Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Male (3)
- Neuroscience (3)
- Social sciences (3)
- Animals (2)
- Behavior (2)
-
- Biology and life sciences (2)
- Cognition (2)
- Cognitive science (2)
- Experimental psychology (2)
- Face (2)
- Humans (2)
- Medicine (2)
- Psychology (2)
- Q (2)
- R (2)
- Rats (2)
- Reaction time (2)
- Research article (2)
- Science (2)
- Sprague-dawley (2)
- Action (1)
- Adolescent (1)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (1)
- Adult (1)
- Age factors (1)
- Analysis of variance (1)
- Animal (1)
- Appetitive behavior (1)
- Applied psychology (1)
- Attention (1)
Articles 1 - 10 of 10
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Pupil Dilation Dynamics Track Attention To High-Level Information, Olivia E. Kang, Katherine E. Huffer, Thalia P. Wheatley
Pupil Dilation Dynamics Track Attention To High-Level Information, Olivia E. Kang, Katherine E. Huffer, Thalia P. Wheatley
Dartmouth Scholarship
It has long been thought that the eyes index the inner workings of the mind. Consistent with this intuition, empirical research has demonstrated that pupils dilate as a consequence of attentional effort. Recently, Smallwood et al. (2011) demonstrated that pupil dilations not only provide an index of overall attentional effort, but are time-locked to stimulus changes during attention (but not during mind-wandering). This finding suggests that pupil dilations afford a dynamic readout of conscious information processing. However, because stimulus onsets in their study involved shifts in luminance as well as information, they could not determine whether this coupling of stimulus …
Bursts And Heavy Tails In Temporal And Sequential Dynamics Of Foraging Decisions, Kanghoon Jung, Hyeran Jang, Jerald D. D. Kralik, Jaeseung Jeong
Bursts And Heavy Tails In Temporal And Sequential Dynamics Of Foraging Decisions, Kanghoon Jung, Hyeran Jang, Jerald D. D. Kralik, Jaeseung Jeong
Dartmouth Scholarship
A fundamental understanding of behavior requires predicting when and what an individual will choose. However, the actual temporal and sequential dynamics of successive choices made among multiple alternatives remain unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that there is a general bursting property in both the timing and sequential patterns of foraging decisions. We conducted a foraging experiment in which rats chose among four different foods over a continuous two-week time period. Regarding when choices were made, we found bursts of rapidly occurring actions, separated by time-varying inactive periods, partially based on a circadian rhythm. Regarding what was …
Acute Aerobic Exercise: An Intervention For The Selective Visual Attention And Reading Comprehension Of Low-Income Adolescents, Michele Tine
Acute Aerobic Exercise: An Intervention For The Selective Visual Attention And Reading Comprehension Of Low-Income Adolescents, Michele Tine
Dartmouth Scholarship
There is a need for feasible and research-based interventions that target the cognitive performance and academic achievement of low-income adolescents. In response, this study utilized a randomized experimental design and assessed the selective visual attention (SVA) and reading comprehension abilities of low-income adolescents and, for comparison purposes, high-income adolescents after they engaged in 12-min of aerobic exercise. The results suggest that 12-min of aerobic exercise improved the SVA of low- and high-income adolescents and that the benefit lasted for 45-min for both groups. The SVA improvement among the low-income adolescents was particularly large. In fact, the SVA improvement among the …
Preference-Based Serial Decision Dynamics: Your First Sushi Reveals Your Eating Order At The Sushi Table, Jaeseung Jeong, Youngmin Oh, Miriam Chun, Jerald D. Kralik
Preference-Based Serial Decision Dynamics: Your First Sushi Reveals Your Eating Order At The Sushi Table, Jaeseung Jeong, Youngmin Oh, Miriam Chun, Jerald D. Kralik
Dartmouth Scholarship
In everyday life, we regularly choose among multiple items serially such as playing music in a playlist or determining priorities in a to-do list. However, our behavioral strategy to determine the order of choice is poorly understood. Here we defined ‘the sushi problem’ as how we serially choose multiple items of different degrees of preference when multiple sequences are possible, and no particular order is necessarily better than another, given that all items will eventually be chosen. In the current study, participants selected seven sushi pieces sequentially at the lunch table, and we examined the relationship between eating order and …
Risky Business: Rhesus Monkeys Exhibit Persistent Preferences For Risky Options, Eric R. Xu, Jerald D. Kralik
Risky Business: Rhesus Monkeys Exhibit Persistent Preferences For Risky Options, Eric R. Xu, Jerald D. Kralik
Dartmouth Scholarship
Rhesus monkeys have been shown to prefer risky over safe options in experiential decision-making tasks. These findings might be due, however, to specific contextual factors, such as small amounts of fluid reward and minimal costs for risk-taking. To better understand the factors affecting decision-making under risk in rhesus monkeys, we tested multiple factors designed to increase the stakes including larger reward amounts, distinct food items rather than fluid reward, a smaller number of trials per session, and risky options with greater variation that also included non-rewarded outcomes. We found a consistent preference for risky options, except when the expected value …
