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Bulletin No. 386 - Production Of Lettuce Seed As Affected By Soil Moisture And Fertility, Leslie R. Hawthorn, Leonard H. Polland

UAES Bulletins

Much of the lettuce seed produced in the United States is grown under irrigation in various western states. Few studies have been made to determine the extent to which yields of seed are influenced by soil moisture and other cultural conditions. Crops have been irrigated mostly on the basis of local practices and the general experience of the grower. Recent studies in Utah (Hawthorn 1951) showed rather conclusively that carrot and onion seed crops grown side by side under the same climatic conditions differ widely in their response to soil moisture. High seed yields were obtained from carrots grown under …

Bulletin No. 385 - Comparitive Nutritive Value And Palatability Of Some Introduced And Native Forage Plants For Spring And Summer Grazing, C. Wayne Cook, L. A. Stoddart, Lorin E. Harris

UAES Bulletins

From 1952 to 1954 studies were conducted on foothill ranges of central Utah to determine the forage production, palatability, and nutritive value of some of the more important native and introduced species used for spring and summer grazing.

Plants studied were four introduced wheatgrasses (crested, tall, pubescent, and intermediate) , four native grasses (western wheatgrass, beardless wheatgrass, squirreltail grass, and Indian ricegrass), and two introduced annual forbs (Russian-thistle, and smother weed).

Field digestibility trials were conducted to determine the nutrient content by the lignin-ratio technique. In addition, both sheep and cattle preferences were studied on areas where both introduced and …

Bulletin No. 381 - The Organization And Structure Of Egg Marketing In Utah, Roice H. Anderson

UAES Bulletins

Sale of eggs is one of the major sources of farm income in Utah. In 1954 egg receipts represented 8 percent of the farm cash income. This was the lowest percentage since 1929; receipts reached a high of 13 percent in 1935.

The relative importance of egg production doubled from 1924 to 1929 when the proportion of cash farm income from eggs increased from 4 to 9 percent. Since 1929 it has fluctuated without apparent trend. The percentage of cash income from eggs was high in years when egg prices were high relative to the other agricultural products and low …

Bulletin No. 382 - Grass-Legume Mixtures For Irrigated Pastures For Dairy Cows, George Q. Bateman, Wesley Keller

UAES Bulletins

Pastures have been important in the agricultural economy of the Intermountain Region. But as long as nearby valley bottom or other land not well suited for cultivation was available, the pressure for better irrigated pastures remained secondary to that for improved cash crops.
Only in recent years have dairymen generally realized that a productive herd, coupled with proper management, could make a good pasture a highly profitable crop. Bateman and Packer pointed out in 1945 this concept of pastures. Bateman et al. using newer mixtures strikingly verified the concept in 1949 and 1954. The growing awareness of the value …

Bulletin No. 380 - Feed Lot Fattening Of Cattle In Utah, 1953-54, Lynn H. Davis

UAES Bulletins

This publication has been prepared for your use. It is not intended that the average presented here will represent your farm exactly, but the information will be useful to you in planning your fattening enterprise for greater profit.

The information reported is based on interview with 103 feedlot operator who fattened cattle during the 1953-54 feeding year. The operators fed an average of 57 head for a 133 day feeding period. The cattle were steers and heifers of pr dominantly Hereford breeding. They gained a total of 279 pound in the feedlot at an average daily rate of 2.1 pounds. …

Bulletin No. 384 - Virus And Viruslike Diseases Of Stone Fruits In Utah: A Handbook For Their Identification And Control, B. L. Richards, L. C. Cochran

UAES Bulletins

Intensive research over the last 20 years has shown that many of the previously unexplained and seemingly mysterious disorders of stone fruit trees in Utah are infectious diseases caused by viruses. Others were shown to be the result of noninfectious genetic abnormalities or of adverse chemical and physical factors in the environment of the plant. The purpose of this handbook is to help orchardists and others recognize these diseases and disorders and understand better their etiology or cause. The handbook will also bring together basic information which will aid in their control.

