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Herbicide Effects On Establishment Of Zoysiagrass From Sprigs In Two Consecutive Years, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Herbicide Effects On Establishment Of Zoysiagrass From Sprigs In Two Consecutive Years, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Weed control after planting warm-season grasses in the spring can be critical for acceptable establishment of the stand. However, many herbicide labels can be unclear on sprigging restrictions before or after the application of a product. Research was conducted on the growth effects of pre- and postemergence herbicides applied at or near the day of ‘Innovation’ zoysiagrass sprigging. Preliminary data from this study showed granular (Ronstar G) and liquid (Ronstar Flo) formulations of oxadiazon caused the least amount of injury to zoysiagrass.
Impact Of Lime, Phosphorus, And Potassium On Yield And Forage Quality On Native Hay Meadows In Southeast Kansas, Junior I. Yasuoka, Wendie Powell, Walter H. Fick, Bruno C. Pedreira
Impact Of Lime, Phosphorus, And Potassium On Yield And Forage Quality On Native Hay Meadows In Southeast Kansas, Junior I. Yasuoka, Wendie Powell, Walter H. Fick, Bruno C. Pedreira
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Native meadows are frequently harvested for hay in southeast Kansas to produce forage for winter use. However, the low soil fertility associated with nutrient removal has resulted in limited yield potential and broomsedge infestation. This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus, potassium, and lime on the forage yield and quality in a native meadow. Our results indicated that P and K fertilization contributes to improving yield and quality on native meadows in southeast Kansas. This study will be repeated in 2023, including broomsedge measurements.
Nutrient Management Strategies To Control Broomsedge Infestation And Improve Yield And Quality Of Tall Fescue Hayfields, Junior I. Yasuoka, Dale Helwig, Wendie Powell, Jaymelynn K. Farney, Gretchen F. Sassenrath, Bruno C. Pedreira
Nutrient Management Strategies To Control Broomsedge Infestation And Improve Yield And Quality Of Tall Fescue Hayfields, Junior I. Yasuoka, Dale Helwig, Wendie Powell, Jaymelynn K. Farney, Gretchen F. Sassenrath, Bruno C. Pedreira
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A study in tall fescue hayfields infested with broomsedge and bluestem was conducted at four locations in southeast Kansas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium fertilization affect yield, forage quality, and broomsedge/bluestem control in tall fescue hayfields. This trial will be repeated in 2023.
Effect Of Corn Row Spacing On Herbicide Effectiveness For Weed Control In 2022, S. H. Lancaster, E. Adee
Effect Of Corn Row Spacing On Herbicide Effectiveness For Weed Control In 2022, S. H. Lancaster, E. Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Cultural weed control practices such as narrow row spacing can be a key component of successful weed management. Experiments were conducted in the Kansas River Valley to evaluate interactions of herbicide programs and corn row spacings on weed control and grain yield. There were no differences in weed control at a site with low weed density. However, at a site with high Palmer amaranth density, Resicore applied to 15- and 30-inch rows and Bicep + Acuron applied to 15-inch rows resulted in the greatest weed control. Corn yield was similar across all treatments at both locations.
Allelopathic Potential Of Winter Wheat Varieties For Weed Suppression, C. Bott, A. Dille, A. Mohammad, L. Simão, L. O. Pradella, R. P. Lollato
Allelopathic Potential Of Winter Wheat Varieties For Weed Suppression, C. Bott, A. Dille, A. Mohammad, L. Simão, L. O. Pradella, R. P. Lollato
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Summer weeds are an expensive economic and environmental problem during the fallow period following the harvest of a wheat crop. Anecdotal evidence suggests that different wheat varieties impact the need for weed control in the subsequent fallow period differently, with reasons ranging from residue amount and quality to the allelopathic potential of such residue. Thus, our objectives were to compare the allelopathic effects of different winter wheat varieties on weed and crop germination suppression. We collected the residue left after harvest of 25 varieties grown in a randomized complete block design in two Kansas locations (Hays and Great Bend) during …
Effects Of Glyphosate Applied At Different Times On Dormant Zoysiagrass Cultivars In The Transition Zone, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Effects Of Glyphosate Applied At Different Times On Dormant Zoysiagrass Cultivars In The Transition Zone, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Winter annual weeds become a major problem during winter dormancy in warm-season turfgrass stands. In the transition zone, a winter glyphosate application is a common practice to reduce winter annual weed competition in zoysiagrass before emerging from dormancy in the spring. Research was conducted on the effects of glyphosate application timings on spring greenup and quality of experimental zoysiagrass genotypes compared to commercially available cultivars. Preliminary data from this study revealed a quicker spring greenup when glyphosate was applied in November compared to March. However, March-applied glyphosate significantly reduced cool-season weeds in experimental plots and enhanced quality compared to the …
Identifying Herbicides For Use During Zoysiagrass Sprigging, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Identifying Herbicides For Use During Zoysiagrass Sprigging, Dani Mcfadden, Jack D. Fry
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Weed control after planting warm-season grasses in the spring can be critical for acceptable establishment of the stand. However, many herbicide labels can be unclear on sprigging restrictions before or after the application of a product. Research was conducted on the growth effects of pre- and postemergence herbicides applied at or near the day of ‘Innovation’ zoysiagrass sprigging. Preliminary data from this study shows granular (Ronstar G) and liquid (Ronstar Flo) formulations of oxadiazon caused the least amount of injury to zoysiagrass.
