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Practices For Sport-Coach Mentorship: A Historical Case Study For Coaches In Catholic Schools Today, Matt Hoven

eJournal of Catholic Education in Australasia

Sport-coach mentorship is perhaps the raison d’etre for the inclusion of sports programming within Catholic schools. Coach-educators can have significant and even lifelong impact on student-athlete growth and development. But, how, exactly, should coaches act as mentors in faith-based, educational contexts? Drawing upon an extensive archival and interview research project, this paper presents a historical case study of the sport-coach mentorship of Father David Bauer, csb (1924-88), an educator and exceptional Canadian ice hockey player, coach, manager, and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee. Bauer mentored and spoke out for young sportspeople over many decades. The first part of this paper …

20-Year Outcomes Of High Tibial Osteotomy: Determinants Of Survival And Functional Outcome, Harry Constantin, Lucy Salmon, Vivianne Russell, Keran Sundaraj, Justin Roe, Leo Pinczewski

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a successful joint-preserving procedure for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis. Long-term survivorship of HTO ranges from 40% to 85%. There are consistent factors that predict failure.

Purpose: To determine the 20-year survival of HTO and identify predictors of failure.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: A total of 100 consecutive patients with medial bone-on-bone arthritis were prospectively studied to provide long-term patient-reported outcome measures after lateral closing-wedge HTO and determine the time to failure. Failure was defined as conversion to arthroplasty (total knee arthroplasty or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty) or revision …

Vulnerability To Environmental And Climatic Health Provocations Among Women And Men Hospitalized With Chronic Heart Disease: Insights From The Resilience Trial Cohort, Simon Stewart, Sheila Patel, Terase Lancefield, Thalys Rodrigues, Nicholas Doumtsis, Ashleigh Jess, Emily-Rose Vaughan-Fowler, Yih Kai Chan, Jay Ramchand, Paul Yates, Jason Kwong, Christine Mcdonald, Louise Burrell

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Aims: We aimed to recruit a representative cohort of women and men with multi-morbid chronic heart disease as part of a trial testing an innovative, nurse-co-ordinated, multi-faceted intervention to lower rehospitalization and death by addressing areas of vulnerability to external challenges to their health.
Methods and results: The prospective, randomized open, blinded end-point RESILIENCE Trial recruited 203 hospital inpatients (mean age 75.7 ± 10.2 years) of whom 51% were women and 94% had combined coronary artery disease, heart failure, and/or atrial fibrillation. Levels of concurrent multi-morbidity were high (mean Charlson Index of Comorbidity Score 6.5 ± 2.7), and 8.9% had …

Association Of Pulmonary Artery Pressures With Mortality In Adults With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, Seshika Ratwatte, Simon Stewart, Geoff Strange, David Playford, David Celermajer

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Background

The independent effect of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) severity on mortality in those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is not well known.

Objectives

The authors aimed to examine the prognostic impact of increasingly elevated pulmonary pressures in a large clinical cohort of adults with reduced LVEF.

Methods

The authors analyzed data from the National Echocardiography Database of Australia, a large clinical registry linking routine echocardiographic investigations to mortality. In 23,675 adults with a recorded tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity (TRV) and reduced LVEF (<50%), the authors evaluated the relationship between conventional thresholds of increasing risk of PHT and mortality during median follow-up of 2.9 years (Q1-Q3: 1.0-5.4 years).

