Digital Commons Network^™

Vowel-Length Contrasts And Phonetic Cues To Stress: An Investigation Of Their Relation, Anya Hogoboom, Jessica Campbell, Mark Hutchens, Nick Kalivoda

Arts & Sciences Articles

The functional load hypothesis of Berinstein (1979) put forward the idea that languages which use a suprasegmental property (duration, F0) contrastively will not use it to realise stress. The functional load hypothesis is often cited when stress correlates are discussed, both when it is observed that the language under discussion follows the hypothesis and when it fails to follow it. In the absence of a more wide-ranging assessment of how frequently languages do or do not conform to the functional load hypothesis, it is unknown whether it is an absolute, a strong tendency, a weak tendency or unsupported. The results …

An Imagined Community Of Practice: Online Discourse Among Wheelchair Users, Leslie Cochrane

Arts & Sciences Articles

People with disabilities often live in local communities primarily made up of people without disabilities: in the absence of a geographic community of people with disabilities, the internet becomes a valuable tool for connecting individuals across both local and global contexts.
The power of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to allow individuals to interact both locally and globally has been well-studied in linguistics (e. g. Baron 2008; Page 2012), and this work has included the discourse of e-health (e. g. Hamilton 1998; Locher 2006, 2013) and the online discourse of people with disabilities (Al Zidjaly 2011, 2015). Less research has been done, …

Manipulating Entitativity Affects Implicit Behavioral And Neural Attentional Biases Toward Gay Couples, Cheryl L. Dickter, Catherine A. Forestell, Nicholas Gupta, Joellen J. Blass

Arts & Sciences Articles

This study investigated whether attentional bias toward homosexual couples differs as a function of the manipulation of perceived entitativity, the degree to which group members are perceived to share common values and pursue common goals. Across two experiments, heterosexual college students were randomly assigned to read statements that suggested that homosexual and heterosexual couples were either high or low in entitativity. Following this task, 199 participants completed a dot probe task in Experiment 1 and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was recorded for 74 participants in Experiment 2 to measure the implicit attentional processing that resulted from viewing pictures of gay, lesbian, …

Looking Underneath The Helmet: Learning How African American Football College Athletes Navigate Sports, Education, And Expectations, Jamel K. Donnor

School of Education Book Chapters

College athletes are at the very center of emerging campus debates over their legal, financial, and academic role. Amid ongoing litigation and pressure from internal and external stakeholders, many policy makers and university leaders are scrambling to determine the nature of this role. This timely and comprehensive volume identifies and discusses bylaws and legal decisions that have impacted the college athlete’s ability to pursue higher education. It also explains and critiques the formal policies of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and member institutions while examining critical issues relevant to the growing fields of sport management, athletic administration, and sports law. …

Duration, Vowel Quality, And The Rhythmic Pattern Of English, Anya Hogoboom

Arts & Sciences Articles

Languages with binary stress systems frequently tolerate a stress lapse over the final two syllables, but almost none tolerate a word-initial stress lapse. Lunden (to appear) argues that this lapse asymmetry can be explained by the presence of word-level final lengthening, which can then create the perception of prominence alternation in languages that use duration as stress correlate. The results of a production and a perception study with English speakers are presented which compare /a/s that occur under stress lapse to /a/s in non-stress-lapse positions. While word-final unstressed /a/ is always longer than non-final unstressed /a/, it is significantly longer …

The Storm Before The Storm: The Beginning Of The End Of The Roman Republic, Mike Duncan (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

Be Fierce: Stop Harassment And Take Your Power Back, Gretchen Carlson (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

Flavor Perception And Preference Development In Human Infants, Catherine A. Forestell

Arts & Sciences Articles

As most parents and caregivers are aware, feeding children a nutritionally balanced diet can be challenging. Children are born with a biological predisposition to prefer sweet and to avoid bitter foods such as green leafy vegetables. It has been hypothesized that this predisposition evolved to attract children to energy-dense foods while discouraging the consumption of toxins. Although this may have enhanced survival in environments historically characterized by food scarcity, it is clearly maladaptive in many of today's food environments where children are surrounded by an abundance of sweet-tasting, unhealthful foods and beverages that place them at risk for excessive weight …

