Digital Commons Network^™

Eisenhower: From “Do-Nothing” To “Did-Everything”, Holly F. Caldwell

Channels: Where Disciplines Meet

Dwight David Eisenhower was a modest man who led a modest life. The 34^th president of the United States was a country boy who hailed from the rural town of Abilene, Kansas. He was not born into instant greatness; instead, he grew into it. He held several notable positions, culminating in the achievement of being elected to the presidency. His presidential reign was relatively calm, with few drastic disruptions, and this period of tranquility led to a public perception of Eisenhower as a “do-nothing” president.

Contrary to the traditional portrayal, historical revisionism has exhibited Eisenhower as an experienced and …

Isolation Versus Engagement: The Economic Factors In Sino-Canadian Relations, 1960s-1970s, Brendan Williams

Bridges: An Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Connections

This essay seeks to present a historic overview of this relationship as it developed between the 1960s and 1970s and showcase how certain events impacted this development. Canada has had a steadily growing economic relationship with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since the latter’s reform and opening up policy under Deng Xiaoping in 1978. The development of this relationship was not a forgone conclusion, as Cold War tensions initially heightened ideological tensions between Maoist China and capitalist democracies like Canada. The path of normalization was impacted by both domestic and international events involving both Canada and the PRC, which …

A Reexamination Of Emperor Hirohito's Military And Political Role In Wartime Japan, 1926-1945, Kazuaki Suhama

Access*: Interdisciplinary Journal of Student Research and Scholarship

This paper discusses and reexamines Emperor Hirohito’s degree of responsibility in Japan’s military aggression in China during the late 1920s and 1930s to the attack on Pearl Harbor in the United States during World War II. Scholars have long debated the extent of Hirohito’s role as a warmonger due to his ambiguous position as a head of state and the lack of primary evidence displaying his actions and thoughts on the war. This paper will utilize the Constitution of the Empire of Japan of 1889 (informally known as the Meiji Constitution) which delineated the emperor’s supreme position in the government …

American Exceptionalism And Individualism: "It Won't Happen To Me, And If It Happened To You, It's Your Own Fault!", Beck O. Adelante

Access*: Interdisciplinary Journal of Student Research and Scholarship

2020, and everything leading up to it, has been overwhelming. As we face a national election with unprecedented consequences, it is time we reflect and think about how and why we ended up here, and what we can do moving forward.

The Administrative And Legal Procedures That The British Mandate Applied To The Palestinian Municipalities Between 1917 - 1948., Jamal Habash

Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث

This study aims to identify the nature of the administrative and legal procedures that the British Mandate applied to the Palestinian Municipalities during the British Mandate in Palestine between 1917 - 1948, that has resulted in the establishment of the Zionist State of Israel on the greatest and major part of the Palestinian homeland. The study shows that the British administration restricted the power of the Palestinian Municipalities through issuing laws and regulations by the British governor. Consequently, these municipalities were brought under the control of the British administration and its supportive policy to the Jewish Zionist State. This was …

Divine Suppressors: Bigamy In The Eighteenth-Century Criminal Justice System, Luke Hs Horton

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

The criminal justice system in eighteenth-century England was an integral part of European society. The legal system had always been associated with several facets of everyday life and touched upon the lives of those in every class of European society. One of England’s oldest and most significant courthouses was the Old Bailey, which held thousands of trials and sessions over the two hundred and forty years it was active. Out of the wide variety of cases to choose from, ten sexual offences revolving around bigamy were selected to present how the criminal justice system leaked into different areas of life. …

The National Role Of Jericho And Its Neighboring Villages During The Period (1918 - 1948), Jihad Batsh

Al Jinan الجنان

This study investigated the national role of Jericho and its neighboring villages during the period (19181948-) where it was occupied by the British forces till the Palestinian exodus (known in Arabic as the Nakba). Several actions took place in that period in which the Palestinians insisted to protect their heritage and traditions in that place. Jericho and its villages had a tremendous and important existence in the division projects that were released by different
commissions and many British managers. Also Jericho participated in the resistance against the Zionistic project of setting up nationalistic home for the Jews in Palestine. Furthermore, …

