Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
- Keyword
-
- Animal Nutrition (6)
- GIS and Spatial Epidemiology (4)
- Food safety (3)
- Agriculture (1)
- Animal Diseases (1)
-
- Animals (1)
- Arbovirus Infections (1)
- Cluster Analysis (1)
- Data Collection (1)
- Disease Vectors (1)
- Ecosystem (1)
- Environmental Exposure (1)
- Food Security and Gastrointestinal Infections (1)
- Gastrointestinal Diseases (1)
- Incidence (1)
- Infectious disease/modeling (1)
- Kenya (1)
- La Crosse virus (1)
- Nematode Infections (1)
- Population Surveillance (1)
- Rain (1)
- Risk Assessment (1)
- Risk Factors (1)
- Ruminants (1)
- Seasons (1)
- Tennessee (1)
- Time Factors (1)
- Treatment Outcome (1)
Articles 1 - 16 of 16
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
In Vitro Investigation Of A Terbinafine Impregnated Subcutaneous Implant For Veterinary Use, Marcy J. Souza, Tim Cairns, Jason Yarbrough, Sherry Cox
In Vitro Investigation Of A Terbinafine Impregnated Subcutaneous Implant For Veterinary Use, Marcy J. Souza, Tim Cairns, Jason Yarbrough, Sherry Cox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
No abstract provided.
Model Or Meal? Farm Animal Populations As Models For Infectious Diseases Of Humans, Cristina Lanzas, P Ayscue, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Model Or Meal? Farm Animal Populations As Models For Infectious Diseases Of Humans, Cristina Lanzas, P Ayscue, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
In recent decades, theory addressing the processes that underlie the dynamics of infectious diseases has progressed considerably. Unfortunately, the availability of empirical data to evaluate these theories has not grown at the same pace. Although laboratory animals have been widely used as models at the organism level, they have been less appropriate for addressing issues at the population level. However, farm animal populations can provide empirical models to study infectious diseases at the population level.
Assessing Risk In Focal Arboviral Infections: Are We Missing The Big Or Little Picture?, A D. Haddow, Agricola Odoi, C J. Jones
Assessing Risk In Focal Arboviral Infections: Are We Missing The Big Or Little Picture?, A D. Haddow, Agricola Odoi, C J. Jones
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
BACKGROUND: Focal arboviral infections affecting a subset of the overall population present an often overlooked set of challenges in the assessment and reporting of risk and the detection of spatial patterns. Our objective was to assess the variation in risk when using different at-risk populations and geographic scales for the calculation of incidence risk and the detection of geographic hot-spots of infection. We explored these variations using a pediatric arbovirus, La Crosse virus (LACV), as our model. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Descriptive and cluster analyses were performed on probable and confirmed cases of LACV infections reported to the Tennessee Department of …
Development Of A Mechanistic Model To Represent The Dynamics Of Particle Flow Out Of The Rumen And To Predict Rate Of Passage Of Forage Particles In Dairy Cattle., S Seo, Cristina Lanzas, L O. Tedeschi, A Pell, D G. Fox
Development Of A Mechanistic Model To Represent The Dynamics Of Particle Flow Out Of The Rumen And To Predict Rate Of Passage Of Forage Particles In Dairy Cattle., S Seo, Cristina Lanzas, L O. Tedeschi, A Pell, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
A mechanistic and dynamic model was developed to represent physiological aspects of particle dynamics in the reticulo-rumen (RR) and to predict rate of passage out of the RR (Kp) of forage particles quantitatively. The model consists of 2 conceptual pools with 3 spatial compartments of particles; the compartment the particle enters is based on functional specific gravity (FSG). The model assumes 2 major pressure gradient-driven flows of particles out of the RR through the reticulo-omasal orifice between 2 consecutive primary reticular contractions. One is associated with the second phase of primary reticular contraction and involves propulsion of particles in the …
Modeling On-Farm Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Population Dynamics, P Ayscue, Cristina Lanzas, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Modeling On-Farm Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Population Dynamics, P Ayscue, Cristina Lanzas, R Ivanek, Y T. Grohn
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a potentially fatal foodborne pathogen with a putative reservoir for human infection in feedlot cattle. In order to more effectively identify targets for intervention strategies, we aimed to (1) assess the role of various feedlot habitats in E. coli O157:H7 propagation and (2) provide a framework for examining the relative contributions of animals and the surrounding environment to observed pathogen dynamics. To meet these goals we developed a mathematical model based on an ecological metapopulation framework to track bacterial population dynamics inside and outside the host. We used E. coli O157:H7 microbiological and epidemiological literature to …
Improved Feed Protein Fractionation Schemes For Formulating Rations With The Cornell Net Carbohydrate And Protein System, Cristina Lanzas, G A. Broderick, D G. Fox
