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Pb1751 A Southern Pine Management Guide For Tennessee Landowners, Wayne K. Clatterbuck

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Version 2.0

Sp482 The Southern Pine Beetle, Larry Tankersley

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Renewable Resources Notes

Version 2.0

Sp570 Drought-Tolerant Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Late-season droughts are common in southeastern landscapes. Many trees are stressed by prolonged periods of hot, dry weather. Selecting trees that use water efficiently without the need for frequent watering or irrigation is one way to make your landscape more resistant to droughts. With impending water shortages in many urban areas leading to prohibitions of irrigation or watering, planting trees that are more tolerant to drought conditions is the best long-term solution to a healthier, low-maintenance landscape.

Sp290-P White Pine Aphid, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

The white pine aphid, Cinara strobi (Fitch), occurs wher ev er Eastern white pines are grown. This pest uses its needle-like mouthparts to suck sap from twigs and branch es. Severely infested parts of trees turn yellow and drop their needles.

Sp290-M Maple Petiole Borer, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

The maple petiole borer, Caulocampus acericaulis (MacGillivray), was first introduced into the United States from Europe. This sawfly is wasp-like in appearance and is rarely seen because of its small size. Although several species of maple are subject to attack by this insect, sugar maples are preferred.

W126 How Do Acorns Develop?, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Each year during the spring months as the days get longer and warmer, the forest comes alive with new plant growth. Conditions needed for growth (warmer temperatures, moisture, extended day length, etc.) scarce over the winter months, reappear and stimulate new life. Each species responds at its own pace to these changes as flowers are born. For oak trees, as leaves begin to unfurl, flower buds also expand and bloom. Ultimately, a new crop of acorns will mature from these flowers and disperse into new habitats (Figure 1).

W228 Wood Products Information - Test Of A Sodium Carbonate-Based Mold Control Spray On Wood, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

The sodium carbonate-based solution that we tested did not provide good mold inhibition in a severe, standardized test.

Eliminating the warm, wet conditions that lead to mold remains the best option for preventing the growth on mold on wood.

Pb1766 Saving Trees And Making Money In Residential Development, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

It’s a common sight in developments that are 3 – 5 years old. A homeowner had initially purchased a property for its wooded and natural aesthetic appeal and thinks he or she has succeeded in preserving this beauty. When the home is finished and the nearby trees still cast shade, the owner considers the trees to be past the critical stage. It isn’t until after the interior is furnished and the lawn is established that the homeowner soon notices he or she is picking up a few more fallen branches in the yard than is customary. Eventually, the owner looks …

Sp683 Tree Wounds - Response Of Trees And What You Can Do, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Trees are commonly wounded and the causes are many: broken branches; impacts, abrasions and scrapes; animal damage; insect attack; fire; etc. Wounds usually break the bark and damage the food- (phloem or inner bark) and water- (xylem or wood) conducting tissues. Wounds also expose the inside of the tree to organisms, primarily bacteria and fungi that may infect and cause discoloration and decay of the wood. Decay can result in structurally weakened tree stems and unsightly trees and can shorten the life of a tree. Decay in a tree cannot be cured. However, proper tree care can limit the progress …

Sp684 Selecting A Tree-Care Company, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Choosing a tree-care company is similar to choosing most any professional service. The people performing the work must be knowledgeable, properly equipped, safetyconscious and have the experience to perform the service. Outlined below are a few questions that will help the informed consumer select a tree-care company and expect quality work at a reasonable cost.

Sp686 Dieback And Decline Of Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Tree decline is a general loss of vitality throughout the entire tree caused by a systemic disease or by a sequence of stressing events that causes the tree to deplete its energy reserves. Twig and branch dieback is initiated in the tree as a response to poor growing conditions, physical injury to the tree and/or pest attack. Usually a combination of physical, climatic and pest problems lead to decline and dieback of trees. The factors that contribute to this decline are the subject of this publication, as well as management practices to prevent decline.

Sp682 Watering Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Water is the most limiting factor for tree survival and growth. Trees use water during photosynthesis and lose water during transpiration. Water shortages affect both young and old trees. Drought conditions can lead to tree decline, making the tree more susceptible to pest problems. Supplemental watering can greatly assist trees during stressful drought periods in the summer and in the dormant season when soil moisture is limited. Desiccating winds and lack of precipitation can increase transpiration in evergreens (conifers) and create soil moisture deficits even during the winter.