The Effects Of Intranasal Orexin-A On Mk-801-Induced Attentional Deficits: Addressing Cognitive Impairment In An Nmda Receptor Hypofunction Model Of Schizophrenia, Eden Blake-Lea Maness

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a debilitating condition wherein those afflicted experience positive symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms, including alterations of processing affecting cognition and social interactions. The NMDA receptor hypofunction model of SZ asserts that a reduction in hippocampal NMDA receptor input produces the pathology of this disorder, promoting excessive frontocortical excitatory neurotransmission – particularly overstimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons – that ultimately impairs cognitive and sensorimotor processes. Orexin-A (OxA), a neuropeptide principally involved in wakefulness and appetitive behaviors, has been shown to demonstrate cognitive-enhancing qualities in models of psychiatric and neurodegenerative illness. In the …

The Effects Of State Medicaid Expansions For Working-Age Adults On Senior Medicare Beneficiaries, Melissa Mcinerney, Jennifer M. Mellor, Lindsay M. Sabik

Arts & Sciences Articles

Do Medicaid expansions to working-age adults affect healthcare spending and utilization among older Medicare beneficiaries? Although economic theory provides conflicting predictions about the presence and direction of such spillover effects, it does identify circumstances when spillovers can reduce Medicare spending. Using data on Medicaid expansions during the 2000s and microdata from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, we find that a 1 percentage point rise in the share of working-age adults eligible for Medicaid has modest effects on the average Medicare beneficiary's spending, but reduces average spending by $477 among dual eligibles. Importantly, we find no evidence of adverse health effects.

Logical Family, Armistead Maupin (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

Fighting To Belong: Asian American Military Service And American Citizenship, Deenesh Sohoni

Arts & Sciences Book Chapters

The military has been recognized as one of the most crucial institutions in setting the parameters of national citizenship, and in helping facilitate the expansion of these boundaries to include racial minorities. Historically, it is during periods of war and strong external threat that notions of shared American identity become most salient. It is also during these periods that racial minorities can demonstrate their patriotism through military service, and thus make a claim for the full benefits of social membership.

Examining Formal And Enacted Curricula For Culturally Responsive Strategies Regarding The Needs Of Black Female Students: A Qualitative Content Analysis, Marquita Sherie Hockaday

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

While K-12 schools have been making efforts to integrate culturally responsive curriculum and instruction, the voice and representation of Black female students has been largely ignored. Overdisciplinary practices, high dropout rates, a likelihood to be incarcerated, exposure to sexual violence, and familial obligations have negatively impacted the academic achievement of some Black female students. Thus, educational leaders can try to find ways to acknowledge the unique needs of Black female students through reconceptualizing curriculum. The purpose of this study was to examine current curricula within a particular school district for strategies and practices that may be responsive to the needs …

Effects Of An Essentialism Manipulation On The Neural Processing Of Racial Minorities, Joellen Blass

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Racial minorities are increasingly growing in the United States and the racial category “multiracial” is one of the fastest growing racial minorities. Racial essentialism is the belief that race has an underlying property and is innate and biological. Many people with essentialist beliefs do not normally categorize individuals with a multiracial background as multiracial. The current study assessed how an essentialism manipulation affects the neural processing of minority race targets by White participants. Participants completed a categorization task and passive task looking at ambiguous and monoracial faces while connect to EEG. For the passive task, results revealed gradient by race …

Pipeline Performance And Safety In A Federal System A Study Of Natural Gas Pipeline Enforcement By States In The Usa, Sarah L. Stafford

Arts & Sciences Articles

This article analyses the role that US states play in enforcing federal natural gas pipeline regulations. The paper finds that states are more likely to have responsibility for enforcing these regulations if they have larger networks of gathering and transmission lines and if their citizens are more liberal and more pro-environment. Conversely, states with a larger natural gas industry are less likely to assume oversight. However, whether a state has assumed oversight has no significant effect on either state enforcement efforts or pipeline performance. The most effective state enforcement tool is monetary penalties, which significantly decrease incidents and property damage.

