kinds, Hernando Taborda
Infants' Reasoning About Agents' Identity: The Case Of Sociomoral Kinds, Hernando Taborda
Doctoral Dissertations
Recent studies in development psychology suggest that early on infants are able to distinguish characters who display a cooperative behavior from characters who display an antisocial behavior. The current research builds on these findings and aims at determining the extent to which infants possess the sociomoral distinction of “good” and “mean” agents. In particular, we propose that infants represent sociomoral behaviors through kind-based categories. This hypothesis was tested in the current research across 5 different experiments by investigating how infants represent the identity of agents in sociomoral situations. Experiment 1 used a looking-time paradigm to demonstrate 11-month-old infants’ bias to …
Bidirectional Relationships Between Maternal Parenting Behaviors And Conduct Disorder Symptoms In Preschool Children, Benjamin Rolon Arroyo
Bidirectional Relationships Between Maternal Parenting Behaviors And Conduct Disorder Symptoms In Preschool Children, Benjamin Rolon Arroyo
Doctoral Dissertations
Conduct disorder (CD) symptoms emerge in preschool children, and some evidence for bidirectional effects between maternal parenting behaviors and these symptoms has been found in school-age children and adolescents. However, the strength and pattern of these effects are unknown during the preschool years. The present study examined the bidirectional relationships between several key maternal parenting behaviors (negative affect, warmth, overreactivity, and laxness) and CD symptoms across the preschool years. Participants were 197 preschool children (M = 44.24 months, SD = 3.37; Girls = 92) exhibiting significant behavior problems and their mothers who participated in a 3-year longitudinal study. Maternal …
Identifying Examinees Who Possess Distinct And Reliable Subscores When Added Value Is Lacking For The Total Sample, Joseph A. Rios
Identifying Examinees Who Possess Distinct And Reliable Subscores When Added Value Is Lacking For The Total Sample, Joseph A. Rios
Doctoral Dissertations
Research has demonstrated that although subdomain information may provide no added value beyond the total score, in some contexts such information is of utility to particular demographic subgroups (Sinharay & Haberman, 2014). However, it is argued that the utility of reporting subscores for an individual should not be based on one’s manifest characteristics (e.g., gender or ethnicity), but rather on individual needs for diagnostic information, which is driven by multidimensionality in subdomain scores. To improve the validity of diagnostic information, this study proposed the use of Mahalanobis Distance and HT indices to assess whether an individual’s data significantly departs …
The Effect Of Interruptions On Primary Task Performance In Safety-Critical Environments, Cheryl Ann Nicholas
The Effect Of Interruptions On Primary Task Performance In Safety-Critical Environments, Cheryl Ann Nicholas
Doctoral Dissertations
Safety critical systems in medicine utilize alarms to signal potentially life threatening situations to professionals and patients. In particular, in the medical field multiple alarms from equipment are activated daily and often simultaneously. There are a number of alarms which require caregivers to take breaks in complex, primary tasks to attend to the interruption task which is signaled by the alarm. The motivation for this research is the knowledge that, in general, interrupting tasks can have a potentially negative impact on performance and outcomes of the primary task. The focus of this research is on the effect of an interrupting …
Are People Motivated To Experience Emotions For Their Cognitive Impacts? The Motivational Implications Of Cognitive Appraisal Theories Of Emotion, Daniel R. Rovenpor
Are People Motivated To Experience Emotions For Their Cognitive Impacts? The Motivational Implications Of Cognitive Appraisal Theories Of Emotion, Daniel R. Rovenpor
Doctoral Dissertations
I propose a novel framework for understanding why people want to feel different emotions. I argue that people may be motivated to experience emotions for the cognitive appraisals they are associated with. In an effort to lay the foundation for an appraisal-based model of emotional preferences, I drew upon research on cognitive appraisal theories of emotion, emotional preferences, and basic human motivation. I tested my proposed model by either measuring (Study 1) or manipulating (Studies 2-7) appraisals and measuring emotional preferences, using anger (Studies 1-6) and guilt (Study 7) as specific test cases. I predicted that uncertainty appraisals would lead …
Processing Messages For Reconciliation: What Produces Changes In Attitudes Instead Of Resistance?, Rachel R. Steele
Processing Messages For Reconciliation: What Produces Changes In Attitudes Instead Of Resistance?, Rachel R. Steele
Doctoral Dissertations
Conflicts between groups harm positive intergroup relations. Parties to intergroup conflict have developed a variety of methods for fostering reconciliation following conflicts. Out of these different mechanisms, intergroup apology is the most studied empirically but there are still a number of gaps in this research. To address these gaps, my research brought together intergroup apology research, attitude change and persuasion research, and findings on the role of group identification. In this research I assumed that apologies and other efforts for reconciliation function as persuasive messages for intergroup reconciliation. The research assessed the way in which participants from both victim and …
Patient-Therapist Convergence In Alliance And Session Progress Ratings As Predictors Of Outcome In Psychotherapy For Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Alice E. Coyne
Masters Theses
The degree to which patients and their therapists align over time on their perceptions of therapeutic processes and intermediary outcomes has generally been regarded as an important element of effective psychotherapy; however, few studies have examined empirically the influence of such dyadic convergences on ultimate treatment outcomes. This study examined (a) whether early treatment convergences in patient-therapist alliance and session progress ratings were associated with subsequent worry and distress reduction (and final posttreatment level) in psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and (b) whether treatment type and the initial (session 1) levels of perceived alliance and session progress moderated these …
The Influence Of Ecological Worldview And Attitudes On Park Visitors’ Pro-Environmental Behavioural Intention: A Case Study Of Alberta Parks' Campers, Farhad Moghimehfar
The Influence Of Ecological Worldview And Attitudes On Park Visitors’ Pro-Environmental Behavioural Intention: A Case Study Of Alberta Parks' Campers, Farhad Moghimehfar
TTRA Canada 2016 Conference
No abstract provided.