Results

Mean age was 70 ± 15 years, and 7,498 (31.7%) individuals were female. Overall, …

When Data Tell Their Own Story: Measuring Health System Performance Over Time, Jeanette Ward, Janice Bell

Talking Heads Seminar Series

While Australia’s current health care system can seem impossible to comprehend and navigate, one design principle holds for all sustainable health care systems. This is that the first point of call should be at the level of primary care. An effective, equitable and efficient primary care system acts early in response to need, integrates person-centred evidence-based therapeutic interventions and prevents disease progression while knowing the local context including social determinants of health and community resources. Primary care must be accessible to all. This is why the World Health Organisation advocates for significant government investments in a well-trained and geographically distributed …

Mechanisms Of Education And Graded Sensorimotor Retraining In People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Mediation Analysis, Aidan Cashin, Hopin Lee, Benedict Wand, Matthew K. Bagg, Edel O'Hagan, Rodrigo Rn Rizzo, Tasha Stanton, G. Lorimer Moseley, James Mcauley

Physiotherapy Papers and Journal Articles

An improved understanding of the biopsychosocial influences that contribute to and maintain pain has promoted the development of new efficacious treatments for chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of a new treatment—education and graded sensorimotor retraining—on pain and disability. We conducted a preplanned causal mediation analysis of a randomized clinical trial which allocated 276 participants with CLBP to 12 weekly clinical sessions of education and graded sensorimotor retraining (n = 138) or a sham and attention control (n = 138). Outcomes were pain intensity and disability, both assessed at 18 weeks. Hypothesized mediators included …

Charting And Navigating The "Scylla And Charybdis" Conundrum Of Our Ageing Hearts - Heart Failure & Atrial Fibrillation, Simon Stewart

Theses

Residing on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Calabria, Scylla and Charybdis were mythical sea monsters (one a fearsome creature, the other a deadly whirlpool) described by Homer. For anyone seeking to navigate that narrow and treacherous passage, avoid one of these lethal threats and you would be devoured by the other. For many populations around the world, the conundrum of successfully preventing and/or treating heart failure (HF) to increase longevity, only to increase the probability that it will increase the number of people living with and dying from atrial fibrillation (AF), represents a conundrum of …

Advances In Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery: Management And Diagnostic Techniques, Gregory L. Falk

Theses

Upper gastrointestinal surgery has progressively moved from the surgically open abdomen to minimally invasive surgery, largely due to technological improvements in instrumentation. A direct result of this Gestalt has been improved patient comfort, rapid recovery and significantly less length of stay in the hospital and therefore significant cost-savings. This was the key impetus to my development of many of the skills in minimally invasive surgery and the subsequent dissemination to other surgeons in an organized and well-recognized teaching system. Many of the novel techniques of this type of surgery led to several publications both in the English and French oncological …

Exploration Of The Effects Of Developmental Coordination Disorder On Skeletal Development From Childhood Through To Early Adulthood, Jocelyn Tan

Theses

This thesis examined bone development from childhood into early adulthood in individuals with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) using a life course health development framework. One systematic review was conducted, and four original research studies produced with retrospective data from four unique cohorts in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Physical activity was assessed via accelerometry in Finnish child and adult populations and via self-reporting in an Australian population at 17 and 20 years. Bone was assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography in adolescents and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in adults at age 20 years in two Australian cohorts. Bone was assessed cross-sectionally …

Advance Care Planning In Cancer Patient - Caregiver Dyads, Natasha Michael

Theses

For many, a cancer diagnosis signals death's inevitability and elicits much existential concern. In the quest for life prolongation, many are offered or seek life-sustaining treatments, fail to appreciate a declining trajectory and lack the opportunity to seek information or plan meaningfully for their future.

Advance care planning (ACP) provides an avenue for patients and their caregivers to plan for future care. ACP is defined ‘as a process that supports adults at any age or stage of health in understanding and sharing their personal values, life goals and preferences regarding future medical care’ and is a key quality indicator in …

The Experiences Of Parents Diagnosed With Cancer Whilst Parenting Minor-Aged Children, George Prince

Theses

The incidence of cancer in Australia for people in the parenting age range is significant, and as the fertility rate of women aged 35 years and over continues to rise, many cancer patients may be parenting minor-aged children. The aim of this research was therefore to explore the lived experience of parents diagnosed with cancer whilst parenting minor-aged children, and to gain knowledge and understanding as to how parents and their families respond to a parent’s cancer illness. Utilising a qualitative research design, eight participants, receiving treatment for cancer in a private hospital cancer treatment service, and parenting at least …

'Ice In The Family': Exploring The Experiences Of Close Family Members When Another Family Member Is Using Methamphetamine: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study, Douglas Greg Gordon, Kylie Russell, Tracey Coventry

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Objective: To explore the experiences of close family members when another family member is using methamphetamine and how the family member responds over time.