موقف الحركة الصهيونية من مشروع يوغنده, د. وسام حسين عبد الرزاق

Midad AL-Adab Refereed Quarterly Journal

البحث عن جذور الاطماع التوسعية الصهيونية يتطلب العوده الى الاسس الفكرية للحركة الصهيونية منذ بدايات نشأتها . فقد مرت الحركة الصهيونية بمرحلتين : الاولى ، مرحلة ما قبل عام ١٨٩٧ م ، حيث كانت الصهيونية في طور التكوين الفكري كحركة دينية سياسية ، والثانية ، مرحلة ما بعد عام ١٨٩٧ م ، حيث اتخذت اطارا ً وشكلا ً تنظيميا ً واضحا ً مما وفر لها مناخا ً ملائما ً للتطور الفكري والتوسع الافقي على مستوى القواعد الجماهيرية ، كما اتاح لها ذلك موقعا ً على (١ (خارطة المنظمات السياسية في اوربا . ارتبطت بدايات ظهور الفكر الصهيوني مع بروز المشكلة …

The Troubled Backstory Of The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Photo, The Feud, And The Secret Service, Garrison Nelson, Brenna M. Rosen

New England Journal of Public Policy

The 1963 murder of President John F. Kennedy led to a reconsideration of the 1947 Presidential Succession Act, which mandated that the Speaker of the US House of Representatives was next in line to the vice president and the Senate president pro tempore was next in line to the Speaker. The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, was only fifty-five when he took the oath of office on November 22, 1963, but he had a well-known heart condition that would end his life nine years later. Seated behind Johnson when he met with Congress was the soon-to-be seventy-two-year old House Speaker …

Denying The Animosity: Understanding Narratives Of Harmony From The Nellie Massacre, 1983, Jabeen Yasmeen

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

This article tries to understand through oral narratives from the Nellie Massacre of 1983 to reflect on how societies in India adhere to a narrative of harmony between different communities and a familial structure before a conflict breaks out, denying the existence of any palpable enmity amongst the communities. It will see how and why the assertions of peaceful co-existence may differ in case of the majority and minority in India. While there may be genuine assertions of harmony, such assertions may also be based on different factors such as majority strength, fear of retaliation and the compulsions of co-existence.

One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Retrogression Of Governance Reform And Anti-Corruption Measure In Indonesia 1999–2001, Vishnu Juwono

Jurnal Politik

There were high hopes that Gus Dur, after being appointed by the People Consultative Assembly (MPR) in 1999, would bring significant governance reform and more progressive anti-corruption measures for the first time because two top leaders (Gus Dur and Megawati) were from the opposition in the New Order era. This paper attempts to evaluate the governance reform and anti-corruption measures in 1999–2001. This paper argues that there was a valuable opportunity to push for further governance reforms and a bolder anti-corruption drive, as there was a legitimate political top leadership stemming from the free-and-fair election in 1999 embodied in the …

California’S Dilemma: Northern And Southern Sympathies During The American Civil War, Brendan Harris

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The goal of this article is to highlight the military, social, and political issues between Northern and Southern sympathizers in California during the American Civil War. The California Gold Rush saw many Americans move west to cash in on the Gold Mines of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. However, the move west also meant that people would bring their politics and ideas with them, which included how to create slave and free territory. California would become a free state due to the Missouri Compromise, but many Southerners living in the state contested the idea. During California's first decade of statehood, state …

“The New American Woman”: The Legal And Political Career Of Clara Shortridge Foltz, Marissa Swope

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

This article analyzes the life and career of Clara Shortridge Foltz, a California attorney and suffragist of the latter decades of the 19th Century and the early 20th Century who was an early developer of the concept of the public defender, leaving an important legacy in the advancement of women's rights.