Infants' & Toddlers' Social Evaluations Of Trustworthy And Untrustworthy Faces, Ashley Lyons
Infants' & Toddlers' Social Evaluations Of Trustworthy And Untrustworthy Faces, Ashley Lyons
Doctoral Dissertations
Our understanding of the social world is highly influenced by the fast and automatic evaluations we make about others based on their facial appearance. The goal of the current studies is to explore the developmental origins of the particular face-trait evaluation of ‘trustworthiness.’ Experiment 1 tested whether 10-month-old infants differentiate between faces that adults rate as trustworthy and untrustworthy, and if they have a preference for one over the other in a crawling task. Experiment 2 tested whether 10-month-olds have implicit expectations about the social behavior of characters with trustworthy of untrustworthy faces in a looking-time task that presents infants …
The Development And Validation Of The Emotion Knowledge And Awareness Test, Catherine A. Rossi
The Development And Validation Of The Emotion Knowledge And Awareness Test, Catherine A. Rossi
Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to develop, test, and pilot a general outcome measurement tool that will allow educators to test young children’s knowledge of factors of emotional development: emotional identification and fluency, understanding situations where multiple emotions are present, understanding that others may feel differently in situations, and emotional regulation (CASEL, 2014). There are few assessments that reliably measure emotion knowledge in early elementary grades. The Emotion Knowledge and Awareness Test (EKAT) has been developed for kindergarten through second grade students to measure emotion awareness across two domains: knowledge and management. It was developed as a pre/posttest assessment …
Correspondence Between Change In Adult Attachment Patterns And Change In Depression Symptoms In Early Marriage, Cassandra C. Devito
Correspondence Between Change In Adult Attachment Patterns And Change In Depression Symptoms In Early Marriage, Cassandra C. Devito
Doctoral Dissertations
Countless studies have demonstrated the association between attachment styles and depressive symptoms; however, thus far, none have examined concurrent change. That is, does change in attachment style predict change in depressive symptoms over time? This question was examined in a sample of 229 heterosexual newlywed couples from Western Massachusetts. It was found that changes in attachment avoidance in particular predicted changes in depressive and anxious symptoms over time. Being a parent also played a role in participants' overall attachment styles, depressive symptoms and anxious symptoms on average, with differences observed by gender. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Do Bad Boys Finish First? An Investigation Of A Lay Theory Of Heterosexual Women's Mate Preferences, Casey J. Debuse
Do Bad Boys Finish First? An Investigation Of A Lay Theory Of Heterosexual Women's Mate Preferences, Casey J. Debuse
Doctoral Dissertations
The notion that heterosexual women are romantically interested in “bad boys” is a pervasive lay theory of close relationships in U.S. culture. The current research investigated women’s perceptions of bad boys and individual differences in their romantic interest in bad boys. Three studies recruited heterosexual female participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk website. Study 1 asked participants to rate their associations of a list of trait adjectives with the bad boy and other prototypes (the “hero,” “nice guy,” and “loser”). Paired comparisons indicated that supportiveness and social dominance traits discriminated among prototypes. Study 2 asked participants to rate their romantic interest …
The Primary And Convergent Retrieval Model Of Memory, William J. Hopper
The Primary And Convergent Retrieval Model Of Memory, William J. Hopper
Masters Theses
Memory models typically assume that recall is a two-stage process with learning affecting both processes to the same degree. This equal learning assumption is difficult to reconcile with studies of the 'testing effect', which reveal different forgetting rates following learning from test practice versus learning from restudy. Here we present a new memory model, termed Primary and Convergent Retrieval (PCR) that assumes successful recall leads to a selective enhancement for the second stage of recall (Convergent Retrieval). We applied this model to existing testing effect data. In two new experiments, we confirmed novel predictions of the PCR model for transfer …
Secondhand Communication Of Risk-Related Information: How Ideology And Relational Motives Affect Interpersonal Risk Communication, Daniel A. Chapman
Secondhand Communication Of Risk-Related Information: How Ideology And Relational Motives Affect Interpersonal Risk Communication, Daniel A. Chapman
Masters Theses
This research provides the first experimental investigation of the ways in which ideological and relational motives influence interpersonal risk communication. Drawing on the literatures in social and cognitive psychology, risk communication, and environmental decision making, this research examined whether individuals expressing concerns about tradeoffs between climate change adaptation and prevention were less likely to share climate change information with others if the information discussed adaptation policies. Participants were presented with an article about climate change framed as either relating to adaptation or prevention. Their willingness to share the article with others was measured, as well as their appraisals of how …
The Influence Of Discrete Emotional States On Preferential Choice, Andrea M. Cataldo
The Influence Of Discrete Emotional States On Preferential Choice, Andrea M. Cataldo
Masters Theses
