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Suspicious Or Autistic? Evaluating Responses To A Behavioral Analysis Interview, Kendall Jackson
Suspicious Or Autistic? Evaluating Responses To A Behavioral Analysis Interview, Kendall Jackson
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI) of the Reid Interrogation technique (Inbau, et al., 2013) consists of 15 questions to identify deception or truthfulness. Research indicates these cues are unreliable and trained officers are no better than chance at detecting deception (Kassin, Meissner & Norwick, 2005; Meissner & Kassin, 2002). This study aimed to examine how innocent autistic individuals’ response to the BAI in a mock arson case were perceived. College psychology students (n=218) rated the truthfulness/deceptiveness reading one of the two responses, with half informed of the diagnosis. Overall, the responses were rated as more deceptive when the suspect was …
Stepping Beyond The Bars: A Comparative Analysis Of Personality Traits In Previously Incarcerated Males And Females, Alexandra Anthonioz, Amanda Elbassiouny, Kayla Sircy
Stepping Beyond The Bars: A Comparative Analysis Of Personality Traits In Previously Incarcerated Males And Females, Alexandra Anthonioz, Amanda Elbassiouny, Kayla Sircy
Modern Psychological Studies
The current study sought to explore differences in a previously incarcerated individual’s personality traits based on biological sex. It was posited that within a population of individuals who were formerly incarcerated, males would demonstrate a greater prevalence of personality traits that have been previously associated with involvement in the criminal justice system, compared to females. A total of 2,400 previously incarcerated people from Wave IV of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) were asked questions related to personality traits. Previously incarcerated females had significantly higher levels of impulsivity than females not previously incarcerated, whereas previously incarcerated males …
Adoption And Foster Microaggressions Amidst Covid-19: Pandemic-Related Stress May Increase Negative Judgments Of Others, Mikala A. Grimaldi, Holly A. Grant-Marsney, Ashley A. Hansen-Brown
Adoption And Foster Microaggressions Amidst Covid-19: Pandemic-Related Stress May Increase Negative Judgments Of Others, Mikala A. Grimaldi, Holly A. Grant-Marsney, Ashley A. Hansen-Brown
Modern Psychological Studies
One community that has often been overlooked while facing frequent negative perceptions and stigma is adopted individuals. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic at the start of this research, we hypothesized that scenarios of individuals from foster and adoptive families would be more likely to be associated with common misrepresentations that emphasize child-like qualities and lower competency compared to non-adopted peers. We surveyed 313 participants through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, after exclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 217 participants. Although the original hypothesis was not supported, our results indicate that higher pandemic-related stress influences perceptions of entitlement and infantilization towards others regardless …
Reimaging Take-Up In Challenging Times: Determining The Predictive Value Of Publicly Available Socio-Demographic Data For Social Assistance Programs, Margaret Dempsey
Reimaging Take-Up In Challenging Times: Determining The Predictive Value Of Publicly Available Socio-Demographic Data For Social Assistance Programs, Margaret Dempsey
Honors Theses
Social assistance programs throughout the nation have experienced major obstacles to both funding and service provision related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study examines one strategy that a local Chattanooga nonprofit organization, Chattanooga Endeavors, explored to increase the rate of participation in a 21-day online program that assists justice involved individuals to address goals related to employment, education, and public assistance. The organization has access to judgment orders from Hamilton County (TN) Criminal Court and has used this information to identify individuals who have been sentenced to serve a prison term and who are eligible for an outreach program …
Battle Of The Sexes: Similarities And Differences In Lay People’S Perceptions About Male And Female Sex Offenders, Felix O. Osagie Jr., Emily Pica
Battle Of The Sexes: Similarities And Differences In Lay People’S Perceptions About Male And Female Sex Offenders, Felix O. Osagie Jr., Emily Pica
Modern Psychological Studies