Improved Feed Protein Fractionation Schemes For Formulating Rations With The Cornell Net Carbohydrate And Protein System, Cristina Lanzas, G A. Broderick, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Adequate predictions of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) and rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) supplies are necessary to optimize performance while minimizing losses of excess nitrogen (N). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the original Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (CNCPS) protein fractionation scheme and to develop and evaluate alternatives designed to improve its adequacy in predicting RDP and RUP. The CNCPS version 5 fractionates CP into 5 fractions based on solubility in protein precipitant agents, buffers, and detergent solutions: A represents the soluble nonprotein N, B1 is the soluble true protein, B2 represents protein with intermediate rates of degradation, B3 is …
The Effect Of Heterogeneous Infectious Period And Contagiousness On The Dynamics Of Salmonella Transmission In Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Brien, R Ivanek, Y Lo, P P. Chapagain, K A. Ray, P Ayscue, L D. Warnick, Y T. Grohn
The Effect Of Heterogeneous Infectious Period And Contagiousness On The Dynamics Of Salmonella Transmission In Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Brien, R Ivanek, Y Lo, P P. Chapagain, K A. Ray, P Ayscue, L D. Warnick, Y T. Grohn
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
The objective of this study was to address the impact of heterogeneity of infectious period and contagiousness on Salmonella transmission dynamics in dairy cattle populations. We developed three deterministic SIR-type models with two basic infected stages (clinically and subclinically infected). In addition, model 2 included long-term shedders, which were defined as individuals with low contagiousness but long infectious period, and model 3 included super-shedders (individuals with high contagiousness and long infectious period). The simulated dynamics, basic reproduction number (R0) and critical vaccination threshold were studied. Clinically infected individuals were the main force of infection transmission for models 1 and 2. …
The Risk And Control Of Salmonella Outbreaks In Calf-Raising Operations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach, Cristina Lanzas, L D. Warnick, R Ivanek, P Ayscue, D V. Nydam, Y T. Grohn
The Risk And Control Of Salmonella Outbreaks In Calf-Raising Operations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach, Cristina Lanzas, L D. Warnick, R Ivanek, P Ayscue, D V. Nydam, Y T. Grohn
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Salmonellosis in calves has economic and welfare implications, and serves as a potential source of human infections. Our objectives were to assess the risk of Salmonella spread following its introduction into a herd of pre-weaned calves and to evaluate the efficacy of control strategies to prevent and control outbreaks. To meet these objectives, we developed a model of Salmonella transmission within a pre-weaned group of calves based on a well documented outbreak of salmonellosis in a calf-raising operation and other literature. Intervention scenarios were evaluated in both deterministic and stochastic versions of the model. While the basic reproduction number (R0) …
Risk Factors Of Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasite Infections In Small Ruminants Kept In Smallholder Mixed Farms In Kenya., Agricola Odoi, J M. Gathuma, C K. Gachuiri, A Omore
Risk Factors Of Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasite Infections In Small Ruminants Kept In Smallholder Mixed Farms In Kenya., Agricola Odoi, J M. Gathuma, C K. Gachuiri, A Omore
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
BACKGROUND: Helminth infections in small ruminants are serious problems in the developing world, particularly where nutrition and sanitation are poor. This study investigated the burden and risk factors of gastrointestinal nematode parasite infections in sheep and goats kept in smallholder mixed farms in the Kenyan Central Highlands. Three hundred and seven small ruminants were sampled from 66 smallholder mixed farms in agro-ecological zones 1 (humid) and 3 (semi-humid) in the Kenyan Central highlands. The farms were visited once a month for eight months during which a health and production survey questionnaire was administered. Fecal samples were collected at each visit …
Development Of A Mechanistic Model To Represent The Dynamics Of Liquid Flow Out Of The Rumen And To Predict The Rate Of Passage Of Liquid In Dairy Cattle, S Seo, Cristina Lanzas, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
Development Of A Mechanistic Model To Represent The Dynamics Of Liquid Flow Out Of The Rumen And To Predict The Rate Of Passage Of Liquid In Dairy Cattle, S Seo, Cristina Lanzas, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
A mechanistic and dynamic model was developed to represent the physiological aspects of liquid dynamics in the rumen and to quantitatively predict liquid flow out of the reticulorumen (RR). The model is composed of 2 inflows (water consumption and salivary secretion), one outflow (liquid flow through the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO), and one in-and-out flow (liquid flux through the rumen wall). We assumed that liquid flow through the ROO was coordinated with the primary reticular contraction, which is characterized by its frequency, duration, and amplitude during eating, ruminating, and resting. A database was developed to predict each component of the model. …
Evaluation Of Protein Fractionation Systems Used In Formulating Rations For Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Seo, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