Position And Stress As Factors In Long-Distance Consonant Metathesis, Anya Hogoboom, Kelsey Renoll

Arts & Sciences Articles

Long-distance consonant metathesis is less common than the metathesis of adjacent segments but is shown to occur in multiple languages (e.g. Māori kāheru∼" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;">∼∼kārehu ‘spade’) As words tend to be short, and examples rare, it is difficult to assess the tendencies of long-distance consonant metathesis. This paper gives the results of a production experiment with five-syllable nonce words set up to examine …

The Effects Of Uncertainty On Cooperation: Using Bayesian Cognition And Entropy To Model Cooperative Heuristics, Amrita Lamba

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Cooperative heuristics have traditionally been researched through the lens of standard dual-process models of cognition and from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Despite the popularity of these approaches, research on intuitive versus extensional processing falls short in its endeavor to methodologically quantify heuristic processing and to empirically validate existing theories of social evaluation. Furthermore, several conceptualizations of the term heuristic have been proposed in the social psychology literature, leading to a lack of consensus on how cooperative heuristics function. to address these issues, the current study proposes a novel method for quantifying heuristic cognition. We propose a Bayesian cognition model …

Computational Structure Of Evolved Forgiveness Systems., Thomas G. Mccauley

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Researchers have recently suggested that humans possess dedicated cognitive systems for forgiveness, which evolved to repair valuable cooperative relationships with transgressors and stave off harmful revenge behaviors. These putative systems are computational in nature, utilizing information pertaining to the relationship value, exploitation risk, and genetic relatedness of a transgressor in determining whether or not to employ forgiveness. While a few studies have provided empirical support for this conjecture, surprisingly little empirical research has been conducted to determine if forgiveness systems actually have such a computational structure. The aim of this thesis was to fill this gap in the literature by …

Knowing The River, Working The Land, And Digging For Clay: Pamunkey Indian Subsistence Practices And The Market Economy 1800-1900, Ashley Spivey

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

This dissertation explores the responses and engagement of the Pamunkey Indians with an expanding capitalist economy in nineteenth century Tidewater Virginia. Framed by theoretical discourses of political economy and landscape, I investigate the Pamunkey community’s Reservation subsistence economy, and the transitional effects the infiltration of industrial capitalism had on the economic life and experiences of Pamunkey people. Evidence uncovered from archaeological investigations on the Reservation, archival resources, and oral testimony from tribal members reveal how the Pamunkey community structured their engagement with the market. Pamunkey market engagement formed a mixed economy that followed an annual seasonal round grounded in the …

The Stars In Our Eyes: The Famous, Infamous, And Why We Care Too Much About Them, Julie Klam (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

The Relationship Between Infant Facial Expressions And Food Acceptance, Catherine A. Forestell, Julie A. Mennella

Arts & Sciences Articles

Purpose of Review

To highlight the range of methodological approaches used to objectively measure hedonic responses to taste stimuli during the first year of life and how these behavioral responses change with experience. Challenges inherent to this type of research are discussed.

Recent Findings

Although newborns display characteristic orofacial reactivity to four of the five basic tastes, the facial expressions made and the amount of food consumed can be modified by experience: children learn to like what they are fed. In some cases, changes in facial responses are concordant with infant consumption, whereas in other cases facial reactivity follows changes …

Blood Royal: The Wars Of The Roses, 1462-1485, Hugh Bicheno (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

Educational Technology Leadership And Practice In Higher Education: The Emergence Of Threshold Concepts, Adam Barger

W&M Libraries Publications

Navigating the world of educational technology in higher education environments is an increasingly rewarding, yet challenging, endeavor. What must leaders know in order to thrive in the ever-changing space of educational technology? How can leaders and practitioners alike excel in cultivating and utilizing powerful educational technology applications, tools, and resources? In this blog, I explore these questions through the lens of threshold concepts as applied to technology in higher education teaching and learning. I propose three threshold concepts in our field, discuss their prevalence at the 2017 ELI Annual Meeting, and suggest their implications for leadership and practice.