Sp685 Landscaping Guidelines To Protect Your Home From Wildfire, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

As Tennessee’s population continues to grow, more people are building homes in rural forested areas. Each year Tennessee experiences approximately 2,000 wild (forest) fires. With the influx of new homeowners in and around forest land, the chances of wildfires damaging home structures increase. Improper landscaping around homes increases the likelihood of fire damage, while also hindering the activities of firefighters.

Sp663 Tree Planting Procedure For Small, Bare-Root Seedings, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Tree seedlings receive foremost care while growing in a managed nursery: fertile soil; ample moisture; and weed, insect and disease control. Lifting seedlings out of this comfort zone shocks them. Consider: they are dislodged from the soil; their roots are often torn; they are handled several times; they are packaged, shipped, exposed to wind and heat, and placed in planting bags or machine buckets; their roots are unveiled to open air; and they are often replanted in harsh soil where they are left to high temperatures with the hope of adequate precipitation for sustenance through the first few growing seasons.

Sp661 Bacterial Leaf Scorch In Landscape Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Bacterial leaf scorch is a chronic disease caused by a bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, that grows in the xylem of the tree and physically clogs these water-conducting vessels. As the bacterium multiplies, water transport becomes more limited. The tree suffers water stress, especially in mid to late summer, resulting in leaf scorch; a browning or discoloration of the margins of the leaves with interior portions of the leaves near the veins remaining green. The bacterium is spread by leafhoppers, spittlebugs and other xylem-feeding insects.

Sp628 Choosing 'Sewer Safer' Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Municipal sanitary sewer systems are, second to the drinking water system, the most important public health asset of a city. When they are properly operating, that is, carrying the wastewater and sewage away from homes and businesses and to the treatment plant, they protect the public from the potential health hazards associated with human waste. However, when blockages in the pipes cause backups into homes or businesses or overflows in streets or rightof- ways, the health of citizens is at risk. One of the factors that contributes to sewer line blockages is the intrusion of tree roots. Landowners and landscape …

Sp662 Guidelines For Buying Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Plant high-quality stock to avoid future tree hazards associated with your tree. Planting poor stock will probably lead to more expense in the long run because of increased maintenance and a shorter life span. The best protocol is to purchase trees from a reputable nursery, establish careful specifications for your purchased tree and obtain a warranty for your tree.

Sp657 Impacts Of Air Pollution On The Urban Forest, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

An average human breathes around 3,400 gallons of air each day. Included in each breath can be numerous noxious chemicals as well as suspended particles. Consequently, human lungs must cope with this pollution. It is well known that air pollution is hazardous to human health and of enormous concern today. However, the “lungs” of our urban areas, trees growing in and around our cities, must also contend with air pollution. Just as air pollution impacts humans, air pollution affects trees in a variety of ways.

Pollution has long been identified as harmful to trees. Historically, impacts of air pollution were …

Sp656 Shade And Flood Tolerance Of Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Most trees have very specific requirements for how much sunlight or shade that they are able to endure. Some trees do well in full sunlight, while other trees do not perform as well. Some trees are more adaptable than others to varying amounts of sunlight. Recognizing the light requirements of different species of trees will assist in proper tree selection in the landscape and will promote healthy trees.

As with light requirements, different trees have different tolerances to flooding. This factsheet discusses and lists the comparative tolerance of trees to shade or sunlight and to flooding.

Sp658 Lightning Protection For Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Lightning is one of nature’s most powerful forces. Lightning can have devastating effects on people, property and trees. Each strike of lightning can reach more than five miles in length, and produce temperatures greater than 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit and an electrical charge of 100 million volts. At any given moment, there are 1,800 thunderstorms in progress somewhere across the earth. Lightning detection systems in the United States sense an average of 25 million lightning strikes per year.

Trees occupy a particularly susceptible position in the landscape, since they are often the tallest objects. Tall trees are the most vulnerable, especially …

Sp660 Lichens And Vines On Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

No abstract provided.

