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Luminescence And Structural Properties Of Silicon-Germanium Quantum Structures Fabricated By Ion Implantation, Matheus Coelho Adam
Luminescence And Structural Properties Of Silicon-Germanium Quantum Structures Fabricated By Ion Implantation, Matheus Coelho Adam
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
The advancement of semiconductor materials has played a crucial role in driving positive technological breakthroughs that impact humanity in numerous ways. The presence of defects significantly alters the physical properties of semiconductors, making their analysis essential in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. I presented a new method to quantify surface and near-surface defects in single crystal semiconductors. Epitaxially-grown silicon was measured by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) to obtain the surface Debye temperature (θD). The results showed the surface θD of bulk Si (001), 1.0 μm, and 0.6 μm Si on sapphire of 333 K, 299 K, …
Characterizing Silicate Materials Via Raman Spectroscopy And Machine Learning: Implications For Novel Approaches To Studying Melt Dynamics, Blake O. Ladouceur
Characterizing Silicate Materials Via Raman Spectroscopy And Machine Learning: Implications For Novel Approaches To Studying Melt Dynamics, Blake O. Ladouceur
Doctoral Dissertations
Silicate melt characteristics impose dramatic influence over igneous processes that operate, or have operated on, differentiated bodies: such as the Earth and Mars. Current understanding of these melt properties, such as composition, primarily comes from investigations on their volcanic byproducts. Therefore, it is imperative to innovate on modalities capable of constraining melt information in environments where a reliance on laboratory methods is severed. Recent investigations have turned to Raman Spectroscopy and amorphous volcanics as a suitable pairing for exploring these ideas. Silicate glasses are a proxy for igneous melts; and Raman spectroscopy is a robust analytical technique capable of operating …
Integration Of Raman Spectroscopy And Python-Based Data Analysis For Advancing Neurobiological Research, Natalie E. Dunn
Integration Of Raman Spectroscopy And Python-Based Data Analysis For Advancing Neurobiological Research, Natalie E. Dunn
Doctoral Dissertations
The field of Raman spectroscopy continues to expand into biological applications due to its usefulness as a non-invasive technique that can be utilized qualitatively and quantitatively. However, the inherent weakness of Raman scattering leads to the need for each collected spectra to undergo a preprocessing step to remove noise, background drift, and cosmic rays. Biological research in particular needs large datasets due to the increased variability in samples. As datasets grow, the need to perform preprocessing on each individual spectra becomes daunting. Often, these steps are done by hand with the help of specialized software programs. Preprocessing can be accelerated …
Applying Density Functional Theory Simulations To Study The Charge Balancing And Structure Directing Roles Of Fluoride In Zeolite Synthesis, Tongkun Wang
Doctoral Dissertations
Zeolites represent a major cornerstone of today’s energy industry as the most-used petrochemical catalyst by weight in the world. Constituted by tetrahedra of T-atoms including Si, Al, Ge and Ti, zeolites form a huge family of nano-porous crystalline materials which also provide reliable candidates for novel, energy related applications such as efficient separations, hydrogen-purifying/storing and conversions from biomass to biofuel. However, the formation mechanism of zeolite is still not clear, as synthesis processes are complicated by requirements including structure directing agents (SDAs), hydroxide or fluoride medium, and experimental conditions like temperature. Attempts for designing new zeolite structures still fall in …
Photophysical And Photochemical Processes In Small Molecules And Materials For Solar Energy Conversion, Ethan Lambert
Photophysical And Photochemical Processes In Small Molecules And Materials For Solar Energy Conversion, Ethan Lambert
Honors Theses
The work covered in this thesis all falls under the theme of photophysical processes after light and matter interact. Those of primary interest are Raman scattering induced vibrations and excited state dynamics probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Small molecules are studied with Raman spectroscopy and computational chemistry. These studies unearth the shifts in vibrational frequency as a function of charge transfer or receipt and how a quantitative assay of natural orbital populations and delocalization can offer both the nature and magnitude of this charge transfer. Further, a method is presented that builds upon previous work within the academic family tree; …