Using Cover Crops To Control Weeds And Improve Soil Health, J. Dille, A. Hewitt, G. Sassenrath
Using Cover Crops To Control Weeds And Improve Soil Health, J. Dille, A. Hewitt, G. Sassenrath
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Herbicide-resistant weeds are challenging for producers to control in crop fields. This study explores the potential of cover crops to reduce weed pressure and improve soil health. Cover crops that had good canopy development, including grasses such as ryegrass and wheat, had the best weed control. Soybean yields were similar for all cover crops, though there was a trend towards lower yields for the brassica cover crops, Graza radish and forage collards. Soybeans grown after ryegrass had the highest yields.
Herbicide And Application Timing Effects On Windmillgrass (Chloris Verticillata) Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Herbicide And Application Timing Effects On Windmillgrass (Chloris Verticillata) Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Windmillgrass (Chloris verticillataNutt.) populations commonly infest turfgrass systems in the midwest, which result in aesthetically unacceptable turfgrass stands. Research trials were initiated in 2017 and 2018, in Onaga and Junction City, KS, to determine windmillgrass control with various single herbicide applications at different application timings. Pylex (topramezone) resulted in more than 80% windmillgrass control 8 weeks after spring and summer application.
Using Cover Crops As An Effective Weed Control Method In Southeast Kansas, L. I. Chism, J. A. Dille, G. F. Sassenrath
Using Cover Crops As An Effective Weed Control Method In Southeast Kansas, L. I. Chism, J. A. Dille, G. F. Sassenrath
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Weed control is important to optimize crop production. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different methods of fall-implemented weed control strategies. These strategies included different cover crop mixes, chemical control, and mechanical control. The cover crop mixes included four different commonly-planted winter cover crops. The chemical control was a fall-applied burndown, and the mechanical control was vertical tillage. We found cover crop mixes that contained cereal rye provided the most weed control, with the chemical control being a close second. Spring oats die during the winter because of the low temperatures. The three cover crop mixes containing …
Influence Of Herbicide Combinations And Sequential Applications On Windmillgrass (Chloris Verticillata) Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Influence Of Herbicide Combinations And Sequential Applications On Windmillgrass (Chloris Verticillata) Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Windmillgrass (Chloris verticillataNutt.) populations commonly infest turfgrass systems in the midwest, which result in aesthetically unacceptable turfgrass stands. Pylex (topramezone) and Acclaim Extra (fenoxaprop) have resulted in fair control of windmillgrass with single applications. For adequate control of windmillgrass, a sequential application of Tenacity (mesotrione), three weeks after the initial application, is recommended. Additionally, studies have shown the addition of triclopyr to HPPD inhibitor herbicides increases windmillgrass control in a controlled environment. Field experiments were initiated in 2018, at the Kansas State University Rocky Ford Turfgrass Research Center in Manhattan, KS, to determine the influence of herbicide combinations …
Herbicide And Application Timing Effects On Windmillgrass Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Herbicide And Application Timing Effects On Windmillgrass Control, Nicholas Mitchell, Jared Hoyle
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Windmillgrass (Chloris verticillataNutt.) populations commonly infest turfgrass systems in the midwest, which result in aesthetically unacceptable turfgrass stands. Research trials were initiated in 2017 in Onaga and Junction City, KS, to determine windmillgrass control with various single herbicide applications at multiple application timings (spring, summer, and fall). Data collection for research trials consisted of visual percent windmillgrass cover (0–100%), line intersect analysis on four-inch spacing, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (0 to 1 scale), and windmillgrass seedhead counts. Initial observations resulted in greater windmillgrass control with summer applications compared to fall applications. Pylex (topramezome) resulted in 80% windmillgrass …
Weed Control With Postemergence Applications Of Status, Armezon, Atrazine, Corvus, Verdict, And Roundup Powermax In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control With Postemergence Applications Of Status, Armezon, Atrazine, Corvus, Verdict, And Roundup Powermax In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
All postemergence herbicides provided greater than 98% control of quinoa, common sunflower, Palmer amaranth, and green foxtail. Crabgrass and Russian thistle were more difficult to control. All postemergence herbicides except Roundup PowerMax (glyphosate) alone controlled Russian thistle and crabgrass greater than 89%. Diflexx (dicamba) plus Roundup PowerMax was slightly more efficacious on kochia than Status (diflufenzopyr + dicamba) plus Armezon (topramezone) with atrazine and Roundup PowerMax, and all other herbicides were intermediate for kochia control. Corn yields did not differ between herbicide treatments. However, all herbicides increased grain yields.