Background: Methamphetamine use has widespread implications and harms for both people who use the drug and those that live with them. While there is a significant representation in the literature relating to family members of people who use drugs or alcohol, there are limited studies specifically considering family members experiences of methamphetamine use. Families have been shown to have both positive and negative impacts on people using drugs, but less is known on the impact on …

Caring For Individuals Who Have Used Methamphetamine: A Study Exploring The Experiences Of West Australian Nurses Working In An Authorised Mental Health Institute, John Kriticos

Theses

Background: Methamphetamine (MA) use in Australia has stabilized over the last 22 years, however changing routes of administration and increased purity of the drug has led to greater rates of physical dependency and higher rates of cardiovascular, neurological, and mental health complications. Challenges managing MA related presentations have been reported in Australian Emergency Departments (ED’s), with limited research considering nurses’ experience treating individual(s) who use MA (IWUM) and require prolonged mental health care. Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand nurses’ experiences who care for IWUM in a West Australian hospital’s inpatient mental health service. Methods: Interpretive phenomenological …

"My Back Is Fit For Movement": A Qualitative Study Alongside A Randomized Controlled Trial For Chronic Low Back Pain, Rodrigo Rn Rizzo, Benedict Wand, Hayley B. Leake, Edel O'Hagan, Matthew K. Bagg, Samantha Bunzli, Adrian C. Traeger, Sylvia M. Gustin, G. Lorimer Moseley, Saurab Sharma, Aidan Cashin, James Mcauley

Physiotherapy Papers and Journal Articles

A new wave of treatments has emerged to target nervous system alterations and maladaptive conceptualizations about pain for chronic low back pain. The acceptability of these treatments is still uncertain. We conducted a qualitative study alongside a randomized controlled trial to identify perceptions of facilitators or barriers to participation in a non-pharmacological intervention that resulted in clinically meaningful reductions across 12 months for disability compared to a sham intervention. We conducted semi-structured interviews with participants from the trial's active arm after they completed the 12-week program. We included a purposeful sample (baseline and clinical characteristics) (n = 20). We used …

Early Movement Matters: Examining The Influence Of Early Postnatal Caregiving Experiences Of Term Infants On Motor And Head Shape Outcomes Across Infancy, Helen E. Beaton

Theses

The nurturing, handling and positioning exposures infants experience during daily caregiving contribute to their physical, motor, cognitive and social–emotional development. A relationship exists between infant sleep and wake-time positioning, the emergence of motor skills and the development of head shape deformities diagnosed as non-synostotic plagiocephaly (NSP). However, the underlying causal mechanism of the specific caregiving behaviours that may play a role remains unclear.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between maternal caregiving behaviours and the developmental outcomes of ‘low-risk’ term infants in the first 10 months of life. The first phase of the research involved the …

The Impact Of Breast Awareness On The Early Detection Of Breast Cancer In Young Women: A Systematic Review, Dorsa Banihashemi, Meagan E. Brennan

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: “Breast awareness” is a recommendation that women understand the symptoms of breast cancer and become familiar with the usual look and feel of their breasts. It is recommended for women of all ages in breast cancer screening guidelines around the world. The objective of this study was to assess the evidence for breast awareness by investigating its effect on breast cancer outcomes in women of pre-mammographic-screening age (under age 40), at average risk of breast cancer.