Detection Of Nitrogen Dioxide Via Graphene-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Spencer Hazeslip
Detection Of Nitrogen Dioxide Via Graphene-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Spencer Hazeslip
Chemistry & Biochemistry Undergraduate Honors Theses
This paper presents the development of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensor that utilizes the phenomenon of graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS). The sensor consists of monolayer graphene on a silicon wafer, functionalized noncovalently with Copper(II) 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (CuTTPc) via the solution soaking method. A custom sensing chamber was constructed to enable Raman spectra to be collected during NO2 exposure. The response of the sensor was found to be linear between 10 and 100 ppm NO2, indicating that it could be used for both detection and quantification. Furthermore, the sensor was shown to be reusable after …
Investigating The Structural Properties Of Licoo2 Through Annealing In A Reducing Atmosphere And Characterization Using Raman Spectroscopy And X-Ray Diffraction, Mathew A. Boeser
Investigating The Structural Properties Of Licoo2 Through Annealing In A Reducing Atmosphere And Characterization Using Raman Spectroscopy And X-Ray Diffraction, Mathew A. Boeser
MSU Graduate Theses
The electrochemical performance of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries is strongly influenced by their structural and chemical characteristics. Annealing in a reducing atmosphere is able to modify the crystal structure of LiCoO2 by inducing oxygen vacancies, ideally enhancing its electrochemical performance. This master's thesis presents an investigation into the effects of low to mid-range annealing temperatures in a reducing atmosphere on bulk LiCoO2 powder, utilizing Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).
A Study Of Cannabigerolic Acid And Its Derivatives Via Raman Spectroscopy And Density Functional Theory, Trevor Wolfe
A Study Of Cannabigerolic Acid And Its Derivatives Via Raman Spectroscopy And Density Functional Theory, Trevor Wolfe
Honors Theses
The cannabinoids are a class of molecules endogenous to the cannabis plant. Their scientific relevance has increased in recent years due to the mercurial legal status of marijuana across the United States. Some of the most known are cannabidiol (CBD), δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ9-THC), and δ8-THC due in large part to their widespread use, especially in states where marijuana and related products are legal. However, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) is arguably the most important cannabinoid; it is enzymatically converted into other acidic cannabinoids, which subsequently undergo non-enzymatic processes (isomerization, thermal decarboxylation, oxidation, etc.) to synthesize further cannabinoids. Although there is a wealth of …
Hierarchical Modelling Of Raman Spectroscopic Data Demonstrates The Potential For Manufacturer And Caliber Differentiation Of Smokeless Powders, Nathan Russell Bartlett
Hierarchical Modelling Of Raman Spectroscopic Data Demonstrates The Potential For Manufacturer And Caliber Differentiation Of Smokeless Powders, Nathan Russell Bartlett
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
With the rise of gun-based crime and the advent of lead-free ammunition reducing the effectiveness of previously used methods, the analysis of smokeless powders to better understand organic gunshot residues is now more important than ever. One method that has shown potential is Raman spectroscopy, a relatively quick, nondestructive, and non-contact analysis method. To investigate whether Raman spectroscopy could be used to characterize individual powders, samples of smokeless powders from three manufacturers, Remington, Federal, and Winchester, each with two 9mm caliber and two .38 caliber ammo types, were dissolved, and their Raman spectra were collected. A hierarchical modelling system was …
Discrimination Between Human And Non-Human Blood Using Raman Spectroscopy And A Self-Reference Algorithm For Forensic Purposes : Method Expansion And Validation, Harrison Dickler
Discrimination Between Human And Non-Human Blood Using Raman Spectroscopy And A Self-Reference Algorithm For Forensic Purposes : Method Expansion And Validation, Harrison Dickler
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Determining whether the origin of a bloodstain is human or non-human is an important capability of a forensic investigation. In their pioneering work, Bian et al. (Journal of biomedical optics, 2017) introduced a self-reference peak algorithm for the analysis of bloodstain Raman spectra and demonstrated a great potential of this approach for differentiating human and nonhuman blood. However, this work only used three non-human species in the creation of their model. This study investigates the capability of a self-referencing peak algorithm to discriminate between human and 18 non-human species based on the Raman spectra of blood samples. The intensity ratios …
