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Detecting Insufficient Effort Responding: An Item Response Theory Approach, Tyler Douglas Barnes
Detecting Insufficient Effort Responding: An Item Response Theory Approach, Tyler Douglas Barnes
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Insufficient Effort Responding (IER) is prevalent enough in self-report data to cause issues with construct validity. There are many ways to detect IER, but they are less than ideal as they each detect different forms of IER. I compared an Item Response Theory (IRT) approach consisting of the lz person-fit statistic and the Person Fluctuation Parameter (PFP) to longstring, non-consecutive longstring, even-odd split, and psychological synonyms indices. I simulated 3200 samples with one of four types of random responding: consecutive responding, non-consecutive patterned responding, random responding following a normal distribution, and random responding following a uniform distribution. Also, I generated …
Spatial Knowledge Acquisition On Gps Navigational Map Displays: Influence Of Landmarks On Sequentially Presented, Partial Maps, Caitlan A. Rizzardo
Spatial Knowledge Acquisition On Gps Navigational Map Displays: Influence Of Landmarks On Sequentially Presented, Partial Maps, Caitlan A. Rizzardo
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Current car navigation systems use maps that show part of a region and are sequentially presented as the driver moves along a route, displaying information that is relevant to immediate guidance, such as the surrounding streets and turn indicators. Rizzardo, Colle, McGregor, and Wylie (2013) have shown that sequentially presented, partial maps populated with landmark objects can also facilitate spatial knowledge acquisition. Spatial knowledge is useful for evaluating GPS instructions and navigating after the fact. However, the optimal number of landmarks on map segments has not been extensively tested. The Object-Based Spatial-Episodic Representations for Visual Environments (OBSERVE) theory indicates that …
Stop With The Questions Already! The Effects Of Questionnaire Length And Monetary Incentives On Insufficient Effort Responding., Anthony Gibson
Stop With The Questions Already! The Effects Of Questionnaire Length And Monetary Incentives On Insufficient Effort Responding., Anthony Gibson
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Insufficient Effort Responding (IER) can negatively impact self-report data quality. The purpose of the current study was to investigate questionnaire length as a predictor of IER and to examine whether the presence of a monetary incentive moderates the relationship between questionnaire length and IER. I predicted that participants who were assigned to complete longer questionnaires would engage in more IER than would respondents who were assigned to complete shorter questionnaires. I predicted that the effects of questionnaire length on IER would be minimized by the presence of a monetary incentive to respond carefully. Using a sample of undergraduate students (N …
A Bifactor Model Of Burnout? An Item Response Theory Analysis Of The Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, David Andrew Periard
A Bifactor Model Of Burnout? An Item Response Theory Analysis Of The Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, David Andrew Periard
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Burnout is a syndrome-composed of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment-resulting from chronic stress. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS; Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996) is the most popular measure of burnout. Unfortunately, the MBI-HSS has flaws including highly correlated traits and low subscale reliabilities. I tested a bifactor model for the MBI-HSS based on the work by Meszaros, Adam, Svabo, Szigeti, and Urban (2014) using item response theory. Bifactor models specify a general factor that underlies all the items within a scale and specific factors that underlie the subscale items; also, all factors are orthogonal. I …
Generalizability Of Predictive Performance Optimizer Predictions Across Learning Task Type, Haley Pace Wilson
Generalizability Of Predictive Performance Optimizer Predictions Across Learning Task Type, Haley Pace Wilson
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The purpose of my study is to understand the relationship of learning and forgetting rates estimated by a cognitive model at the level of the individual and overall task performance across similar learning tasks. Cognitive computational models are formal representations of theories that enable better understanding and prediction of dynamic human behavior in complex environments (Adner, Polos, Ryall, & Sorenson, 2009). The Predictive Performance Optimizer (PPO) is a cognitive model and training aid based in learning theory that tracks quantitative performance data and also makes predictions for future performance. It does so by estimating learning and decay rates for specific …
A Computational Model Of The Temporal Processing Characteristics Of Visual Priming In Search, Jordan M. Haggit
A Computational Model Of The Temporal Processing Characteristics Of Visual Priming In Search, Jordan M. Haggit
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When people look through the environment their eyes are guided in part by what they have recently seen. This phenomenon, referred to as visual priming, is studied in the laboratory through manipulations of stimulus repetition. Typically, in search tasks, response times are speeded when the same target is repeated relative to when it is changed (e.g., Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994). Although priming is thought to be based on a memory mechanism in the visual system, there is a debate in the literature as to whether such a mechanism is driven by relatively early (e.g., feature-based accounts) or later (e.g., episodic …
Understanding The Use Of Online Health Information Technology By People With And Without Visual Disabilities, John K. Kegley
Understanding The Use Of Online Health Information Technology By People With And Without Visual Disabilities, John K. Kegley
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The Internet has become a platform that many users, governments, corporations, and other organizations hope to leverage in order to support a dynamic and effective physician-patient partnership. However, many researchers have identified significant shortcomings with the current online health information domain. This research examined the use of online health information technology (HIT) by individuals with and without visual disabilities. Two studies were conducted to understand online health information searching behaviors of individuals with and without disabilities. The impact of providing relevant search keywords to participants, and the impact of stress appraisals upon health information search behavior and HIT website usage …
The Effect Of Tactile And Audio Feedback In Handheld Mobile Text Entry, Christopher L. Edman
The Effect Of Tactile And Audio Feedback In Handheld Mobile Text Entry, Christopher L. Edman