Methods: A systematic review was performed using PRISMA methodology. Following the search, abstracts and full-text articles were assessed against eligibility criteria. Data …

Impact Of Multimorbidity On Mortality In Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Which Comorbidities Matter Most? An Analysis Of Paradigm-Hf And Atmosphere, Pooja Dewan, Joao P. Ferreira, Jawad H. Butt, Mark C. Petrie, William T. Abraham, Akshay S. Desai, Kenneth Dickstein, Lars Kober, Milton Packer, Jean L. Rouleau, Simon Stewart, Karl Swedberg, Michael R. Zile, Scott D. Solomon, Pardeep S. Jhund, John Jv Mcmurray

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Aims: Multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions, is synonymous with heart failure (HF). How risk related to comorbidities compares at individual and population levels is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the risk related to comorbidities, alone and in combination, both at individual and population levels.

Methods and results: Using two clinical trials in HF – the Prospective comparison of ARNI (Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor) with ACEI (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor) to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in HF trial (PARADIGM-HF) and the Aliskiren Trial to Minimize Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure trials …

Economic Cost Of Secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Case-Control Study At A Tertiary Hospital In Australia, Nicole Young, Julie Quinlivan, Rachael Fox, Jess Anderson, Laura Davis, Samantha S. Mooney

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Background

Secondary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a condition which affects 0.2–3.0% of women. Despite its impact on maternal morbidity, there is a lack of understanding of the cost burden of disease.

Aims

To determine the economic cost of secondary PPH in the postpartum period, compared to the costs for women without this diagnosis.

Materials and methods

Data were prospectively collected on a cohort of 97 women who presented with secondary PPH to the emergency department (ED) between July 2020 and February 2021. A case–control design was then used to compare postpartum cost data from these patients to a group of …

Technology-Guided Assessment Of Vocalisations And Their Diagnostic Value As Pain Indicators For People Living With Dementia, Kreshnik Hoti, Atee Mustafa, Paola Chivers, Ipsit Vahia, Jeff Hughes

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Background

during pain assessment in persons unable to self-report, such as people living with dementia, vocalisations are commonly used as pain indicators. However, there is a lack of evidence from clinical practice regarding their diagnostic value and relationship with pain. We aimed to explore vocalisations and pain in people with dementia undergoing pain assessments in clinical practice settings. Methods

a total of 22,194 pain assessments were reviewed in people with dementia (n = 3,144) from 34 different Australian aged care homes and two dementia specific programs. Pain assessments were conducted by 389 purposely trained health care professionals and cares …

Outcomes Of Completed Quality Activities In An Australian Tertiary Hospital, 2015-2019, Qun Catherine Li, Jonathan Karnon, Jim Codde

IHR Papers and Journal Articles

Quality activities including quality assurance and quality improvement are an integral part of safety and quality governance for hospitals. Previous studies identified that (i) majority are for quality assurance and knowledge-acquiring purposes and (ii) adherence to the quality cycle as well as impact on patient-related outcomes at the hospital level are unclear, neither associated with costs. This study aims to (i) assess adherence to the quality cycle for quality activities in a large Australian tertiary hospital; (ii) report outcomes of quality activities at the hospital level, including impact on patient-related outcomes measured by the occurrence of hospital-acquired complications; and (iii) …

Humans Versus Robots: Converting Golf Putter Trajectories For Robotic Guidance, Stephen R. Bested, Valentin A. Crainic, Gerome A. Manson, Luc Tremblay

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Robotic devices are used to provide physical guidance when teaching different movements. To advance our knowledge of robotic guidance in training complex movements, this investigation tested different kinematic data filtering methods of individual’s golf putts to convert them into trajectories to be employed by a robot arm. The purpose of the current study was to identify a simple filtering method to aptly replicate participants’ individual golf putter trajectories which could be used by the robot to execute them with greater consistency and accuracy than their human counterpart.