Propaganda And Media Portrayal: U.S. Imperialism And Cuban Independence From Spain And The United States, 1896-1903, Amarilys Sánchez

PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research and Ideas

Cuba has been an object of U.S. fascination since the early nineteenth century and the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase. When Cuba rose up in revolution against Spain, the United States purposefully portrayed the struggle to the American public as a situation necessitating a U.S. intervention. This involved the making of political cartoons and emotional appeals of war accounts from the perspective of an American journalist, Richard Harding Davis. Once the United States and Spain entered a war in 1898, the manipulation of the image of Cuba shifted to portray the question of U.S. acquisition and the imperial anxieties involved. …

A Historiography Of Fascism, Glenn-Iain Steinback

History in the Making

A long-standing historical debate revolves around the definition, fundamental nature and historical constraints of the concept of fascism. A wide array of scholarly questions about the political and ideological nature of fascism, the minimum or necessary traits of a fascist movement, arguments over the classification of semi-fascist groups and the concept of generic fascism characterize this debate. The result is a substantial body of scholarly research replete with competing theories for the evolution and origin of fascism as a concept, of individual fascist movements and even over the geographic and temporal application of the term itself within history. This paper …

Capitalism And Biblical Ethics, Sarah D. Stewart

Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy

There has been a growing trend in some expressions of Christianity to view Capitalism as fundamentally incompatible with the Christian faith. This article looked to a variety of sources to argue that Christianity and Capitalism are not fundamentally incompatible. Rather, Capitalism developed alongside developments in Christian theology during the Middle Ages. This traditional form of Capitalism is defined and argued for in this article. The article attempts to demonstrate that the elements that allow Capitalism to thrive are compatible with Christian ethics. The case is made by first examining the historical development of Capitalism and its relationship to Christianity. From …

De Libero Conscientia: Martin Luther’S Rediscovery Of Liberty Of Conscience And Its Synthesis Of The Ancients And The Influence Of The Moderns, Bessie S. Blackburn

Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy

One fateful day on March 26, 1521, a lowly Augustinian monk was cited to appear before the Diet of Worms.[1] His habit trailed behind him as he braced for the questioning. He was firm, yet troubled. He boldly proclaimed: “If I am not convinced by proofs from Scripture, or clear theological reasons, I remain convinced by the passages which I have quoted from Scripture, and my conscience is held captive by the Word of God. I cannot and will not retract, for it is neither prudent nor right to go against one’s conscience. So help me God, …

Tearing Down The Wall: An Analysis Of Pink Floyd’S 1979 Rock Opera, Darla Testino

Backstage Pass

No abstract provided.

“What For Is Democracy?”: The German American Bund In The American Press, 1936-1941, Minna Thrall

Voces Novae

Between 1936 and 1941, an American pro-Nazi organization called the German American Bund stirred outrage and controversy among Americans. The American perception of the Bund was largely influenced by newspapers, which portrayed some of the Bund’s issues as more important than others. These portrayals reveal American attitudes and anxieties toward the state of racism, nationalism, fascism, and democracy within the United States at the brink of WWII.

Inkatha, Propaganda, And Violence In Kwazulu-Natal In The 1980s And 90s, Michael Macinnes

Voces Novae

In 1980s and 1990s, Apartheid was entering its twilight in South Africa but a state of low density civil war existed in the province of KwaZulu-Natal between the African National Congress/United Democratic Front and Inkatha. This paper seeks to come to a better understanding of the violence of this time period and in this region by exploring the factors that motivated individual Inkatha supporters to engage in violence. The motivation factors discussed in this paper are Political Propaganda, Coercion, and Opportunistic Violence.

Banking On Belgrade: Nixon’S Foreign Aid Policy With Yugoslavia (1970-1974), Robert 'Bo' Kent

Voces Novae

One of the Nixon Administration’s geopolitical innovations was its willingness to collaborate with communist regimes in order to advance mutual interests. This was demonstrated notably in the Balkans, wherein American policy makers furnished aid to the independent socialist state of Yugoslavia to counter Soviet interests in the region.