Bulletin No. 383 - Cooperative Nutritional Status Studies In The Western Region: I. Nutrient Intake, Ethelwyn B. Wilcox, Helen L. Gillum, Margaret M. Hard

UAES Bulletins

In 1947, a concerted study of the nutritional status of selected population groups was initiated in the western region of the United States. Previous dietary surveys had indicated that substantial portions of the country's population were consuming lower than recommended levels of essential nutrients. Deficiency diseases that may have nutritional background, such as dental caries, anemia, and rickets, existed. Investigators reported subclinical signs of malnutrition in several areas. Few studies had been made in the West, although reports of high incidence of dental caries and suspected undernutrition had come from several western states. The regional committee thought it evident that …

Bulletin No. 387 - Evaluation Of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems In Northern Utah, Jay M. Bagley, Wayne D. Criddle

UAES Bulletins

Following the availability of lightweight aluminum tubing in quantity, irrigation by sprinkling has expanded rapidly in the United States as well as other areas of the world. Quick couplers, better pumps, and more dependable power units and power supplies have also contributed to the increased use of sprinkler irrigation. Future land developments will probably be more favorable to sprinkler irrigation since many of the areas best suited for surface irrigation have already been developed. Sprinkler irrigation can be an efficient way of applying water, and as water supply becomes more and more a limiting factor, more efficient methods for its …

Bulletin No. 379 - Biology And Control Of The Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia Lineatella Zeller) In Utah, Charles J. Sorenson, Farrell H. Gunnell

UAES Bulletins

The peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, sometimes called the peach worm, annually damages peach, apricot, nectarine, prune, and plum orchards in Utah. Many buds and twig terminals are destroyed each spring by the overwintered generation of partially grown larvae. These emerge from their winter quarters almost as soon as host trees begin their spring growth. From the time the fruit becomes about half grown until it is harvested, later generations of twig-borer larvae feed on it causing irregular, gummy cavities which make it unfit for market.

In order to work out a control program for any insect, its life …

Bulletin No. 378 - Labor Structure And Labor Problems: Utah Sheep Ranches, 1952-1953, William A. Dehart, William H. Metzler

UAES Bulletins

This study deals with the problem sheep ranchers have in recruiting workers to meet their labor needs. Consideration is given to the composition of the work force on sheep ranches, to wages, the amount and causes of labor turnover, and to ways to reduce turnover. Labor recruitment practices are also discussed and evaluated in terms of available sources of farm labor, the possibilities of maintaining a stable supply, and the effect of farm labor problems on recent changes in the operations of sheep ranch enterprises. The primary focus of attention is on regular hired labor on Utah sheep ranches, although …

Bulletin No. 377 - Performance Testing Studies With Beef Cattle, James A. Bennett, Doyle J. Matthews

UAES Bulletins

The goal in beef cattle breeding is the production of animals that make rapid and efficient gains and have desirable conformation. Performance testing has recently been advanced as a means of identifying individuals possessing superior productive qualities and as a means of evaluating sires for transmitting these qualities to their offspring. This report gives the results of performance tests conducted with Hereford and Shorthorn calves fed over a constant time period as well as the results of a supplemental study undertaken to gain information that might add refinement to the evaluation of gains in beef cattle.

Bulletin No. 376 - Potato Production, Utah 1953: An Economic Analysis, E. M. Morrison, W. G. Kearl

UAES Bulletins

The potato enterprise is important in providing a cash crop and a means of diversifying and intensifying the operations on many of Utah's irrigated farms. It is particularly important in those areas where, because of short growing season or inadequate markets, other intensive crops cannot be produced economically.

Potatoes have accounted for around 2.5 percent of the total cash farm income and around 10 percent of the cash farm income from crop sales over the past several years. The gross value of the crop has been between four and five million dollars in 8 of the last 12 years from …

Bulletin No. 375 - Eradication Of Mule Ear With Herbicides And Its Relation To Production Of Forage On Range Lands, D. C. Tingey, C. Wayne Cook

UAES Bulletins

Mule ear (Wyethia amplexicaulis) , also known as green dock and black sunflower, is a tufted perennial with smooth waxy leaves and a thick woody taproot. It reproduces only by seed, yet it is aggressive, and once it becomes established it is highly competitive.

Cattle seldom eat mule ear when other forage is available; however, sheep eat the heads when in full bloom and occasionally consume a small quantity of the young leaves before they completely unfold. Since mule ear is relatively unpalatable, it increases in density with continued heavy use of the range and in some cases …

Bulletin No. 374 - Fertilizer Reuirements Of Alfalfa Hay In Utah, R. F. Nielson, J. P. Thorne, G. T. Baird

UAES Bulletins

This bulletin is a report of one phase of research in agronomy. What is agronomy? Agronomy is the science of crop production and soil management and includes a scientific study of all phases of soils and soil conservation, irrigation practices, fertilizer usage, crop rotations, plant breeding, selection and management of new crop varieties, weed control, and other practices that lead to increased production of better quality crops.