Weed Control With Single Or Sequential Herbicide Applications In Acetolactase Synthase-Tolerant Grain Sorghum, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control With Single Or Sequential Herbicide Applications In Acetolactase Synthase-Tolerant Grain Sorghum, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Palmer amaranth control was best when Resolve (rimsulfuron) plus Harmony GT (thifensulfuron) and Abundit Extra (glyphosate) were applied 15 days preplant followed by Zest (nicosulfuron) and atrazine postemergence, or by Zest plus atrazine alone postemergence. Palmer amaranth control was less than 80% with all other herbicide treatments. Preemergence herbicides alone provided less than 60% green foxtail control at 53 days after postemergence applications, and Zest plus atrazine alone postemergence controlled green foxtail 70%. Sequential applications of preemergence and postemergence herbicides were needed to provide the best green foxtail control. The relatively low weed control provided by these treatments may be …
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Applications Of Balance Pro, Corvus, Banvel, Atrazine, And Authority Mtz, R. Currie, P. Geier
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Applications Of Balance Pro, Corvus, Banvel, Atrazine, And Authority Mtz, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Atrazine alone applied in the fall was less effective for kochia and Russian thistle control than other fall- or spring-applied herbicides in early summer. In mid season, control of kochia and Russian thistle was 85% or less with all fall-applied herbicides. Banvel (dicamba) increased kochia control when added to Balance Pro (isoxaflutole), plus Autumn Super (iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone), plus atrazine applied in the spring at mid season. All other spring herbicides were similar for kochia control. Russian thistle control was similar among all spring-applied herbicides except atrazine plus Banvel.
Efficacy Of Anthem Maxx, Solstice, Cadet, Roundup Powermax, And Competitive Standards In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Efficacy Of Anthem Maxx, Solstice, Cadet, Roundup Powermax, And Competitive Standards In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Control of Palmer amaranth and green foxtail was generally best when herbicides were applied as sequential treatments of preemergence (PRE) followed by late postemergence (LPOST) or as postemergence (POST) alone. Velvetleaf and puncturevine control was 95 and 93% or more, respectively, regardless of herbicide or application timing. Corn receiving herbicide treatments yielded 42 to 72 bu/a more grain than non-treated corn.
Alion, Sencor, And Sharpen For Preemergence Kochia Control In An Abandoned Alfalfa Field, R. Currie, P. Geier
Alion, Sencor, And Sharpen For Preemergence Kochia Control In An Abandoned Alfalfa Field, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Alion (indaziflam) combined with Sencor (metribuzin) were the most effective herbicides for kochia control. Sharpen (saflufenacil) alone or with Prowl H2O (pendimethalin), Sencor, or Alion was less effective at controlling kochia compared to Alion plus Sencor. By 91 days after treatment (DAT), Alion at rates above 3 oz/a plus Sencor were more effective than lower rates for kochia control. However, all Alion plus Sencor treatments were better than Sharpen-containing tank mixes 91 DAT.
Late Pre-Emergent Control Of Annual Bluegrass With Flazasulfuron & Indaziflam, J. Reeves, J. Hoyle
Late Pre-Emergent Control Of Annual Bluegrass With Flazasulfuron & Indaziflam, J. Reeves, J. Hoyle
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
All applications of flazasulfuron or indaziflam resulted in acceptable control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua), only allowing<3% visual weed cover (VWC) in all treatments compared to the non-treated (26% VWC) up to 133 days after application (DAA).