Past research has shown that emotion affects preferential choice outcomes. The goal of the present study was to further research on emotion and preferential choice by using mathematical modeling to investigate the effects of specific dimensions of emotion on the underlying mechanisms of preferential choice. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether the concurrent effects of positive-negative valence and situational certainty on attention and information accumulation threshold, respectively, would influence the magnitude of the similarity effect, a robust phenomenon in preferential choice. Participants first underwent either an Anger (negative and certain), Fear (negative and uncertain), or no (Control) emotion manipulation. All …
Facilitating Peer Support Between Foster Carers In The Uk, Samantha Mcdermid
Facilitating Peer Support Between Foster Carers In The Uk, Samantha Mcdermid
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
Peer support between foster carers has been found to facilitate emotional and practical support for foster carers, information sharing and opportunities to reflect on and improve practice, along with reducing foster carers stress, reducing disruptions in placements, and improvements to the retention of foster carers. This presentation will bring together the findings of three research studies to explore three innovative approaches to facilitate peer support between foster carers and the impact that those approaches have carers and the children and young people they care for. The issues associated with implementing such models within fostering services in the UK and recommendations …
Part Of The Family: Achieving Permanence In Long-Term Family Foster Care, Mary Beek, Joyce Maguire Pavao
Part Of The Family: Achieving Permanence In Long-Term Family Foster Care, Mary Beek, Joyce Maguire Pavao
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This presentation will explore research on long-term foster care as a permanence option. It will focus on two contentious practice issues. First there is the extent to which long-term foster children become fully part of the family as intended in the concept of permanence. Secondly there is the question of the role that foster carers in long-term placements need to play as both skilled professionals and committed parents. This presentation will bring together key research findings with reflections on policy, practice and the support needs of long-term foster care placements.
Sexual Minority And Heterosexual Parents Adopting Through The Child Welfare System: Challenges And Surprises During The Transition To Parenthood And Beyond, Abbie Goldberg, April Moyer, David Brodzinsky
Sexual Minority And Heterosexual Parents Adopting Through The Child Welfare System: Challenges And Surprises During The Transition To Parenthood And Beyond, Abbie Goldberg, April Moyer, David Brodzinsky
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This session will address some of the unexpected challenges and surprises encountered by heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals and couples who adopt through the child welfare system. Data will be presented regarding (a) the challenges that foster-to-adopt parents encounter post-placement, including: legal insecurity in their parental role, disorganization within social service systems, inadequate support services, and complex relationships with birth parents; (b) unmet expectations that foster-to-adopt parents often encounter with regard to the types of children that are placed in their home (e.g., in terms of age, race, gender, and special needs); and (c) the experiences of parents that …
Getting Practice Right: Using The Strengths And Limits Of Research Findings To "Bridge The Gap" Between Practice And Research, Elsbeth Neil, Sally Popper, Karen Zilberstein
Getting Practice Right: Using The Strengths And Limits Of Research Findings To "Bridge The Gap" Between Practice And Research, Elsbeth Neil, Sally Popper, Karen Zilberstein
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This session explores how gaps between research and practice can be bridged. In the first part of the session, Karen Zilberstein and Sally Popper will identify areas in which research has provided useful guides for practice and areas in which research and standardized interventions do not yet completely address the experiences and needs of individual children and families. The second contribution will be from Beth Neil who will outline the “Contact after Adoption Change Project” from the UK. This project brings together an adoption researcher with experienced adoption professionals with the aim of coproducing online resources to help make research-informed, …
Finding Adoptive Families For Children In Care: Perspectives From The Us And England, Kathy Ledesma, Cherilyn Dance
Finding Adoptive Families For Children In Care: Perspectives From The Us And England, Kathy Ledesma, Cherilyn Dance
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
In this session, which is intended as an opportunity to reflect on adoption policy and practice, Kathy and Cherilyn will consider the way in which adoption has become a permanence option for some groups of children in care in the US and in England. They will explore briefly the profiles of children adopted from care and touch on similarities and differences in legislation, policy, process and practice in the two countries. The main focus of the session will be on current issues and tensions associated with finding families for children in a timely way. Topics to be discussed will include …
Improving College Graduation Outcomes For Foster Youth: The Wily Network, Judi Alperin King, Katherine Castañeda Macdonald
Improving College Graduation Outcomes For Foster Youth: The Wily Network, Judi Alperin King, Katherine Castañeda Macdonald
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
The vision of the Wily Network is to improve college graduations outcomes for youth with foster care experience at four-year residential colleges. Our presentation will offer a brief history of higher education support programs for college students with foster care experience. Using examples from our work we will outline the critical need for developing robust programs to enhance each scholar’s college experience and help them to develop a life long network of peers and supports. Finally, we will highlight the importance of creating performance metrics in order to continually evaluate the networks efficacy.