A Novel Phase And Spectroscopic Imaging Technique To Evaluate Cellular Functions, Ting Chean Khoo
A Novel Phase And Spectroscopic Imaging Technique To Evaluate Cellular Functions, Ting Chean Khoo
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This thesis presents the application of Raman spectroscopy, digital holographic microscope (DHM) and transport intensity equation (TIE) in imaging biological samples. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that can provide chemical structure, concentration, temperature, and molecular interactions. On the other hand, DHM and TIE provide physical measurements such as height, width, area and volume.We applied Raman spectroscopy to study iron-bound transferrin (Tf) in intact human breast cancer cells. Iron is an essential element required for human life and is highly regulated in the body. As the exact mechanisms of iron-bound Tf in cells are not well known, we developed a …
Analysis Of Forensically Relevant Evidence Using Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, And Mass Spectrometry Tools, Colby Edward Ott
Analysis Of Forensically Relevant Evidence Using Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, And Mass Spectrometry Tools, Colby Edward Ott
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
Forensic science relies on the use of multiple techniques in the assessment of evidence to increase the accuracy and reliability of the results. However, with the rapidly changing drug landscape due to the introduction of novel psychoactive substances, many traditional screening methods are no longer sensitive or selective enough for use. Additionally, many screening methods such as chemical color tests are prone to false positive and negative results and are subjective. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to develop a novel analytical scheme that can provide a more efficient, rapid, and sensitive method that will facilitate adoption in the …
Raman Spectroscopy For Forensic Identification Of Body Fluid Traces: Method Validation For Potential False Negatives Caused By Blood-Affecting Diseases, Niara Nichols
Chemistry
Two critical issues in forensic science are identifying body fluid traces found at crime scenes and preserving them for DNA analysis. However, the majority of current biochemical tests for body fluid identification, which are applicable at the crime scene, are presumptive and destructive to the sample. Raman Spectroscopy provides a suitable alternative to current methods as a nondestructive, confirmatory, and potentially in field method. Our laboratory has developed a chemometric model for the identification of five main body fluids using Raman spectroscopy. This model was developed using samples obtained from healthy donors. Thus, it is of most importance for the …
Structural Tuning And Spectroscopic Characterizations Of Polysulfide As Battery Materials, Daiqiang Liu
Structural Tuning And Spectroscopic Characterizations Of Polysulfide As Battery Materials, Daiqiang Liu
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Polysulfide materials have drawn extensive attention for next-generation battery development since the current lithium-ion battery has almost reached its limit regarding energy density and safety issues. Many phosphorus and sodium sulfide materials have been used in different battery types, such as solid-state and sodium-sulfur batteries. However, there are still issues that prevent these techniques from applications. In recent years, there has been increasing attention on investigations of the structural and phase transformations of electrode and electrolyte materials under high pressure. Many studies have shown that external pressure can affect structural properties and influence electrical properties. In this study, three battery-related …
Visualization And Quantification Of The Laser-Induced Art Of Tio2 By Photoexcitation Of Adsorbed Dyes, Daniela (Labadini) Graf Stillfried Barreto
Visualization And Quantification Of The Laser-Induced Art Of Tio2 By Photoexcitation Of Adsorbed Dyes, Daniela (Labadini) Graf Stillfried Barreto
Graduate Masters Theses
Dye-pretreated anatase TiO2 films, commonly used as photoanodes in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), were utilized as a model system to investigate the laser-induced anatase to rutile phase transformation (ART), using N719 dye, N749 dye, D149 dye, and MC540 dye as photo-sensitizers. The visible lasers (532 and 785 nm) used for Raman spectroscopy were able to transform pure anatase into rutile at the laser spot when excitation of the dye sensitizer caused an electron injection from the excited state of the dye molecule into the conduction band of the TiO2. The three dyes with carboxylic acid anchor groups (N719, N749 …