Evaluation Of Protein Fractionation Systems Used In Formulating Rations For Dairy Cattle, Cristina Lanzas, S Seo, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Production efficiency decreases when diets are not properly balanced for protein. Sensitivity analyses of the protein fractionation schemes used by the National Research Council Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle (NRC) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) were conducted to assess the influence of the uncertainty in feed inputs and the assumptions underlying the CNCPS scheme on metabolizable protein and amino acid predictions. Monte Carlo techniques were used. Two lactating dairy cow diets with low and high protein content were developed for the analysis. A feed database provided by a commercial laboratory and published sources were used to …
Digestion Kinetics Of Dried Cereal Grains, Cristina Lanzas, A N. Pell, D G. Fox
Digestion Kinetics Of Dried Cereal Grains, Cristina Lanzas, A N. Pell, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Grain fermentability largely determines the feed value of grains for ruminants. Our objective was to evaluate the variation in kinetics of gas production of cereal grains and the relationship among gas production, chemical composition and feed value. Eighteen barley, 99 corn, 23 sorghum, and 57 wheat samples were fermented in vitro for 48 h. Gas production was measured with a computerized system and an exponential model was fitted to the data. The impact of the variation in composition and kinetics on the feed value of grains in feedlot rations was assessed with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). …
A Revised Cncps Feed Carbohydrate Fractionation Scheme For Formulating Rations For Ruminants, Cristina Lanzas, C J. Sniffen, S Seo, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
A Revised Cncps Feed Carbohydrate Fractionation Scheme For Formulating Rations For Ruminants, Cristina Lanzas, C J. Sniffen, S Seo, L O. Tedeschi, D G. Fox
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Balancing ruminant diets for appropriate levels and types of dietary carbohydrates (CHO) is necessary to maximize production while assuring the health of the animals. Several feed fractions (i.e., volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, sugars, starch) are now being measured in some commercial feed laboratories and this information may assist in better formulating diets. A CHO fractionation scheme based on ruminal degradation characteristics needed for nutritional models is described and its impact on predictions with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is assessed. Dietary CHO are divided into eight fractions: the CA1 is volatile fatty acids (VFA), CA2 is …
Inequalities In Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Characteristics: Potential Evidence-Base For Neighbourhood Health Planning., Agricola Odoi, R Wray, M Emo, S Birch, B Hutchison, J Eyles, T Abernathy
Inequalities In Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Characteristics: Potential Evidence-Base For Neighbourhood Health Planning., Agricola Odoi, R Wray, M Emo, S Birch, B Hutchison, J Eyles, T Abernathy
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
BACKGROUND: Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. Socioeconomic factors are increasingly being recognized as major determinants of many aspects of health and causes of health inequities. Knowledge of socioeconomic characteristics of neighbourhoods is necessary to identify their unique health needs and enhance identification of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Careful integration of this knowledge into health planning activities is necessary to ensure that health planning and service provision are tailored to unique neighbourhood population health needs. In this study, we identify unique neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and classify the …
Investigation Of Clusters Of Giardiasis Using Gis And A Spatial Scan Statistic., Agricola Odoi, S W. Martin, P Michel, D Middleton, J Holt, J Wilson
Investigation Of Clusters Of Giardiasis Using Gis And A Spatial Scan Statistic., Agricola Odoi, S W. Martin, P Michel, D Middleton, J Holt, J Wilson
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
BACKGROUND: Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified human intestinal parasite in Canada with prevalence estimates of 4-10%. However, infection rates vary by geographical area and localized 'pockets' of high or low infection rates are thought to exist. Water-borne transmission is one of the major routes of infection. Sources of contamination of drinking water include humans, domestic and wild animals. A previous study in southern Ontario, Canada, indicated a bivariate association between giardiasis rates and livestock density and/or manure use on agricultural land; however these variables were not significant when the variable 'rural' was added to the model. In that …
Geographical And Temporal Distribution Of Human Giardiasis In Ontario, Canada., Agricola Odoi, S W. Martin, P Michel, J Holt, D Middleton, J Wilson
Geographical And Temporal Distribution Of Human Giardiasis In Ontario, Canada., Agricola Odoi, S W. Martin, P Michel, J Holt, D Middleton, J Wilson
Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
BACKGROUND: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Although information on geographical distribution of giardiasis is critical in identifying communities at high risk, little has been done in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario in order to identify possible high risk areas and seasons. Two spatial scales of analyses and two disease measures were used with a view to identifying the best of each in assessing geographical patterns of giardiasis in Ontario. Global Moran's I and Moran Local Indicators of Spatial …