Participants putted towards 3 targets where three-dimensional data of the putter’s head was …

Further Validation Of The Perceptions Of Uncertainties In Genome Sequencing Scale Among Patients With Cancer Undergoing Tumor Sequencing, Kendall L. Umstead, Rachel Campbell, Christine E. Napier, Nicole Bartley, Megan C. Best, Phyllis N. Butow, Barbara B. Biesecker

IES Papers and Journal Articles

It is important to understand how individuals perceive uncertainties and the consequent impact on their psychological well-being and health behavior. The Perceptions of Uncertainties in Genome Sequencing (PUGS) scale measures clinical, affective, and evaluative uncertainties about information from sequencing. The PUGS scale has been shown to be valid and reliable among individuals receiving results about their genomes. This study assessed whether its validity generalized to patients with cancer undergoing tumor sequencing. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on data from the Molecular Screening and Therapeutics Program (n = 310) to identify a measurement model. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was …

What Is The Role Of Spiritual Care Specialists In Teaching Generalist Spiritual Care? The Perspectives Of Pastoral Care Staff In A Large Catholic Health And Aged Care Organisation, Kate Fiona Jones, Jennifer Washington, Matthew Kearney, Megan C. Best

IES Papers and Journal Articles

The value of spiritual care training for all staff working in health and aged care has been demonstrated. This study investigated how spiritual care specialists (SCSs) perceive their role in delivering spiritual care education to other staff. Fourteen SCSs participated in three online focus groups. Two key themes were identified: First, SCSs build upon existing capacity of staff by: (i) recognising existing strengths and capabilities; (ii) using relevant stories; (iii) using language which makes spiritual care accessible; (iv) making training relevant and practical; (v) tapping into staff vocation or calling; and (vi) building awareness of one’s own spirituality. Second, SCSs …

Enablers And Barriers To Non-Dispensing Pharmacist Integration Into The Primary Health Care Teams Of Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services, Aaron Drovandi, Deborah Smith, Robyn Preston, Lucy Morris, Priscilla Page, Lindy Swain, Erik Biros, Megan Tremlett, Hannah Loller, Mike Stephens, Alice Nugent, Fran Vaughan, Sophia Couzos

Nulungu Journal Articles

Background: The primary health care management of chronic disease affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples requires healthcare quality and equity demands to be met, and systems that foster better team-based care. Non-dispensing pharmacists (NDPs) integrated within primary healthcare settings can enhance the quality of patient care, although factors that enable or challenge integration within these settings need to be better understood.

Objectives: To investigate enabling factors and barriers influencing integration of NDPs within Aboriginal community-controlled health services delivering primary health care. This was achieved through qualitative evaluation of the Integrating Pharmacists within Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (IPAC) Trial …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is A Risk Factor For Lower-Limb And Back Injury In Law Enforcement Officers Commencing Their Basic Training: A Prospective Cohort Study, Myles C. Murphy, Nicole Merrick, Andrea B. Mosler, Garth Allen, Paola Chivers, Nicolas H. Hart

Physiotherapy Papers and Journal Articles

We aimed to report the epidemiology of lower-limb and lumbosacral injuries in Police Force recruits. We performed a cohort study of Police Force recruits undergoing a six-month training program with prospective injury data collected between 2018 and 2021. Cardiorespiratory fitness was quantified by the beep-test and police-specific-functional-capacity was quantified using a specifically designed physical performance evaluation (PPE) tool. Injury frequency and prevalence were reported. Fifteen percent (n = 180) of study Police Force recruits (n = 1,181) sustained a lower-limb or lumbosacral injury. The six-month training program significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) and functional capacity (p < 0.001). Increased cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline decreased injury risk (OR = 0.8, 95%CI: 0.66–0.97, p = 0.019). Injury rates decreased over time and females were injured significantly earlier than males (HR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.52 to 0.95, p = 0.021). Interventions that can pre-condition Police Force recruits prior to the commencement of their basic physical training may reduce the number of lower-limb and lumbosacral injuries.

Teaching And Assessment Of Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning In Medical Students, Lucy Gilkes, Narelle Kealley, Jacqueline Frayne

Medical Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Teaching diagnostic reasoning and giving feedback has an important role in medical education. Clinicians who teach may recognise errors, but be unfamiliar with the terminology used to describe them, leading to a lack of consistent and useful student feedback.