Sp631 Bacterial Wetwood Disease Of Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Wetwood is a water-soaked condition of wood in the trunk and branches of trees. This condition has been attributed to bacterial infection in the inner sapwood and outer heartwood area of the tree. Infection is normally associated with wounding or environmental stress on the tree. The bacteria, Enterobactor cloacae, has been implicated as the cause of wetwood in elm, but numerous other bacteria have been associated with this condition in other trees such as cottonwood, willow, ash, maple, birch, hickory, beech, oak, sycamore, cherry and yellow-poplar. Bacteria alter wood cell walls, causing moisture content of the wood to increase. …

Sp629 Growing Trees From Seed, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Often seedlings or saplings for a desired but uncommon tree are not commercially available for planting. Growing trees from seed is an effective method in obtaining these trees. Some people may wish to preserve offspring of a favored parent tree or just enjoy growing trees from seed as a green thumb project. Knowing when and how to collect and germinate tree seed is essential for success.

Seeds are a primary means of trees perpetuating themselves. The proper handling of seed through the processes of ripening or maturation, collecting, processing, storage (if needed), dormancy, stratification and germination is required for success …

Sp630 Bark Splitting On Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Bark splitting and sloughing results from a number of environmental factors. Sloughing or peeling of the bark is a normal process, especially in the spring when the tree begins to grow, and is more noticeable in some species than in others. The outer layers of bark are dead tissue and cannot grow, so the outer bark must split in order for the tree to grow in diameter. The inner bark is living, and forms a new protective coat as the outer bark pulls apart. If you look closely at normally furrowed bark, you will not be able to see the …

Sp503-G The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - A Threat To Hemlock In Tennessee, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), a destructive aphid-like insect pest of eastern and Carolina hemlock, is originally from Asia. Its first discovery in the United States was in Oregon on western hemlock in the 1920s. It was not found in the East until the 1950s, when it was detected in Virginia. Since then it has spread throughout the East from New England to North Carolina (1995) and most recently to East Tennessee in 2002. The HWA is expanding its range an average of 15 miles per year.

The hemlocks found in Asia and the western and mountain hemlocks that occur …

Sp290-F Maple Leaf Pouch Galls, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Eriophyid mite species cause a variety of pouch galls on red, sugar and silver maples. Pouch gall formation, a localized growth reaction of the infested plant, occurs as a result of mite feeding activity. The species of mite can be identified by the specific characteristics of the gall on the host plant.

Sp616 Fast-Growing Trees, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Many homeowners desire shade from large trees to provide some degree of cooling during hot summer days. Often, new buildings and developed properties on former agricultural land are devoid of shade trees. In other cases, large trees that have provided shade for years have declined, been damaged in storms and other weather events and eventually have died and been removed. Owners often prefer a source of shade quickly for their homes and properties. Fast-growing trees could be the answer. However, there are some inherent problems with fast-growing trees that should be considered.

Sp576 Protecting Trees During Construction, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Trees add considerable value to homes and buildings. We enjoy, appreciate and need trees around our homes and places of business. They provide shade and privacy, improve and diversify the landscape, and attract wildlife. When choosing property for construction, trees can be an attractive asset.

However, problems with trees often arise when construction begins. Most construction crews are not conditioned to notice or appreciate landscape trees and may inadvertently cause irreparable damage. Often tree injuries and their effects are not noticeable until the years following project completion. The subsequent need to remove a tree can be expensive because of newly …

Sp615 Why Do Trees Die?, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

The answer to “Why do trees die?” follows a reverse chronological sequence. Trees die because respiration terminates. Respiration terminates because carbohydrate production ceases and stored carbohydrates are depleted. Carbohydrate production ceases because photosynthesis discontinues. Photosynthesis discontinues because the factors necessary for photosynthesis are interrupted or obstructed. Those factors include: sunlight, water, nutrients, temperature, CO2 and O2. Factors for photosynthesis are interrupted because of human activities or environmental changes. Many are summarized here.

Sp610 Tree Susceptibility To Salt Damage, The University Of Tennnessee Agricultural Extension Service

Forestry, Trees, and Timber

Although de-icing salts assist in keeping pavement dry and safe during ice and snow, their extensive use can cause damage to woody species along streets and highways. Trees and shrubs can be injured by salt spray and drift, by salt that leaches into the soil or by a combination of both.