Lithium Compound Characterization Via Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy And Raman Spectroscopy, James T. Stofel
Lithium Compound Characterization Via Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy And Raman Spectroscopy, James T. Stofel
Theses and Dissertations
Industries such as lithium-ion battery producers and the nuclear industry community seek to produce and store lithium in pure chemical forms. However, these lithium compounds are reactive with the atmosphere and quickly degrade into less desirable forms. Therefore, industry desires a fast and effective quality control approach to quantify the ingrowth of these secondary lithium chemical forms. This research presents a novel approach using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy in tandem to enhance lithium compound characterization beyond what is achieved by either technique alone. The resulting spectral data are aggregated using data fusion and analyzed using chemometrics for …
Mechanism Of Action Of Dihydropteridine Reductase, Gabriela Arias De La Rosa
Mechanism Of Action Of Dihydropteridine Reductase, Gabriela Arias De La Rosa
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Human dihydropteridine reductase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from NADH to reduce quinonoid 7,8-dihydropterin (qBH2) to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (BH4), which is a cofactor important in the production of neurotransmitters.DHPR deficiency causes a drastic form of the neurological genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) that does not benefit from a phenylalanine-free diet.From site-directed mutagenesis studies, mostly on Rat DHPR, we know that certain residues are important for cofactor binding, substrate binding, and hydride transfer; however, there are still some questions about how DHPR works, particularly, because there is not a crystal structure of the tertiary complex: What is …
The Detection And Identification Of Blood On Interfering Substrates Using Raman Spectroscopy And Hamand For Forensic Purposes, Jalissa M. Thomas
The Detection And Identification Of Blood On Interfering Substrates Using Raman Spectroscopy And Hamand For Forensic Purposes, Jalissa M. Thomas
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Body fluids, such as blood and semen, can provide invaluable information to a criminal investigation. As such, it is imperative that body fluid evidence is properly detected and identified. Our laboratory has developed a methodology to universally detect and identify body fluids using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. This methodology was developed under ideal conditions, which are rare in the field. Body fluid evidence can be found on substrates that produce a large Raman signal that can hinder detection of body fluid traces, which produce a weak signal. This project proposes the use of a statistical program called HAMAND (Hypothetical Addition …
Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy To Determine The Time Since Deposition Of Heated Bloodstains, Alexis Pearl Barber
Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy To Determine The Time Since Deposition Of Heated Bloodstains, Alexis Pearl Barber
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The development of novel forensic methods is a rapidly growing area within analytical chemistry. Analytical chemistry is well suited for forensic analyses as a plethora of information can be ascertained from utilizing a wide variety of techniques. At the scene of violent crimes, bloodstain evidence is one of the most frequently found and valuable types of evidence. This is because blood is a complex biological fluid which can provide crucial information during a forensic investigation including DNA evidence. The most informative form of analysis is DNA profiling, which potentially allows for the identification of an individual. However, there is more …
Analysis Of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Foods Using Raman Spectroscopic Techniques, Janamkumar Pandya
Analysis Of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Foods Using Raman Spectroscopic Techniques, Janamkumar Pandya
Doctoral Dissertations
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and its nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in various applications. Recently, the presence of TiO2 NPs in food and consumer products raised safety concerns to human health and the environment. The goal of this project is to explore the capability of Raman Spectroscopy in the analysis of TiO2-NPs and apply this technique for the analysis of TiO2-NPs in food and environmental samples. Two approaches, i.e. the ligand-based and the mapping-based, were evaluated. The ligand-based approach utilized the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) property of the TiO2 NPs as a substrate to enhance the signal of a surface …