Objective: This prospective project evaluation study aimed to develop an examiner training package regarding errors in diagnostic reasoning, utilising consistent language and feedback tool, and report on diagnostic reasoning errors in second year medical students over the transition from preclinical to early clinical training at objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs).

Results: Likert questionnaire regarding examining, assessment and feedback pre- and …

Using Audio-Visual Simulation To Elicit Nursing Students’ Noticing And Interpreting Skills To Assess Pain In Culturally Diverse Patients, Michelle A. Kelly, Susan Slatyer, Helen Myers, Shelley Gower, Jaci Mason, Kathie Lasater

Nursing Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Pain is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. Nurses play a vital role in assessing and managing pain and must use sound clinical reasoning to accurately make clinical judgments to notice, interpret and respond to patients’ pain.

Method: Exploratory research on the impact of a newly developed AV simulation on nursing students’ Noticing and Interpreting skills in assessing pain of culturally diverse patients. Data were collected via self-administered pre and post–intervention surveys.

Findings: The majority of participants were able to identify that the patient was in greater pain than reported, however some participants were unable to notice and interpret the …

Neurological Patient And Informal Caregiver Quality Of Life, And Caregiver Burden: A Cross-Sectional Study Of Postdischarge Community Neurological Nursing Recipients, Judith Dianne Pugh, Kathleen Mccoy, Anne M. Williams, Catherine A. Pienaar, Brenda Bentley, Leanne Monterosso

Nursing Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Neurological conditions produce considerable disease burden.

Aims: To describe quality of life in patients with neurological conditions and informal caregivers receiving postdischarge generic community neurological nursing services, and caregiver burden.

Method: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used with researchers administering the WHOQOL-BREF Australian Version questionnaire and Zarit Burden Interview.

Results: Most patients and caregivers rated quality of life as 'Good'. The patients’ physical, psychological and environment domain scores, and caregivers’ physical domain scores, were below norms. Half of the caregivers experienced burden and 42% had risk for depression.

Conclusion: A heterogeneous group of patients with neurological conditions had …

Stakeholder Perspectives Of A Pilot Multicomponent Delirium Prevention Intervention For Adult Patients With Advanced Cancer In Palliative Care Units: A Behaviour Change Theory-Based Qualitative Study, Anna Green, Annmarie Hosie, Jane L. Phillips, Slavica Kochovska, Beverly Noble, Meg Brassil, Anne Cumming, Peter G. Lawlor, Shirley H. Bush, Jan M. Davis, Layla Edwards, Jane Hunt, Julie Wilcock, Carl Phillipson, Eugene Wesley Ely, Cynthia Parr, Melanie Lovell, Meera Agar

Nursing Papers and Journal Articles

Background: Theory-based and qualitative evaluations in pilot trials of complex clinical interventions help to understand quantitative results, as well as inform the feasibility and design of subsequent effectiveness and implementation trials.

Aim: To explore patient, family, clinician and volunteer (‘stakeholder’) perspectives of the feasibility and acceptability of a multicomponent non-pharmacological delirium prevention intervention for adult patients with advanced cancer in four Australian palliative care units that participated in a phase II trial, the ‘PRESERVE pilot study’.

Design: A trial-embedded qualitative study via semi-structured interviews and directed content analysis using Michie’s Behaviour Change Wheel and the Theoretical Domains Framework.

Setting/participants: Thirty-nine …

An Investigation Of Registered Nurses’ Knowledge And Decision-Making Processes In Relation To The Management Of Adults With Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Megan Alice Westphalen

Theses

Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes. Registered nurses (RNs) knowledge with regard to DKA has never been investigated in any depth, nor has their decision making ever been examined in this specific context.

Research Significance: Nursing research literature acknowledges that nurses have an important role in the management of patient with DKA. However, there is very little empirical evidence available to support this claim. The purpose of this study is to provide evidence of the level of knowledge, the decision-making processes and the factors that influence nurses’ decision making whilst managing patients with DKA.

Methodology: A …