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Applications Of Clarity, Atrazine, Spartan Guard, Sharpen, Zidua, And Corvus, R. Currie, P. Geier
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Applications Of Clarity, Atrazine, Spartan Guard, Sharpen, Zidua, And Corvus, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Kochia control at 8 weeks after spring application (WAST) was greatest when Clarity (dicamba) was included in the spring applications or when Corvus (isoxaflutole + thiencarbazone) was applied with atrazine and Clarity in the fall. The best kochia control at 13 WAST occurred with spring applications containing Clarity. Only Clarity plus Atrazine, Sharpen, Zidua, Spartan Guard, or Corvus applied in the spring provided as much as 90% kochia control at 20 WAST. Only the spring application of Spartan Guard and Clarity controlled Russian thistle 90% at 20 WAST.
Efficacy Of Preemergence Or Early Postemergence Weed Control With Keystone Nxt, Hornet Wdg, Atrazine, Surestart Ii, Lumax Ez, And Resicore, R. Currie, P. Geier
Efficacy Of Preemergence Or Early Postemergence Weed Control With Keystone Nxt, Hornet Wdg, Atrazine, Surestart Ii, Lumax Ez, And Resicore, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Control of buffalobur was complete regardless of herbicide used. Velvetleaf and puncturevine control, although not perfect, was excellent by all herbicides. The premix of SureStart II (acetochlor + flumetsulam + clopyralid) with atrazine and Durango DMA (glyphosate) applied early postemergence and the preemergence herbicides Resicore (acetochlor + mesotrione + clopyralid) with atrazine and Lumax EZ (S-metolachlor + atrazine + mesotrione) provided excellent Palmer amaranth control. The early postemergence treatment of SureStart II plus atrazine and Durango DMA was the only treatment to provide excellent control of green foxtail.
Weed Control With Accent, Callisto, Isoxadifen, Impact, Cinch, Dicamba, And Atrazine In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control With Accent, Callisto, Isoxadifen, Impact, Cinch, Dicamba, And Atrazine In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Some timings and combinations of the herbicides tested in this study controlled Palmer amaranth, kochia, quinoa, Russian thistle, and green foxtail from 95 to 100% 51 days after postemergence application (DA-B). Accent (nicosulfuron) plus Callisto (mesotrione) and isoxadifen alone postemergence provided 88% Palmer amaranth control at 51 DA-B. Kochia control was 92 and 90% when Accent plus Callisto and isoxadifen alone or with atrazine and Dicamba XP (dicamba) was applied postemergence following Cinch (S-metolachlor) preemergence application. Crabgrass control with preemergence followed by postemergence treatments exceeded 89%. Crabgrass control was 83 and 88% when no preemergence herbicide was applied …
Weed Control And Crop Injury With Single Or Sequential Herbicide Applications In Grain Sorghum, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control And Crop Injury With Single Or Sequential Herbicide Applications In Grain Sorghum, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The preemergence application of Dual II Magnum (S-metolachlor) improved the overall weed control compared to single postemergence treatments. Excessive rainfall after preemergence application compromised all treatments, producing abnormally low weed control.
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Tank Mixes Of Sharpen, Zidua, Sencor, Banvel, Atrazine, Balance Pro, And Corvus, R. Currie, P. Geier
Fallow Weed Control With Preemergence Tank Mixes Of Sharpen, Zidua, Sencor, Banvel, Atrazine, Balance Pro, And Corvus, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
With the exception of the tank mix of Sharpen and Sencor, all other tank mixes that provided 100% kochia control 53 days after treatment (DAT) were three-way tank mixes of atrazine herbicide plus, Banvel, and Balance Pro or Zidua. Only two tank mixes provided 98% kochia control 143 DAT. These were also three-way tank mixes of these chemistries. Combinations of Balance Pro and Sencor were needed to provide greater than 93% control of Russian thistle 143 DAT. No tank mix provided good control of Palmer amaranth 143 DAT. However, tank mixes of Sharpen, Sencor, and Zidua provided 84% control 143 …
Efficacy Of Anthem, Anthem Atz, Solstice, Keystone Nxt, Corvus, And Surestart Ii In Glyphosate-Resistant Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Efficacy Of Anthem, Anthem Atz, Solstice, Keystone Nxt, Corvus, And Surestart Ii In Glyphosate-Resistant Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The best treatments provided excellent green foxtail, crabgrass, or shattercane control. All treatments dramatically increased corn yield compared to the control.