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Effects of tactile and audio feedback are examined in the context of touchscreen and mobile use. Prior experimental research is graphically summarized by task type (handheld text entry, tabletop text entry, non-text input), tactile feedback type (active, passive), and significant findings, revealing a research gap evaluating passive tactile feedback in handheld text entry (a.k.a. "texting"). A passive custom tactile overlay is evaluated in a new experiment wherein 24 participants perform a handheld text entry task on an iPhone under four tactile and audio feedback conditions with measures of text entry speed and accuracy. Results indicate audio feedback produces better performance, …
Explaining Race Differences In Academic Performance: The Role Of Perceived Expectations & Outcome Valence, Devin Christopher Houston
Explaining Race Differences In Academic Performance: The Role Of Perceived Expectations & Outcome Valence, Devin Christopher Houston
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Differences between whites and blacks in academic performance are well documented in the research literature. Past research has focused more on stable factors, such as personality and cognitive ability, to try to explain race and gender differences. However, past research has not focused enough on the examination of malleable and socially influenced factors, such as valence of education and perceived parental and friend expectations. In addition, differences between the academic performances of certain groups might not be due to race but due to factors that covary with race. These factors may be unaccounted for while race is being used as …
Identification And Examination Of Key Components Of Active Learning, Darrell Scott Kelly
Identification And Examination Of Key Components Of Active Learning, Darrell Scott Kelly
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The purpose of this study was to examine key components of active learning. I hypothesized that feedback, accountability, and guided exploration were key components of active learning. I collected survey data from second year medical students (N = 103) in three different active learning interventions: peer instruction (PI), team-based learning (TBL), and problem-based learning (PBL), at six time points. My results did not consistently support my hypotheses. However, I observed a pattern of differences concerning feedback and accountability in the predicted direction in all three interventions. Feedback had a positive effect on professionalism in both PI and PBL, and accountability …
How Configural Is The Configural Superiority Effect? A Neuroimaging Investigation Of Emergent Features In Visual Cortex, Olivia Michelle Fox
How Configural Is The Configural Superiority Effect? A Neuroimaging Investigation Of Emergent Features In Visual Cortex, Olivia Michelle Fox
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The perception of a visual stimulus is dependent not only upon local features, but also on the arrangement of those features. When stimulus features are perceptually well organized, a global configuration with a high degree of salience emerges from the interactions between these features, often referred to as emergent features. Emergent features can be demonstrated in the Configural Superiority Effect (CSE): presenting a stimulus within an organized context relative to its presentation in a disarranged one results in better performance. Prior neuroimaging work on the perception of emergent features regards the CSE as an "all or none" phenomenon, focusing on …
Heterogeneous Versus Homogeneous Measures: A Meta-Analysis Of Predictive Efficacy, Suzanne Lee Dean
Heterogeneous Versus Homogeneous Measures: A Meta-Analysis Of Predictive Efficacy, Suzanne Lee Dean
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A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the predictive validity and adverse impact of homogeneous and heterogeneous predictors on objective and subjective criteria for different sales roles. Because job performance is a dynamic and complex construct, I hypothesized that equally complex, heterogeneous predictors would have stronger correlations with objective and subjective criteria than homogeneous predictors. Forty-seven independent validation studies (N = 3,378) qualified for inclusion in this study. In general, heterogeneous predictors did not demonstrate significantly stronger correlations with the performance criteria than homogeneous predictors. Notably, heterogeneous predictors did not demonstrate adverse impact on protected classes. One noteworthy finding was that …
Cognition Of Shared Decision Making: The Case Of Multiple Sclerosis, Katherine Domjan Lippa
Cognition Of Shared Decision Making: The Case Of Multiple Sclerosis, Katherine Domjan Lippa
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The increasing emphasis in the medical community on shared decision making and patient centered care suggests that patients play a role in their care, but research on clinical reasoning almost exclusively addresses practitioner cognition. As patient involvement increases, it is important to understand the effect patients have on clinical cognition. This necessitates moving beyond a model that equates clinical cognition with practitioner cognition to incorporate the influence of patient cognition and dyadic patient-practitioner cognition. In this dissertation, I suggest that patient-practitioner interactions constitute a distributed cognitive system. As a result patient cognition and the nature of the interaction inherently contribute …
Interaction Of Top-Down And Bottom-Up Search With Magnocellular- And Parvocellular-Mediated Stimuli, James Samuel Garrett
Interaction Of Top-Down And Bottom-Up Search With Magnocellular- And Parvocellular-Mediated Stimuli, James Samuel Garrett
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The current study simultaneously examined the potentiality of a magnocellular attentional advantage and the competition between top-down and bottom-up processing on attention during visual search as measured by covert and overt visual attention. Specifically, the study tested two opposing views of the competition between top-down and bottom-up processing. The contingent involuntary orienting hypothesis (Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992), states that goal directed search is not affected by target-irrelevant stimuli. In contrast, the distractor interference paradigm (Theeuwes, 1994), states that goal directed search can be affected by target-irrelevant stimuli if more salient than the rest of the search array. The study …
The Influence Of Implicit And Explicit Gender Bias On Grading, And The Effectiveness Of Rubrics For Reducing Bias, Sarah Marie Jackson
The Influence Of Implicit And Explicit Gender Bias On Grading, And The Effectiveness Of Rubrics For Reducing Bias, Sarah Marie Jackson
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The effect of implicit bias on discriminatory grading in education has received considerable attention but, to date, no study has examined the effectiveness of using a rubric to reduce biased grading. Current research has demonstrated that the presence of a gender-normative name is sufficient to activate implicit gender bias, which can result in disparate treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of implicit and explicit gender bias on grading decisions for written assignments. When grading identical essays on the topic of computers (stereotypically-male), participants assigned significantly lower grades when the essay was supposedly written by a …