The aim of this research was to examine public perceptions about male and female sex offenders to help address gender disparities that exist in the justice system and society. Participants (N = 226) completed the revised Community Attitudes Towards Sex Offenders Scale (ATS; Harper & Hogue, 2015) and a questionnaire concerning opinions about female sex offenders. While there were no observed differences in perceptions between gender overall, differences emerged when examining only parents. Parents perceived male sex offenders worse than female sex offenders. This study also brings awareness to gender bias regarding male and female sex offenders. The implication of …
Are We Giving Them A Fair Chance? Racial Stereotypes And The Juvenile Justice System, Cali K. Bloem, Ashley A. Hansen-Brown
Are We Giving Them A Fair Chance? Racial Stereotypes And The Juvenile Justice System, Cali K. Bloem, Ashley A. Hansen-Brown
Modern Psychological Studies
Prior research indicates that there are racial disparities throughout the criminal justice system and that decision-makers may use stereotypes when determining guilt and deciding on sentences for juveniles. This study looked at sentence disparities between White and Latinx juveniles, as well as potential stereotypes that could be used in decision-making. There were no differences in sentence length and severity between the White and Latinx offender. Additionally, the likelihood of the offender receiving a lesser or greater sentence as an adult did not differ among conditions. Our results also showed that participants with prior juror experience used less stereotypical language in …
The Relationship Between Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior And Guilt Versus Shame Proneness, Ashley Kernan, Jeremiah Sullins
The Relationship Between Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior And Guilt Versus Shame Proneness, Ashley Kernan, Jeremiah Sullins
Modern Psychological Studies
This study examined the correlation between adolescent risk-taking behaviors and guilt versus shame proneness. The participants were given an adolescent risk-taking questionnaire that focused on negative high and low risk-taking behaviors and the TOSCA-3 questionnaire. The adolescent risk-taking questionnaire focused on the participants past behaviors from the ages of 13-18. The TOSCA-3 was used to determine if a participant was guilt-prone or shame-prone. The data collected from both instruments were analyzed for whether adolescent risk-taking behaviors were correlated with guilt proneness or shame proneness. The results of the Pearson r correlations indicated a significant negative correlation between adolescent risk-taking, shame …
Racial Disparity In Educational Punishment, Elizabeth R. Wirtz
Racial Disparity In Educational Punishment, Elizabeth R. Wirtz
Modern Psychological Studies
There is a growing epidemic of children of color being disproportionately and inappropriately disciplined due to recommendations for exclusionary educational discipline practices such as suspension and expulsion. Throughout the literature, SES, level of ability, gender, and skin color were essential factors in evaluating students’ suspension risk. The most salient of these factors is race. Implicit bias towards darker-skinned students is the main factor for the discipline gap. This literature review explores the causes and rates that middle school and high school students of color are disproportionately recommended for suspension and expulsion and the consequences of racially discriminatory discipline practices. Exclusionary …
The Effect Of Race Of The Perpetrator And Misinformation On Eyewitness Accuracy And Confidence, Rachel A. Wilson, Tammy L. Sonnentag
The Effect Of Race Of The Perpetrator And Misinformation On Eyewitness Accuracy And Confidence, Rachel A. Wilson, Tammy L. Sonnentag
Modern Psychological Studies
Eyewitnesses are an important component of criminal justice protocol; however, if inaccurate, there are grave consequences. The prevalent use of eyewitness accounts, despite the limits and fallibility of human memory demonstrate the need for research on factors affecting credible eyewitness accounts. The current study examines how the introduction of misinformation affects eyewitness accuracy and confidence when the race/ethnicity of the perpetrator is different from, compared to when the race of the perpetrator is the same as, the race/ethnicity of the eyewitness. A total of 69 White/European participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions where they read a University-Issued …
Youth, Interrupted: Encouraging A Holistic Approach To Juvenile Incarceration Policy, Ashley Tisdale