Herbicide Evaluation For Control Of Kochia And Palmer Amaranth In Teff Grass, J. D. Holman, C. Thompson, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
Herbicide Evaluation For Control Of Kochia And Palmer Amaranth In Teff Grass, J. D. Holman, C. Thompson, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Eleven postemergence herbicide treatments were applied to teff grown for forage to evaluate Palmer amaranth and kochia control, as well as crop tolerance. Effective Palmer amaranth control was achieved with all herbicide treatments, while less than satisfactory kochia control was obtained with atrazine and Harmony. Clarity, 2,4-D, and Huskie applied alone appeared to control kochia, but kochia density was low in the plots. Had the kochia population been higher, similar efficacy ratings may have been attained. Huskie or atrazine caused the most injury to teff. The first harvest suggests these herbicides reduced forage yield to less than 3,000 lb/a.
Weed Control In Irrigated Corn With Combinations Of Corvus, Balance Flexx, Capreno, Laudis, Harness, Atrazine, Glyphosate, Dual, And Diflexx, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control In Irrigated Corn With Combinations Of Corvus, Balance Flexx, Capreno, Laudis, Harness, Atrazine, Glyphosate, Dual, And Diflexx, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Most preemergence treatments followed by postemergence treatments provided better Palmer amaranth control than preemergence treatments alone or early postemergence treatments alone (Table 2). The better treatments provided good control of Palmer amaranth, kochia, Russian thistle, crabgrass, green foxtail, and shattercane. All treatments elevated yield over the untreated control.
Palmer Amaranth Control And Sorghum Response To Tank Mixtures Of Huskie, R. Currie, P. Geier
Palmer Amaranth Control And Sorghum Response To Tank Mixtures Of Huskie, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Although Huskie treatments caused significant chlorosis, the sorghum recovered fully and chlorosis did not affect yield. All tank mixes of Huskie provided good Palmer amaranth control at all rating dates. Starane NXT provided poor Palmer amaranth control at all rating dates. All tank mixes of Huskie significantly elevated yield compared to the untreated controls or Starane NXT treatments.
Sequential Treatments Of Rimsulfuron, Mesotrione, Thifensulfuron, Balance Flexx, Cinch, Cinch Atz, And Prowl H2o Mixtures For Weed Control In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Sequential Treatments Of Rimsulfuron, Mesotrione, Thifensulfuron, Balance Flexx, Cinch, Cinch Atz, And Prowl H2o Mixtures For Weed Control In Irrigated Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
No treatment with less than 1.5 lb/a atrazine provided commercially acceptable Palmer amaranth control. The best level of Palmer amaranth control was produced by treatments that had good preemergence control augmented by a postemergence application with two or more modes of action that contained 0.5 lb/a atrazine. All treatments provided excellent kochia control. The best Russian thistle treatments provided from 77 to 88% control. The best foxtail or crabgrass treatments provided from 91 to 94% control. Combinations of preemergence treatments followed by a postemergence treatment achieved excellent shattercane control.
Weed Control And Crop Tolerance In Inzen Grain Sorghum With Zest Tank Mixtures, R. Currie, P. Geier
Weed Control And Crop Tolerance In Inzen Grain Sorghum With Zest Tank Mixtures, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Although preemergence applications of Cinch ATZ provided excellent green foxtail control, it did not provide commercially acceptable levels of Palmer amaranth or crabgrass control. All postemergence tank mixes of Zest raised the level of control achieved by the preemergence applications of Cinch ATZ to excellent levels for these species. With the exception of the Huskie tank mix, which provided excellent Palmer amaranth control, all other postemergence programs provided only adequate control of Palmer amaranth, crabgrass, or green foxtail. Weed pressure of these species was extreme. Under conditions of extreme weed pressure, a foundation treatment of Cinch ATZ followed by a …
Efficacy Of Lumax Ez, Atrazine, Acuron, Armezon, Sharpen, Outlook, Verdict, And Prowl H2o In Irrigated Glyphosate-Resistant Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Efficacy Of Lumax Ez, Atrazine, Acuron, Armezon, Sharpen, Outlook, Verdict, And Prowl H2o In Irrigated Glyphosate-Resistant Corn, R. Currie, P. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
All treatments provided statistically superior control of Palmer amaranth compared to the control or a single application of glyphosate. All treatments provided excellent control of all other weed species. Although all herbicide tank mixes elevated corn yield compared to the control, there were no statistically significant differences among herbicides in their ability to do so.