Bulletin No. 373 - Biennial Report Of The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, 1952-1954

UAES Bulletins

Our way of life is based on the ability of our agriculture to produce abundantly, efficiently, and at a low cost; and the position of agriculture today is largely a result of the research efforts of the state agricultural experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture. In the 66 years since the establishment of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, its scientists have found solutions to many of the problems peculiar to its location, topography, and climate. It is logical to rely on these same research forces to solve the problems of the future.

During the past biennium a …

Bulletin No. 371 - Fifty Years Of Dry Land Research At The Nephi Field Station, W. H. Bennett, D. W. Pittman, D. C. Tingey, D. R. Mcallister, H. B. Peterson, I. G. Sampson

UAES Bulletins

The Nephi Field Station is the oldest dry-Iand experimental farm in America still in operation. It was established in 1903 by action of the Utah legislature and has been in continuous operation since. Five other arid experimental farms were established in Utah at the same time (Widtsoe and Merrill 1905) but they were all discontinued prior to 1920 (Harris et al. 1920).

The Nephi Field Station has had a most interesting history, and it is worthy of note that many of the men who were closely associated with it during its early history subsequently distinguished themselves as outstanding leaders. The …

Bulletin No. 372 - The Nutritive Value Of Winter Range Plants In The Great Basin As Determined With Digestion Trials With Sheep, C. W. Cook, L. A. Stoddart, L. E. Harris

UAES Bulletins

During the winter grazing seasons from 1946 to 1953, studies were carried on throughout the desert ranges of western Utah to determine nutritive content and digestibility of range forage plants.

These desert areas receive about 7 inches of precipitation annually and the vegetation consists, chiefly, of saltbush and sagebrush types.

The average floral composition of the desert areas studied was about 74 percent browse, 25 percent grass, and 1 percent forbs. However, on some areas there was more grass than browse and, on still others, large quantities of forbs were present, primarily Russian-thistle.

Digestion trials were carried out under normal …

Bulletin No. 370 - The Superb Plant Bug, Adelphocoris Superbus (Uhler): Its Life History And Its Relation To Seed Development In Alfalfa, Charles J. Sorenson, Lowell Cutler

UAES Bulletins

Infestations of the superb plant bug, Adelphocoris superbus (Uhler), in Utah alfalfa fields first came to the attention of entomologists of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station during their investigations of the seed chalcid and lygus bug problems of alfalfa seed production in the Uinta Basin from 1926 to 1934. Because of its occurrence in considerable numbers, particularly in first crop alfalfa fields with thin stands, the superb plant bug was suspected of interfering with seed development. Consequently an investigation of the activities of this insect was begun in the summer of 1932 and continued through that of 1933.

Objectives sought …

Bulletin No. 369 - Impact Of Urbanization In Davis County, Utah, Therel R. Black, Carmen D. Frederickson, William A. Dehart, C. Jay Skidmore, Don C. Carter

UAES Bulletins

This study of Davis County should assist community leaders to understand some areas of change and possible effects of changes in an urbanizing area and to understand possible sources of friction and cooperation. It should help residents of any urbanizing area to understand personal adjustments that may be necessary. Such understanding is needed by Utah's residents because Utah is becoming urban-in fact, approximately two-thirds of her population was urban in 1950. A brief summary of the study of Utah's fastest growing county shows the following changes during the 1940-1950 decade.

Bulletin No. 368 - Drainage Of The Cache Valley Lowlands, Willard Gardner, Orson W. Israelsen

UAES Bulletins

Now, slightly more than a hundred years since irrigation was first started in the West, many of the low-lying valley lands produce only poor quality pasture grasses because of waterlogging, salinity, and alkali. Other lands now produce only light crops of wild hay, and still other land areas are almost wholly non-productive because of the concentration of excessive quantities of harmful salts. This waterlogging is largely a result of irrigation on the higher lands, although rain and snow waters aggravate the situation. The water not used by the highland crops seeps into the lower areas, bringing harmful salts to the …

Bulletin No. 366 - The Relation Between Gradings Of Lived And Dressed Chickens In Utah, Roice H. Anderson, Glen E. Downs

UAES Bulletins

This study was undertaken in order to (1) ascertain the importance of chicken sales of various classes and grades from Utah farms, (2) determine the relation between live and dressed grading of chickens, and (3) ascertain the influence of live grading on the price of chickens at the farm level.