Optimizing Raman Spectral Collection For Quartz And Zircon Crystals For Elastic Geothermobarometry, Mayara F. Cizina
Optimizing Raman Spectral Collection For Quartz And Zircon Crystals For Elastic Geothermobarometry, Mayara F. Cizina
Boise State University Theses and Dissertations
Raman microspectroscopy is widely used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. In the geosciences, Raman microspectroscopy has been used to identify mineral and fluid inclusions in host crystals, as well as to calculate pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions using mineral inclusions in host crystals, such as quartz-in-garnet barometry (QuiG). For thermobarometric applications, the reproducibility of Raman peak position measurements is crucial to obtain accurate P-T estimates. In this study, we explored how to optimize Raman spectral collection of quartz and zircon inclusions and reference crystals by monitoring machine stability and by varying spectral parameters. We also monitored a reference Hg …
Raman Spectroscopic Investigation Of The Speciation Of Uranyl (Vi) And Thorium (Iv) Ions In Chloride-Bearing Aqueous Solutions Under Hydrothermal Conditions, Nadib Akram
MSU Graduate Theses
Raman spectra were acquired for a uranyl chloride aqueous solution at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 500°C at the chloride concentration of 6M and uranium (vi) concentration of 0.05M. The measurements were taken by sealing the sample in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) which enabled spectra acquisition at non-ambient conditions. The pressure inside the cell was measured by estimating the liquid-vapor homogenization temperature (TH) and using the isochoric equation of state diagram of water. The acquired spectra were then fitted to determine the speciation distribution of the various uranyl chloride species for the mentioned concentration. The developed …
Spontaneous Raman Scattering Enhancement With Microcavities And Multipass Resonators For Trace Gas Detection, Juan Sebastian Gomez Velez
Spontaneous Raman Scattering Enhancement With Microcavities And Multipass Resonators For Trace Gas Detection, Juan Sebastian Gomez Velez
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The continual increase in production and use of chemicals in an ever-growing field of applications naturally brings forth the necessity to accurately and efficiently measure molecular composition. Spontaneous Raman scattering is a reliable technique which can optically identify molecules based on their intrinsic rotational-vibrational energy structure. The Raman emission from a substance can be spectrally analyzed to detect molecular species simultaneously and with isotopic sensitivity using a single laser source. However, even though the process is non-invasive and effective, the rate at which the emission occurs is notoriously low due to a weak scattering cross-section. Therefore, research into the development …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Carbon Coated Barium Titanate Core-Shell Nanoparticles, Moudip Nandi
Synthesis And Characterization Of Carbon Coated Barium Titanate Core-Shell Nanoparticles, Moudip Nandi
MSU Graduate Theses
Core-shell nanoparticles (CSNP) with fascinating ferroelectric properties have diverse applications in biotechnology and the electronic field of studies. Among so many perovskites, barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles draw much interest due to their distinct electronic and ferroelectric features. Additionally, the incorporation of carbon in the shell of CSNP makes it suitable for application in many fields due to its innocuous nature. Carbon not only increases the biocompatible properties of an element but also gives mechanical stability to the CSNP. This thesis is targeted towards the synthesis of oxide-carbide CSNP, where the core is made of BTO and the shell is made …
Resolution Of Portable Raman Spectrometers And Its Effect On The Analysis Of Biological Specimens, Jalissa Thomas
Resolution Of Portable Raman Spectrometers And Its Effect On The Analysis Of Biological Specimens, Jalissa Thomas
Chemistry
Body fluid traces are a common and a major form of evidence that can be found at a crime scene, as it is a good source of DNA. As such, it is vital that body fluid evidence is properly detected and identified. Issues with the current methods of identifying body fluids and the large backlog of evidence in most forensic labs call for more accurate on-scene (in situ) body fluid identification. Past research has demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is an advantageous tool for accurately and quickly identifying body fluids, namely in the laboratory. Portable Raman instruments have been …