Youth, Interrupted: Encouraging A Holistic Approach To Juvenile Incarceration Policy, Ashley Tisdale
Modern Psychological Studies
Scientific research into the experience of juveniles in detention has recently had an impact on court rulings. In the cases of Roper v Simmons (2005), Graham v Florida (2010) and Miller v. Alabama (2012) judges used research in juvenile cognitive development to inform their rulings. Though current research covers different aspects of juvenile experience in the criminal justice system, few studies approach the subject holistically or examine the inherent symbiotic relationship between juvenile detention policy and juvenile incarceration. This literature review seeks to present information on and encourage further examination of this relationship. For the purposes of the review, the …
Miranda Rights Comprehension And Advice To Juveniles, Aishani Eggenberger
Miranda Rights Comprehension And Advice To Juveniles, Aishani Eggenberger
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Juveniles have limited understanding of their Miranda rights. Reforms including simplified wording and the presence of an “interested adult” have been implemented to assist juveniles with legal decisions, but adults’ understanding of Miranda rights is also limited. The present study examined whether adults’ Miranda knowledge related to their estimates of juveniles’ Miranda understanding and their advice to juveniles being questioned by police. Online participants (n= 498) completed measures of Miranda knowledge and read one of eight hypothetical scenarios varying the juvenile’s age (13 or 16 years), Miranda rights version (standard or simplified), and crime (shoplifting or shooting). Across all conditions, …
Evaluation Of Antecedent Ambiguity On Identification And Categorization Of Behavior In Lunar-Effects Research, Brenda M. Gabbert, Mychal A. Machado
Evaluation Of Antecedent Ambiguity On Identification And Categorization Of Behavior In Lunar-Effects Research, Brenda M. Gabbert, Mychal A. Machado
Modern Psychological Studies
We created an online survey to determine the degree to which 114 participants could correctly identify and categorize scripted visual examples of typical and atypical behavior when the antecedent preceding those behaviors was not present. We also asked participants to determine whether our visual examples of behavior occurred in the presence of a full moon, and subsequently evaluated these data in the context of participant’s self-reported belief in lunar-effects. Our results show the absence of an antecedent event influenced some participants’ identification and categorization accuracy scores, and that participants with a prior belief in lunar effects were more likely to …
Policy Analysis Of Tennessee's 51-To-Life Law: Juvenile Sentencing Reform, Natalie P. Hurst
Policy Analysis Of Tennessee's 51-To-Life Law: Juvenile Sentencing Reform, Natalie P. Hurst
Honors Theses
In the state of Tennessee, juvenile offenders convicted as adults for first-degree murder must receive a minimum sentence of 51 years in prison before becoming eligible for parole. Tennessee’s minimum juvenile sentencing guideline is the strictest in the United States. In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that sentencing juvenile offenders to life is unconstitutional citing psychological evidence for a juvenile’s ability to be rehabilitated in comparison to adults (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). Tennessee’s 51-year minimum juvenile sentencing standard is a potential violation of this ruling because it has been shown that the life expectancy in prison …
Racial Bias In Offender Identification, Nasya Hammond-Watson, Verneda P. Hamm Baugh
Racial Bias In Offender Identification, Nasya Hammond-Watson, Verneda P. Hamm Baugh
Modern Psychological Studies
This study was examined whether there is a bias to attribute criminal activities more to one race than another. Participants read scenarios of different crimes (bank robbery, fraud, and murder) and rated the likelihood that the perpetrator of each crime was Black, White, or Hispanic. As anticipated, the perpetrators were overwhelmingly identified as male. Results also found a strong interaction between race of perpetrator and type of crime. Blacks were more likely identified as the perpetrator of the violent crimes of murder and bank robbery and Whites were more likely identified as the perpetrator of the non-violent crime, fraud. These …
Examining The Reasons For And Barriers To Becoming A Police Officer, Sayer-Jane Vermeer, Mark C. Frame
Examining The Reasons For And Barriers To Becoming A Police Officer, Sayer-Jane Vermeer, Mark C. Frame
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
With ever-growing tension between police and the community, both police organizations and communities are recognizing the need and working toward increased representation in police organizations (Brunson, 2007; Szeto, 2014). Despite the effort of many police organizations over the years, the problem of underrepresentation has not improved (Jordan, Fridell, Fagiani, & Kubu, 2009). It has become clear that there is something that has yet to be identified and/or studied preventing underrepresented populations from being interested in or recruited into police organizations. The U.S. Department of Justice and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s 2016 report on Advancing Diversity in Law Enforcement identified three …
No More Blurred Lines: Tennesseans Deserve High Quality Sexual Assault Education, Sara Leach
No More Blurred Lines: Tennesseans Deserve High Quality Sexual Assault Education, Sara Leach
Honors Theses
This study seeks to build on pre-existing literature about the impact that bystander intervention training has on deterring sexual assault from occurring on college campuses. Anderson and Whiston’s 2005 study revealed that sexual assault trainings were more effective if a bystander approach was taken and a good relationship among the presenters and recipients was established. The psychology department at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga created a course dedicated to implementing the Empower the Bystander training (Johnson et al. 2015) for the undergraduate population in the fall of 2017. A peer led-program, this course educates participants on how to be …
Terror Management Theory: The Effect Of Death On Criminogenic Thought Patterns, Zachary J. Kyle
Terror Management Theory: The Effect Of Death On Criminogenic Thought Patterns, Zachary J. Kyle
Modern Psychological Studies
Terror Management Theory has been applied with judges and juries in the courtroom, but not yet with criminals themselves. The current study looks for an association between criminogenic thought patterns and worldviews of criminal behavior. Thought patterns were assessed with the Measure of Criminogenic Thinking Styles (MOCTS), while worldviews were measured with the associate section of the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates. Results indicated that mortality salience did not increase criminogenic thinking. However, criminogenic thinking scores from the MOCTS were correlated with scores on the associate scale under mortality salience. These findings may suggest that participants with a worldview …
When Deception Gets Personal: An Exploration Into Personality's Link To Deception, Jason T. Weber
When Deception Gets Personal: An Exploration Into Personality's Link To Deception, Jason T. Weber
Honors Theses
Most of our understanding of deceptive behaviors comes from cognitive (Vrij, Fisher, & Blank, 2015) or social psychological (Ekman, 2009) perspectives, and furthermore comes from forensic deception detection research and strategies (Vrij, 2008). One psychological domain that has not had as much investigation in relation to deception is personality. The present study examines the connection between personality traits and one aspect of deceptive behaviors – motivations to lie. College students completed self-report surveys online regarding personality, their lying habits, and basic demographic questions. Additionally, participants read several lying scenarios and rated the likelihood of lying. In a sample of 292 …
From Solitary To Solidarity: Belonging, Social Support, And The Problem Of Women’S Recidivism, Erin M. Schnappauf, Theresa E. Didonato
From Solitary To Solidarity: Belonging, Social Support, And The Problem Of Women’S Recidivism, Erin M. Schnappauf, Theresa E. Didonato
Modern Psychological Studies
This paper addresses the relation between belonging and social support and recidivism of formerly-incarcerated women by reviewing existing literature on their experience re-entering into society. Drawing on recent evidence, this paper considers that belonging and social support, in the form of frequent, positive interactions, may help formerly-incarcerated women overcome obstacles of successful reintegration. Specifically, the review paper supports a hypothesis that if formerly-incarcerated women have more social support as they re-enter into society, the recidivism rate for this population could decrease. The review also examines how different demographics intersect with the experience of reintegration and addresses gaps in the literature …
Deception: Neurological Foundations, Cognitive Processes, And Practical Forensic Applications, Jason T. Weber
Deception: Neurological Foundations, Cognitive Processes, And Practical Forensic Applications, Jason T. Weber
Modern Psychological Studies
Deception is a foundational part of everyday interactions, and everyone will be deceived and will be a deceiver at some point in their life. When examining the brain while telling a lie, neuroimaging studies have shown an increased activity in the prefrontal cortex. While some evidence does not find a correlation between deception and prefrontal activity, different types of deception activating different brain regions could explain this. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning and executive control, which appears to be the main cognitive process associated with deception. This is evidenced by the ability to lie increasing as executive function …
The Use Of Criminal Background Checks: Does Type Of Offense Influence Likelihood To Interview, Likelihood To Hire, And Salary?, Brittany Sentell
The Use Of Criminal Background Checks: Does Type Of Offense Influence Likelihood To Interview, Likelihood To Hire, And Salary?, Brittany Sentell
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
To protect organizations from liabilities and litigation, background checks are becoming increasingly common during the hiring process. Correspondingly, many individuals have committed criminal offenses which often excludes them from being selected for a job. This study examines the effects of criminal offenses, such as those often identified through background checks, on selection decisions such as interviewing, hiring, and starting salary. For this study, a résumé with an accompanying background check similar to what is used in many organizations were provided to professionals and to undergraduate psychology and business students at a midsized university located in the southeastern United States. As …
Cross Generational Immigrant Attitudes Toward Mental Health Services, Liudmila Shapoval, Elizabeth L. Jeglic
Cross Generational Immigrant Attitudes Toward Mental Health Services, Liudmila Shapoval, Elizabeth L. Jeglic
Modern Psychological Studies
Depression is a major mental health problem both in the United States and globally, and thus, increasing research has focused on how to treat it. The major treatments include medication and psychotherapy; however, it appears that most depressed individuals are selecting pharmacological treatment as opposed to psychological treatment despite treatments similar outcomes. This is in contract to survey data which suggests that individuals overall prefer psychological types of treatment (Givens et al., 2007; Olfson & Marcus, 2009). As the population of the United States increases to become more ethnically and cultural diverse, little is known about how racial and cultural …
The Age Of Racial Profiling In The Context Of Terrorism, Amanda L. Smith, Susan E. Mason
The Age Of Racial Profiling In The Context Of Terrorism, Amanda L. Smith, Susan E. Mason
Modern Psychological Studies
Racial profiling refers to the law enforcement practice of using only race or ethnicity as probable cause to search or arrest an individual. The public has found racial profiling to be unjustified in the context of common crime, but tends to support the practice in the context of terrorism. The current study uses an explicit judgment survey to examine the expression of prejudice and factors that influence stereotyping. The study found that participants aged 18 to 24, and those who identified with a political party, were the participants most likely to racially profile individuals with stereotypical Middle-Eastern features to be …
Perpetration Experience And Gender Predicting Empathy With A Stranger Or Acquaintance Rapist, Ruby L. Orth, Suzanne L. Osman
Perpetration Experience And Gender Predicting Empathy With A Stranger Or Acquaintance Rapist, Ruby L. Orth, Suzanne L. Osman
Modern Psychological Studies
This study examined empathy with a hypothetical rapist based on experimentally varied type of rape (stranger; acquaintance), participant perpetration experience, and gender. Undergraduate students (115 male, 206 female) completed the Rape Perpetrator Empathy-During Subscale and Sexual Experiences Survey. Hypotheses were partially supported. Sexual perpetrators (of acquaintances) reported greater empathy than nonperpetrators, and men reported greater empathy than women. Type of rape was not significant. Findings support past research, but more data from rapists is needed.