Economies Of Security: Foucault And The Genealogy Of Neoliberal Reason, Marshall Scheider

Gettysburg Social Sciences Review

Michel Foucault is well-known for his theorizations of institutional power, normativity, and biopolitics. Less well-known is the fact that Foucault developed his analysis of biopolitics in and through his historical investigation of neoliberalism. Today, while critique of neoliberalism has become a commonplace of humanities discourse, and popular resistance to neoliberalization rocks the southern hemisphere, it remains unclear that the historical specificity of neoliberalism is well-understood. In particular, the relation between classical liberalism and neoliberal governance remains murky in popular debate. As Foucault powerfully illustrates, this relation is far from clear-cut, and neoliberalism is not reducible to a simple extension of …

Full Issue: Volume 1, Issue 1, Editorial Board

Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal

The first issue of the Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal.

Blacklisted But Not Defeated: Jack Foner Returned To Academe After 30 Years And Made Colby A Leader In African-American Studies, Gerry Boyle

Colby Magazine

Colby hired Jack Foner and in a single stroke, a then nearly all-white liberal arts college in Maine became home to one of the first African-American Studies programs in the country.

Was The German Battlefleet Programme The Main Reason For The End Of Britain’S “Splendid Isolation”?, Nathan Brewster

Crossing Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship

This historiographical essay challenges the common historical narrative that Britain left 'splendid isolation' as a result of perceived German aggression - particularly considering Germany's battlefleet programme. Investigating closer Anglo-American ties, the Anglo-Japanese agreement and the Entente Cordiale show that Britain started to abandon an isolationist policy due to its vast, global and often burdensome empire before the German battlefleet started to present itself as a problem. Rather than pinning Britain's alliances at the turn of the twentieth-century on one factor in Europe, this essay investigates the impact the Americas, Africa, Central Asia and the Far East had on Britain's changing …

Mao Zedong And Mohandas Gandhi: Revolutionary Pragmatists?, Kevin Wheeler

History in the Making

Before 1949, both China and India experienced protracted struggles to gain freedom from their respective governing bodies. Although the Chinese and Indian Revolutions occurred during the same time period, and on the same continent, little energy has been spent on comparing the two in any appreciable manner, even less so when it comes to the leaders of the movements themselves. Granted, the reasoning for this is due to the belief that Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi are too dissimilar for any fruitful analysis to be obtained by juxtaposing them, but this paper’s focus is on proving that they are far …

The Pendleton Act: Time For A Change, Isabel Waller

Tenor of Our Times

This paper identifies causes of the passage of the Pendleton Act of 1883, which ushered in American civil service reform by changing the spoils system to a merit system.

Environmental Justice In Little Village: A Case For Reforming Chicago’S Zoning Law, Charles Isaacs

Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy

Chicago’s Little Village community bears the heavy burden of environmental injustice and racism. The residents are mostly immigrants and people of color who live with low levels of income, limited access to healthcare, and disproportionate levels of dangerous air pollution. Before its retirement, Little Village’s Crawford coal-burning power plant was the lead source of air pollution, contributing to 41 deaths, 550 emergency room visits, and 2,800 asthma attacks per year. After the plant’s retirement, community members wanted a say on the future use of the lot, only to be closed out when a corporation, Hilco Redevelopment Partners, bought the lot …

"Moses In Retirement": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876, Evan Rothera

The Gettysburg Historical Journal

On March 4, 1869, a tailor from Greeneville, Tennessee, who began his political life as an alderman and then mayor of Greeneville, who served in both houses of the State Legislature and both Houses of Congress, who served as the Governor of Tennessee and later the wartime Governor of Tennessee, who was elected to the vice-presidency of the United States, and, by the bullet of an assassin, made President of the United States, gave his Farewell Address. A few days later, he slunk out of Washington, D.C., and began his long journey home. Henry H. Ingersoll wrote to Johnson on …

Gettysburg Historical Journal 2008

The Gettysburg Historical Journal

Complete issue of The Gettysburg Historical Journal 2008.