Spectroscopic And Computational Studies Of The Agricultural Active Ingredient Dicamba, James Johnson
Spectroscopic And Computational Studies Of The Agricultural Active Ingredient Dicamba, James Johnson
Honors Theses
3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid, more commonly known as Dicamba, is the active ingredient in an array of pesticides used on farmlands across the globe. Dicamba’s mode of action works by mimicking the plant hormone auxin, which is synonymous to growth hormones in mammals. The mimicking of auxin results in excessive elongation and growing, which is eventually fatal for plants when the rate of growth can no longer be sustained. Dicamba has risen in prominence in recent years due to drift damage as a result of Dicamba’s high volatility. Having the ability to identify Dicamba is crucial for the agricultural industry. The …
Modification Of The Optical Response Of Alpha Quartz Via The Deposition Of Gold Nanoparticles In Etched Ion Tracks, Maria C. Garcia Toro
Modification Of The Optical Response Of Alpha Quartz Via The Deposition Of Gold Nanoparticles In Etched Ion Tracks, Maria C. Garcia Toro
Doctoral Dissertations
”This study addresses the experimental methods used to develop and characterize plasmonic devices capable of modifying the optical response of alpha quartz via the deposition of gold nanoparticles in etched ion tracks. In the first part of the research, the microstructural characterization of latent and etched ion tracks produced in alpha quartz (α-SiO2) is presented. Single crystals of α-SiO2 were irradiated with two highly energetic ions to different nominal fluences. As expected, the morphology of the resulting ion tracks depends on the energy of the incident ion and their stopping powers within the target material. Subsequent chemical …
Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy And Chemometrics For Novel Medical Diagnostic Purposes, Nicole M. Ralbovsky
Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy And Chemometrics For Novel Medical Diagnostic Purposes, Nicole M. Ralbovsky
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Many problems exist within the myriad of currently employed diagnostic techniques. Further, an incredibly wide variety of procedures are used to identify an even greater number of diseases which exist in the world. There is a definite unmet clinical need to improve the diagnostic capabilities of these methods, including improving test sensitivity and specificity, objectivity and definitiveness, and reducing cost and how invasive a test is, with an interest in replacing multiple diagnostic methods with one powerful tool. That is, the development of a singular technique which can accurately and objectively diagnose a wide variety of diseases in a cost-effective …
Optimal Excitation Wavelength For Raman Spectroscopic Analysis Of Organic Gunshot Residue Evidence, Ashley Hull
Optimal Excitation Wavelength For Raman Spectroscopic Analysis Of Organic Gunshot Residue Evidence, Ashley Hull
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a type of trace evidence that can often be recovered at violent crime scenes. There are two major types of GSR, organic gunshot residue (OGSR), and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR). Traditional forensic analysis of GSR focuses on IGSR, although with the movement towards lead-free, or non-toxic ammunition, IGSR analysis has become less informative, as lead is a major component of IGSR analysis. Because of this, OGSR has been investigated to supplement the standard IGSR analysis methods. Previous work has shown Raman spectroscopy to be effective at identifying OGSR as well as a minimally destructive and specific …
Identification And Analysis Of Body Fluid Traces For Forensic Purposes Using Vibrational Spectroscopy And Chemometrics, Ewelina M. Mistek-Morabito
Identification And Analysis Of Body Fluid Traces For Forensic Purposes Using Vibrational Spectroscopy And Chemometrics, Ewelina M. Mistek-Morabito
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Recent years have seen a large expansion in the forensic field due to the introduction of novel analytical techniques. Body fluids are an extremely important type of evidence at crime scenes and the main source of DNA. Most current methods for the identification and examination of body fluid traces require chemical treatment and are therefore destructive to the sample. Thus, new methods that are nondestructive and provide rapid results with statistical confidence are desirable. Such methods could eliminate noninformative traces and allow investigators to focus on more valuable pieces of evidence. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop …