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Articles 1 - 21 of 21
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Odors In Cognitive Research: A Commentary On 'Scented Colours' And An Evaluation Study On Odor Quality, With The Example Of Human Wayfinding, Kai Hamburger, Denise Herold
Odors In Cognitive Research: A Commentary On 'Scented Colours' And An Evaluation Study On Odor Quality, With The Example Of Human Wayfinding, Kai Hamburger, Denise Herold
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
In his target article on “Scented Colours”, Charles Spence highlights the importance of crossmodal connections by focusing on the interaction between odors and colors. In this commentary and our presentation of own empirical work in this research context, we want to reach out further by emphasizing this importance not only on a perceptual and representational level, but also highlight it as an example for spatial cognition research. We provide an evaluation study on emotional effects of odors that could be used in future interdisciplinary research. While the meaning of odors in spatial wayfinding is, thus far, not well investigated, we …
Scented Colours: Artistic Interest In The Crossmodal Connection Between Colour And Odour, Charles Spence
Scented Colours: Artistic Interest In The Crossmodal Connection Between Colour And Odour, Charles Spence
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Artists have long been interested in the crossmodal links that exist between colour and scent. While traditionally envisioned as a kind of synaesthesia, contemporary accounts of the connections between this particular pair of senses have typically focused on explanations in terms of involuntarily-induced crossmodal mental imagery and crossmodal correspondences instead. A large body of empirical research now supports the view that the majority of non-synaesthetic individuals do indeed systematically match colours to odours, via semantic (or source-object based) matching, and/or on the basis of emotional-mediation or perceptual similarity. Universal agreement with regard to the best- matching colours for odours is, …
Possible Nouns For Visual Experiences: A Theory Of The Vision-Language Interface, Francesco-Alessio Ursini, Paolo Acquaviva
Possible Nouns For Visual Experiences: A Theory Of The Vision-Language Interface, Francesco-Alessio Ursini, Paolo Acquaviva
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
The relation between vision and language is analyzed through a formal statement of what defines objecthood in the two domains. An interpretation of independently-motivated approaches to vision and to the grammar of nominals allows us to define the connection between them as an “infomorphism” consisting of two functions. Visual and linguistic objects are only indirectly related: the functions range over types and tokens, whose map defines objecthood in each domain. We show how the inferences proved in this system are empirically correct, and we draw some conclusions about the import of our proposal on the role of language in cognition.
Describing Images Using A Multilayer Framework Based On Qualitative Spatial Models, Tao Wang, Hui Shi
Describing Images Using A Multilayer Framework Based On Qualitative Spatial Models, Tao Wang, Hui Shi
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
To date most research in image processing has been based on quantitative representations of image features using pixel values, however, humans often use abstract and semantic knowledge to describe and analyze images. To enhance cognitive adequacy and tractability, we here present a multilayer framework based on qualitative spatial models. The layout features of segmented images are defined by qualitative spatial models which we introduce, and represented as a set of qualitative spatial constraints. Assigned different semantic and context knowledge, the image segments and the qualitative spatial constraints are interpreted from different perspectives. Finally, the knowledge layer of the framework enables …
On The Polysemy Of The Lithuanian Už. A Cognitive Perspective, Inesa Šeškauskienė, Eglė Žilinskaitė-Šinkūnienė
On The Polysemy Of The Lithuanian Už. A Cognitive Perspective, Inesa Šeškauskienė, Eglė Žilinskaitė-Šinkūnienė
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Adhering to the principle of motivated polysemy, this paper sets out to demonstrate how the principle works in interpreting numerous senses of the Lithuanian preposition už ‘behind, beyond’. The present investigation relies on the cognitive linguistic framework employed, first of all, by Lakoff (1987), Langacker (1987), Talmy (2000), Tyler and Evans (2003), and Tyler (2012), who mainly worked on English, and such linguists as Tabakowska (2003, 2010) and Shakhova and Tyler (2010), who attempted to investigate inflecting languages, such as Polish and Russian. Based on such semantic principles as types of Figure and Ground, their relationship (geometric, functional, etc.), …
The Lay Of The Land: Sensing And Representing Topography, Nora S. Newcombe, Steven M. Weisberg, Kinnari Atit, Matthew E. Jacovina, Carol J. Ormand, Thomas F. Shipley
The Lay Of The Land: Sensing And Representing Topography, Nora S. Newcombe, Steven M. Weisberg, Kinnari Atit, Matthew E. Jacovina, Carol J. Ormand, Thomas F. Shipley
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Navigating, and studying spatial navigation, is difficult enough in two dimensions when maps and terrains are flat. Here we consider the capacity for human spatial navigation on sloped terrains, and how sloping terrain is depicted in 2D map representations, called topographic maps. First, we discuss research on how simple slopes are encoded and used for reorientation, and to learn spatial configurations. Next, we describe how slope is represented in topographic maps, and present an assessment (the Topographic Map Assessment), which can be administered to measure topographic map comprehension. Finally, we describe several approaches our lab has taken with the aim …
Aspects Of Space, Marcus Kracht
Aspects Of Space, Marcus Kracht
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
It is argued that spatial expressions come together with an encoding of the space called "aspect", which changes as we climb up the syntactic tree. The changing nature of aspect is necessary in order to simplify the meanings of elements. What appears to be a rather peculiar property of an element will be perfectly natural once we acknowledge that the elements compute on the space viewed in a particular way. Coordinates are always rooted in the landmark, for example. Thus, for the purpose of the distinction between static and dynamic it is not the "absolute" motion of the figure that …
Intuitive Direction Concepts, Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Kevin Sparks
Intuitive Direction Concepts, Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Kevin Sparks
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Experiments in this article test the hypothesis that formal direction models used in artificial intelligence correspond to intuitive direction concepts of humans. Cognitively adequate formal models of spatial relations are important for information retrieval tasks, cognitive robotics, and multiple spatial reasoning applications. We detail two experiments using two objects (airplanes) systematically located in relation to each other. Participants performed a grouping task to make their intuitive direction concepts explicit. The results reveal an important, so far insufficiently discussed aspect of cognitive direction concepts: Intuitive (natural) direction concepts do not follow a one-size-fits-all strategy. The behavioral data only forms a clear …
The Geometry Of Preposition Meanings, Peter Gärdenfors
The Geometry Of Preposition Meanings, Peter Gärdenfors
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
This article presents a unified approach to the semantics of prepositions based on the theory of conceptual spaces. Following the themes of my recent book The Geometry of Meaning, I focus on the convexity of their meanings and on which semantic domains are expressed by prepositions. As regards convexity, using polar coordinates turns out to provide the most natural representation. In addition to the spatial domain, I argue that for many prepositions, the force domain is central. In contrast to many other analyses, I also defend the position that prepositions have a central meaning and that other meanings can …
Editors’ Introduction, Michael Glanzberg, Jurģis Šķilters
Editors’ Introduction, Michael Glanzberg, Jurģis Šķilters
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Spatial cognition can be considered as a set of foundational and central cognitive abilities that enable a variety of conceptual processes, both non-verbal and verbal. Further, according to recent research, spatial thinking seems to be critical in the development of abstract knowledge and in the processes of abstraction. Although there is a consensus regarding the role and impact of spatial cognition, there are a number of different, divergent, and sometimes even discrepant theoretical and methodological perspectives in the study of spatial cognition.
Framing Visual Perception In Terms Of Sensorimotor Mapping, Silvano Zipoli Caiani
Framing Visual Perception In Terms Of Sensorimotor Mapping, Silvano Zipoli Caiani
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Two contrasting theories, or variants of them, are predominant in the current debate on visual cognition. The standard inferential theory sees perception as a process involving the role of memory, past experiences and semantic abilities, whereas the direct theory sees perception as a connection between the perceiver and the environment that does not recruit internal information processing. In particular, the direct theory has recently been invoked because it would be able to explain the sensorimotor coupling of perception and action in humans and animals without relying on controversial notions such as those of conceptualization and propositional information. This paper aims …
How Do Ideas Become General In Their Signification?, Alexandros Tillas
How Do Ideas Become General In Their Signification?, Alexandros Tillas
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Abstraction is one of the central notions in philosophy and cognitive science. Though its origins are often traced to Locke, various senses of abstraction have been developed in fields as diverse as philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and computer science (e.g. Barsalou 2005). The notion of abstraction on which I am focusing here is as that of a process of similarities recognition across instances of a given kind involving progressive exclusion of instance details. As such, abstraction plays a major role in concept-formation and learning. Traditionally, abstraction models have been deemed circular (e.g. Berkeley 1710/1957), while in recent years …
Nonconceptual Content, Causal Theory, And Realism, Błażej Skrzypulec
Nonconceptual Content, Causal Theory, And Realism, Błażej Skrzypulec
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
In this paper the connections between the nonconceptual content of perceptual states and realism are considered. In particular, I investigate the argument for realism that uses the notion of nonconceptual content, specifically the version proposed by Raftopoulos in Cognition and Perception. To evaluate the argument two forms of realism are identified: (1) correlation realism (CR), according to which distinctions in perceptual content correlate with distinctions in the environment, and (2) ontological realism (OR), according to which perceptual content and perceived reality are both organized according to the same set of ontological categories. First, it is argued that the distinction …
Concept Acquisition And Experiential Change, William S. Robinson
Concept Acquisition And Experiential Change, William S. Robinson
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Many have held the Acquisition of Concepts Thesis (ACT) that concept acquisition can change perceptual experience. This paper explains the close relation of ACT to ADT, the thesis that acquisition of dispositions to quickly and reliably recognize a kind of thing can change perceptual experience. It then states a highly developed argument given by Siegel (2010) which, if successful, would offer strong support for ADT and indirect support for ACT. Examination of this argument, however, reveals difficulties that undermine its promise. Distinctions made in this examination help to clarify an alternative view that denies ADT and ACT while accepting that …
The Role Of Motor Affordances In Visual Working Memory, Diane Pecher
The Role Of Motor Affordances In Visual Working Memory, Diane Pecher
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Motor affordances are important for object knowledge. Semantic tasks on visual objects often show interactions with motor actions. Prior neuro-imaging studies suggested that motor affordances also play a role in visual working memory for objects. When participants remembered manipulable objects (e.g., hammer) greater premotor cortex activation was observed than when they remembered non-manipulable objects (e.g., polar bear). In the present study participants held object pictures in working memory while performing concurrent tasks such as articulation of nonsense syllables and performing hand movements. Although concurrent tasks did interfere with working memory performance, in none of the experiments did we find any …
Whorfian Effects In Color Perception: Deep Or Shallow?, Elisabetta Lalumera
Whorfian Effects In Color Perception: Deep Or Shallow?, Elisabetta Lalumera
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
This paper discusses, from the point of view of the philosophy of psychology, recent behavioral and brain studies showing effects of the diversity of language vocabulary on color perception. I examine the alternative between two different interpretations of these so-called whorfian effects, namely habitual or deep whorfianism, and shallow whorfianism. I argue that at the moment the evidence underdetermines both interpretations and the question is open. I also clarify that shallow whorfianism is not a synonym for ‘trivial whorfianism’, as some authors have suggested, but rather makes a case for the online and situated nature of human cognition.
Problems For The Purported Cognitive Penetration Of Perceptual Color Experience And Macpherson’S Proposed Mechanism, Steven Gross, Thitaporn Chaisilprungraung, Elizabeth Kaplan, Jorge Aurelio Menendez, Jonathan Flombaum
Problems For The Purported Cognitive Penetration Of Perceptual Color Experience And Macpherson’S Proposed Mechanism, Steven Gross, Thitaporn Chaisilprungraung, Elizabeth Kaplan, Jorge Aurelio Menendez, Jonathan Flombaum
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Fiona Macpherson (2012) argues that various experimental results provide strong evidence in favor of the cognitive penetration of perceptual color experience. Moreover, she proposes a mechanism for how such cognitive penetration occurs. We argue, first, that the results on which Macpherson relies do not provide strong grounds for her claim of cognitive penetrability; and, second, that, if the results do reflect cognitive penetrability, then time-course considerations raise worries for her proposed mechanism. We base our arguments in part on several of our own experiments, reported herein.
Concepts, Perception And The Dual Process Theories Of Mind, Marcello Frixione, Antonio Lieto
Concepts, Perception And The Dual Process Theories Of Mind, Marcello Frixione, Antonio Lieto
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
In this article we argue that the problem of the relationships between concepts and perception in cognitive science is blurred by the fact that the very notion of concept is rather confused. Since it is not always clear exactly what concepts are, it is not easy to say, for example, whether and in what measure concept possession involves entertaining and manipulating perceptual representations, whether concepts are entirely different from perceptual representations, and so on. As a paradigmatic example of this state of affairs, we will start by taking into consideration the distinction between conceptual and nonconceptual content. The analysis of …
Linguistic Intuitions And Cognitive Penetrability, Michael Devitt
Linguistic Intuitions And Cognitive Penetrability, Michael Devitt
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Metalinguistic intuitions play a very large evidential role in both linguistics and philosophy. Linguists think that these intuitions are products of underlying linguistic competence. I call this view “the voice of competence” (“VoC”). Although many philosophers seem to think that metalinguistic intuitions are a priori many may implicitly hold the more scientifically respectable VoC. According to VoC, I argue, these intuitions can be cognitively penetrated by the central processor. But, I have argued elsewhere, VoC is false. Instead, we should hold “the modest explanation” (“ME”) according to which these intuitions are fairly unreflective empirical theory-laden central-processor responses to phenomena. On …
Is Low-Level Visual Experience Cognitively Penetrable?, Dávid Bitter
Is Low-Level Visual Experience Cognitively Penetrable?, Dávid Bitter
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Philosophers and psychologists alike have argued recently that relatively abstract beliefs or cognitive categories like those regarding race can influence the perceptual experience of relatively low-level visual features like color or lightness. Some of the proposed best empirical evidence for this claim comes from a series of experiments in which White faces were consistently judged as lighter than equiluminant Black faces, even for racially ambiguous faces that were labeled ‘White’ as opposed to ‘Black’ (Levin and Banaji 2006). The latter result is considered especially indicative of cognitive penetration, based on the reasoning that the relevant distortions were a function of …
Grounding Naïve Physics And Optics In Perception, Ivana Bianchi, Ugo Savardi
Grounding Naïve Physics And Optics In Perception, Ivana Bianchi, Ugo Savardi
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication
Many adults hold mistaken beliefs concerning the behavior of mechanical motion and reflections. In the field of psychology this has been investigated in the areas of naïve physics and naïve optics. The interesting question regards where these false beliefs come from. Particularly thought-provoking is the case of errors which are at odds not only with (presumably or even actually) known physical/optical concepts, but also with what people would actually perceive. Some errors are in fact consistent with what people see in ecological conditions while others apparently are not. This has led to the former being referred to as perceptual errors …