Normal Acquisition Of Expertise With Greebles In Two Cases Of Acquired Prosopagnosia, Constantin Rezlescu, Jason J. S. Barton, David Pitcher, Bradley Duchaine
Normal Acquisition Of Expertise With Greebles In Two Cases Of Acquired Prosopagnosia, Constantin Rezlescu, Jason J. S. Barton, David Pitcher, Bradley Duchaine
Dartmouth Scholarship
Face recognition is generally thought to rely on different neurocognitive mechanisms than most types of objects, but the specificity of these mechanisms is debated. One account suggests the mechanisms are specific to upright faces, whereas the expertise view proposes the mechanisms operate on objects of high within-class similarity with which an observer has become proficient at rapid individuation. Much of the evidence cited in support of the expertise view comes from laboratory-based training experiments involving computer-generated objects called greebles that are designed to place face-like demands on recognition mechanisms. A fundamental prediction of the expertise hypothesis is that recognition deficits …
Exploring Emotions Using Invasive Methods: Review Of 60 Years Of Human Intracranial Electrophysiology, Sean A. Guillory, Krzysztof A. Bujarski
Exploring Emotions Using Invasive Methods: Review Of 60 Years Of Human Intracranial Electrophysiology, Sean A. Guillory, Krzysztof A. Bujarski
Dartmouth Scholarship
Over the past 60 years, human intracranial electrophysiology (HIE) has been used to characterize seizures in patients with epilepsy. Secondary to the clinical objectives, electrodes implanted intracranially have been used to investigate mechanisms of human cognition. In addition to studies of memory and language, HIE methods have been used to investigate emotions. The aim of this review is to outline the contribution of HIE (electrocorticography, single-unit recording and electrical brain stimulation) to our understanding of the neural representations of emotions. We identified 64 papers dating back to the mid-1950s which used HIE techniques to study emotional states. Evidence from HIE …
Attention Deficit Associated With Early Life Interictal Spikes In A Rat Model Is Improved With Acth, Amanda E. Hernan, Abigail Alexander, Pierre-Pascal Lenck-Santini, Rod C. Scott
Attention Deficit Associated With Early Life Interictal Spikes In A Rat Model Is Improved With Acth, Amanda E. Hernan, Abigail Alexander, Pierre-Pascal Lenck-Santini, Rod C. Scott
Dartmouth Scholarship
Children with epilepsy often present with pervasive cognitive and behavioral comorbidities including working memory impairments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder. These non-seizure characteristics are severely detrimental to overall quality of life. Some of these children, particularly those with epilepsies classified as Landau-Kleffner Syndrome or continuous spike and wave during sleep, have infrequent seizure activity but frequent focal epileptiform activity. This frequent epileptiform activity is thought to be detrimental to cognitive development; however, it is also possible that these IIS events initiate pathophysiological pathways in the developing brain that may be independently associated with cognitive deficits. These …
Investigating Habits: Strategies,Technologies And Models, Kyle S. Smith, Ann M. Graybiel
Investigating Habits: Strategies,Technologies And Models, Kyle S. Smith, Ann M. Graybiel
Dartmouth Scholarship
Understanding habits at a biological level requires a combination of behavioral observations and measures of ongoing neural activity. Theoretical frameworks as well as definitions of habitual behaviors emerging from classic behavioral research have been enriched by new approaches taking account of the identification of brain regions and circuits related to habitual behavior. Together, this combination of experimental and theoretical work has provided key insights into how brain circuits underlying action-learning and action-selection are organized, and how a balance between behavioral flexibility and fixity is achieved. New methods to monitor and manipulate neural activity in real time are allowing us to …
Investigating The Early Stages Of Person Perception: The Asymmetry Of Social Categorization By Sex Vs. Age, Jasmin Cloutier, Jonathan B. Freeman, Nalini Ambady
Investigating The Early Stages Of Person Perception: The Asymmetry Of Social Categorization By Sex Vs. Age, Jasmin Cloutier, Jonathan B. Freeman, Nalini Ambady
Dartmouth Scholarship
The wealth of information provided by facial cues presents challenges to our understanding of these early stages of person perception. The current study aimed to uncover the dynamics of processing multiply categorizable faces, notably as a function of their gender and age. Using a modified four-choice version of a mouse-tracking paradigm (which assesses the relative dominance of two categorical dimensions), the relative influence that sex and age have on each other during categorization of infant, younger adult, and older adult faces was investigated. Results of these experiments demonstrate that when sex and age dimensions are simultaneously categorized, only for infant …