Dan Hughes' Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy For Children With Trauma And Attachment Histories: An Introduction For Caretakers And Therapists, Robert Spottswood
Dan Hughes' Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy For Children With Trauma And Attachment Histories: An Introduction For Caretakers And Therapists, Robert Spottswood
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
Children who learned from early experience to not trust adults for help or care can present troubling emotional challenges to loving caretakers. This presentation will explain the experiential logic behind that mistrust, as well as Dan Hughes’ relationship-focused approach to re-engaging such children. Attendees will hear the theory behind Hughes’ model, practice an attitude of PACE (Playful, Accepting, Curious and Empathic), and view short clips of a variety of DDP therapy sessions (subtitled).
Mapping Needs, Costs And Outcomes: The English Adoption Journey, Lisa Holmes, Samantha Mcdermid, John Simmonds
Mapping Needs, Costs And Outcomes: The English Adoption Journey, Lisa Holmes, Samantha Mcdermid, John Simmonds
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This presentation will outline the adoption pathways in England and will highlight how a systematic approach to analyzing and costing pathways can, and has, informed strategic planning. Furthermore the presentation will highlight the importance of costing child welfare services using the child as the unit of analysis, rather than focusing purely on fiscal data. Examples will be provided of how this approach facilitates an exploration of children’s needs and circumstances, how they impact on children’s pathways through the child welfare system and the outcomes that are achieved.
The Secure Base Model: Promoting Attachment And Resilience, Mary Beek
The Secure Base Model: Promoting Attachment And Resilience, Mary Beek
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This session introduces and explains a framework for providing focused, therapeutic caregiving to children in foster care and adoption: The Secure Base model, developed by Professor Gillian Schofield and Dr. Mary Beek at the University of East Anglia, UK. The Secure Base model is based in theories of attachment and resilience and drawn from research and practice in foster care and adoption. The presenter will briefly describe the model and its applications and give examples of the ways that foster carers and adopters have successfully used it as a tool to shape their caregiving and support their children’s progress and …
Fostering Futures: A Successful Community Volunteer Team Model For Supporting Foster Families, William Mclaughlin, Darlene Ward
Fostering Futures: A Successful Community Volunteer Team Model For Supporting Foster Families, William Mclaughlin, Darlene Ward
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
Fostering Futures NY (FFNY) is an innovative program that is operating in three counties in upstate New York that is identifying previously untapped resources from within the community. The program is essentially a foster parent support model that uses no government resources. FFNY builds partnerships between teams of volunteers from the community and individual foster families. The goal of a team is simple - to provide practical help to foster parents in their task of providing a safe, stable and nurturing home for the the abused and neglected children in their care. The early results are positive. Foster parents are …
Creating Trauma-Sensitive Schools, Anne Eisner
Creating Trauma-Sensitive Schools, Anne Eisner
Rudd Adoption Research Program Annual Conferences
This presentation will share the work of the Trauma and Learning Policy Initiative, a collaboration of Massachusetts Advocates for Children and Harvard Law School. Based on their publications, Helping Traumatized Children Learn and Creating and Advocating for Trauma-Sensitive Schools, the workshop will summarize trauma’s impact on learning, behavior and relationships at school, and briefly describe the Attributes and Framework that can guide schools in creating the school-wide infrastructure needed to provide a safe and supportive, trauma-sensitive learning environment that is responsive, not only to the needs of students who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences, but to the needs …