Heartthrobs: A History A Of Women And Desire, Carol Dyhouse (Book Review), Kathleen Mccallister

W&M Libraries Publications

No abstract provided.

Fandom, Racism, And The Myth Of Diversity In The Marvel Cinematic Universe, Ashley S. Richardson

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The Marvel Cinematic Universe is currently one of the most commercially successful entertainment brands in American popular culture, with a range of film franchises and television series under its banner. Although the brand maintains its popularity with various demographics, the casting choices in Doctor Strange (2017) generated controversy among Marvel fans and critics alike for excluding people of color or reducing them to villains and sidekicks. This thesis examines the online commentary surrounding the casting and marketing of Doctor Strange to evaluate how social media users on Reddit, Tumblr, and Twitter come to understand race and gender through the Marvel …

Entangled By Salt: Historical Archaeology Of Seafarers And Things In The Venezuelan Caribbean, 1624–1880, Konrad Andrzej Antczak

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

This doctoral dissertation is aimed at determining changes in seafarer-thing relationships—which I define as entanglements—from 1624 to 1880 at two saltpans on two islands of the Venezuelan Caribbean. Three sites with four occupational phases will be discussed: one site with two occupational phases (Dutch, 1624–1638; Anglo-American, 1638–1781) on the island of La Tortuga, and two sites each comprising one occupational phase (multi-component, c. 1700–1800; Dutch Antillean/US American, 1810s–1880) on the island of Cayo Sal, in the Los Roques Archipelago. More specifically, this research seeks to determine how the development of European capitalism and consumerism impacted entanglements involving seafarers and things …

Distress Tolerance And Emotional Disorder Symptoms Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities, Casey Elizabeth Snyder

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

There is a wealth of research indicating that members of minority groups (e.g. according to race/ethnicity, religious beliefs, sexual orientation) are at risk of experiencing greater negative psychological outcomes than their majority counterparts. It is important to determine the underpinnings of these negative experiences in order to understand their etiology, as well as to determine the most effective course of treatment. Distress tolerance (DT) has been a focus of recent clinical research as it has been associated with a number of psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. Although it has been found to act as a buffer against …

A Paradigm Shift Within University Museums, Emily Bagdasarian

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

This thesis examines the role of university museums in the United States and their relationship to academic and local communities as well as their influence on a national and international level. The purpose of this study is to identify how changes in educational, social, and cultural issues have affected the role of university museums in the United States during their almost two hundred and fifty years of evolution. A second goal is to identify which audiences (academic or public) they chose to focus on. Taking a multifaceted approach, this thesis studies three museums from Ivy League institutions: The University of …

Understanding Self-Control, Motivation, & Attention In The Context Of Eating Behavior, Lisa Stephanie Goldberg

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Obesity and overweight continue to be a growing problem in the United States and abroad. Maintaining self-control in tempting food environments is necessary in order to avoid weight gain, yet is difficult for many individuals to achieve. In order to understand how self-control resources interact with motivation to affect selective attention to foods, 128 college student participants (42 males) varied in their controlled and autonomous motivation for healthy eating were randomly assigned to either an ego-depletion (n = 61) or control manipulation (n = 67). Implicit selective attention to food stimuli was subsequently assessed using a food flanker task that …

Beyond The Butcher's Block: The Animal Landscapes Of Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake And Lowcountry Plantations, Jenna Kay Carlson Dietmeier

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

This dissertation argues that working oxen, horses, and mules contributed to the physical and social landscapes of eighteenth-century plantations in the Chesapeake and the Lowcountry. This research embraces an animal landscape approach, exploring how humans and animals were both active agents in shaping animal husbandry strategies, social interactions, and power negotiations on plantations. This exploration utilized archaeological and historical sources, predominately faunal assemblages from Oxon Hill Manor, Maryland, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Drayton Hall, South Carolina, and Stobo Plantation, South Carolina; articulated equine skeletons from Jamestown Island, Virginia, and Yorktown, Virginia; and probate inventories from plantations within the eighteenth-century Upper Chesapeake …