Show Up Identification Procedures: A Literature Review, Mattias Sjoberg, Roderick Lindsay
Show Up Identification Procedures: A Literature Review, Mattias Sjoberg, Roderick Lindsay
Modern Psychological Studies
A show-up is an identification procedure that only presents the witness with one suspect in contrast to a lineup where the suspect is presented among a number of fillers (i.e., known innocent people). This feature makes the show-up procedure very suggestive. In this literature review, an overview of the current research about this identification procedure is presented. The different factors that influence the accuracy in show-up procedures are separated into system (e.g., clothing bias, instruction bias, and the impact of multiple show-ups) and estimator variables (e.g., age, crossrace effects, and alcohol) in line with Wells (1978). The implications of the …
Personality As A Moderator Of The Relationship Between Stress And Academic Deviance, Aaron Williams
Personality As A Moderator Of The Relationship Between Stress And Academic Deviance, Aaron Williams
Modern Psychological Studies
Academic deviance poses a continual threat to the education system from its persistence through generations and its presence in almost every form of institutionalized education (Davis et al., 1992). The aim of the present study was to integrate both situational and individual components of stress to examine their influence on academic deviance while testing the moderating role of trait impulsiveness on the degree of academic deviance displayed. Participants were 125 (98 women, 27 men) college students at a private university in the southern region of the United States. The Academic Dishonesty Inventory (Lucas, 2005) was used to measure academic deviance, …
Perceptions Of Confessions By Juvenile Suspects: Effects Of Interrogation Technique And Suspect Age, Kelsey Ana Villamarin
Perceptions Of Confessions By Juvenile Suspects: Effects Of Interrogation Technique And Suspect Age, Kelsey Ana Villamarin
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Juvenile suspects are far more prone than adults to make false confessions. Two interrogation techniques known as Minimization (gentle, friendly approach used to gain suspect’s trust) and Maximization (coercive approach using harsh questioning and scare tactics) have been used frequently in cases of proven false confessions in juveniles. The present research examined perceptions of a juvenile suspect’s confession in four hundred sixty four participants recruited from psychology courses. They read a sexual assault vignette involving a 12- or 16- year-old male suspect and police interview excerpts utilizing either Minimization or Maximization interrogation techniques. Participants’ views depended on their gender, the …
Sequential Lineups Reduce Unconscious Transference And Mistaken Lineup Identification: But At What Cost?, Paul Rosenberg
Sequential Lineups Reduce Unconscious Transference And Mistaken Lineup Identification: But At What Cost?, Paul Rosenberg
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Adult participants were shown one of two versions of a video portraying a theft. In the transference condition the video contained a scene with the bystander. The control condition did not have the bystander, but another person in his place. In Experiment 1 participants in both conditions were shown a sequential bystander present culprit absent lineup. Transference participants were significantly more likely to misidentify the bystander as the thief than control participants, an effect that was small in magnitude when compared to previous studies. Experiment 2 used the same materials and procedures, except the bystander was replaced in the lineup …
The Effects Of Video Game Play On Academic Performance, Jancee Wright
The Effects Of Video Game Play On Academic Performance, Jancee Wright
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of the present research is to determine whether playing video games impacts academic performance as determined by GPA. To accomplish this, 198 participants filled out a Gaming Habits Survey which was analyzed using a series of one-way ANOVAs. The study found that there was a significant effect of player status on GPA at the p < .01 level for the two conditions of player versus non-player [F (1, 169) = 7.08, p = .009]. Comparisons using descriptive statistics indicated that the mean GPA score for the player condition (M = 3.2, SD = .51) was significantly different than the non-player condition (M = 3.4, SD = .47). These results show that participants who indicated that they did play video games had significantly lower GPAs than participants who indicated that they did not play video games.
Challenges Of Reentering Society For Incarcerated African-American Men, Monica L. Ricci, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry
Challenges Of Reentering Society For Incarcerated African-American Men, Monica L. Ricci, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry
Modern Psychological Studies
African-American men are at the greatest risk for incarceration. Upon their release from prison, they face tremendous challenges to successful reentry, which explains in part their high recidivism rate. In the current paper, we review the existing literature on the challenges faced by African-American ex-offenders as they strive for successful reentry into society, namely challenges to secure employment and living arrangements, social support assets and challenges, as well as broader community-level challenges of reentry. Policy solutions are then identified to offset these obstacles. Lastly, the limitations of existing literature and future research directions are addressed.