Bulletin No. 367 - Hybrid Corn Tests In Utah, Rollo W. Woodward, Rex F. Nielson

UAES Bulletins

The last summary of recommended corn hybrids published from this station was in 1939. Since that time there ha been a complete change of corn hybrid being tested and a considerable increase in both acreage and yield throughout the state. Corn used a silage is one of the most productive feed crop that can be grown on the irrigated land of the state. Under favorable moisture and fertility condition , hybrid corn can give outstanding yield of shelled corn per acre. At the present time only about one-sixth of the total corn acreage is devoted to grain, the bulk being …

Bulletin No. 365 - Costs, Quality, And Prices Of Fluid Milk In Rural And Urban Areas Of Utah And Montana, Wells M. Allred, Edward H. Ward

UAES Bulletins

The major purpose of this study was to make an analysis of marketing fluid milk in sparsely populated areas of the West. Costs of processing and delivering milk in small and medium sized processing plants were ascertained. In addition prices and quality of milk available to consumers in sparsely populated and urban areas were compared.

Bulletin No. 364 - The Halogeton Problem In Utah, C. Wayne Cook, L. A. Stoddart

UAES Bulletins

Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) although introduced into Utah only 20 years ago, has spread widely on the west desert and into extensive areas on the east desert. This plant has become the most feared poisonous plant in the state because people have been lead to believe that it would limit livestock production to areas kept free of the weed.

Bulletin No. 363 - Butyl Fabrics As Canal Lining Materials, C. W. Lauritzen, W. H. Peterson

UAES Bulletins

The most important prerequisite of linings for controlling seepage losses from irrigation canals is their watertightness. In addition to being watertight, a lining must be relatively durable if it is to be economical. Rigid materials provide satisfactory linings for canals with well-drained and stable subgrades. Under other conditions, where expansive soils are encountered and ground water is a problem, a rigid lining such as concrete is not durable. Considering the many factors that govern the utility and durability of linings, the ideal lining would consist of a material with some flexibility, a material resistant to erosion and mechanical damage, and …

Bulletin No. 362 - Sugar Beet Yield And Quality As Affected By Plan Population, Soil Moisture Condition, And Fertilization, Jay L. Haddock

UAES Bulletins

In 1605 Oliver de Serres, French agronomist, observed that beets contained sugar-and in 1750 Andrew Marggraf, a German physicist, obtained sugar crystals from beets. It was more than 100 years from Marggraf's discovery until the first successful beet sugar factory was developed in the United States at Alvarado, California, in 1870. Since that time beet sugar has become increasingly more important in our national economy. At present continental United States produces a third of her sugar requirements, 70 to 80 percent of which is from sugar beets. The importance of the sugar beet crop in national and world economy is …

Bulletin No. 361 - How Much Barley For Turkeys, C. I. Draper

UAES Bulletins

During recent years high energy turkey diets containing com as the sole source of ground grain have been fed extensively. Corn has been used as the grain part of the mash because of its high energy, low fiber qualities, and because its deficiencies in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals have been determined by research. Supplements to overcome these deficiencies have been added to high energy corn diets. Excellent results have been obtained when adequate supplementation of vitamins, amino acids, and minerals were made.

In this area frequent inquiries are made as to the possibilities of substituting barley for part or …

Bulletin No. 358 - The Rainbow Trout In Relation To The Other Fish In Fish Lake, William F. Sigler

UAES Bulletins

The coast rainbow Salmo gairdnerii irideus Gibbons is not indigenous to Utah. Its original range is Pacific North America from Alaska to Mexico. The coast rainbow was first introduced into Utah in 1883 from McCloud River, California.

The rainbow is used more extensively for artificial propagation than any other trout in North America, both for sport fishing and as a commercial food fish. Its natural habitat is big lakes and rivers; it can adapt itself to relatively small ponds, but it does not reproduce in these ponds.

Limnological and fishery investigations on Fish Lake were initiated in 1922 and have …

Bulletin No. 360 - The Effects Of Fertilizer And Moisture On The Growth And Yield Of Sweet Corn, H. B. Peterson, J. C. Ballard

UAES Bulletins

Sweet corn is becoming an important cash crop in many of the irrigated valleys of the Intermountain West. There are a number of factors that influence the yield of this crop, two of which are soil fertility and moisture. A number of investigations have been conducted where the effects of fertilizer have been measured, and the results of these investigations have been highly variable. In general, however, lack of nitrogen has been a major factor limiting yield.

Bulletin No. 359 - Broiler Production In Utah: An Economic Analysis, Earnest M. Morrison, Thomas I. Gunn

UAES Bulletins

The production of broilers in Utah has become increasingly important in the last few years. Data are not available prior to 1950 but in that year the gross income from the production of broilers was $629,000. In 1951 almost one and a half million broilers were produced bringing a gross income of $1,322,000 to Utah producers.

With the rapid growth in recent years has come a demand for information about this new industry from producers, prospective producers, processors of meat and feed, agricultural leaders, and agricultural advisers. As with most new industries little specific information has been available concerning the …