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Physical Properties And Bioactivity Of Aloe Vera Modified Tricalcium Silicate-Based Cement, Heba Seif, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida, Ahmed Elbanna, Dalia I. El-Korashy

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: This study compares the physical properties and bioactivity of tricalcium silicate-based cement (Matreva MTA) modified with various concentrations of Aloe vera (AV) solutions and Biodentine cement.

Methods: Sixty discs were prepared, and divided into 5 groups (12 discs each) based on the estimated materials: group I: Biodentine, group II: Matreva MTA, group III: Matreva MTA with 10% AV, group IV: Matreva MTA with 20% AV and group V: Matreva MTA with 30% AV. The flow and setting time were assessed following ISO standard 6876:2012 and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard C266-21, respectively. The in-vitro bioactivity was …

Would Access Cavity Design Affect The Mechanical Behaviour Of Tooth : A Finite Element Study., Muhammad Ashraf Elhusseini, Engy Kataia, Hala Khalil

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Two distinct access cavity designs were used to access Two simulated finite element models (FE). (Lingual (LAC) and incisal (IAC)). Three experimental FE models, including the IT model, were developed: LAC and IAC. For every simulated model, one distinct radicular preparations was carried out of size #30/.04. The incisal edge was subjected to an occlusal cycle load of 120 N. The maximum von mises stresses (VMS), maximum principal stresses (MPS), and stress distribution patterns were assessed and calculated quantitatively. It was concluded that the mandibular incisor's biomechanical behavior is significantly influenced by the size of the access design. Biomechanically the …

Creating Smiles With Digital Workflow And Matrix Transfer Technique In Customizing Personality-Based Smile Designing, Jahnavi Purna Gorripati, Surekha Godbole

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

BACKGROUND: This report is a presentation of a clinical case that follows the Visagism concept for 2D planning and, CAD (Exo CAD) for 3D desiging along 3D printed diagnostic wax-up model for closure of anterior spacing.

Case presentation: A 24-year-old man presented with midline diastema and anterior spacing 11–13, 21–23 and wants a smile designed. This concern was solved following a smile design (Visagism) planned digitally for diagnostic wax and printing a 3D model. The matrix transfer technique has been used to directly convey planned information from 3D-printed diagnostic wax-up to definitive restorations.

Conclusion: In this day and age, cosmetics …

Correlating The Consequences Of Untreated Dental Caries (Pufa/Pufa Scores) And Body Mass Index‑Related To Age In A Group Of Egyptian Children: A Correlation Study, Hani Abdulwahab Alattallah, Dalia Moheb

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between dental caries and its consequences in terms of pulp involvement, ulceration, fistula, abscess utilizing (PUFA/pufa) indices and specific Body Mass Index (BMI) with reference to age in a group of Egyptian Children

Subjects and Methods: A total of 201 children (101 female and 100 male) from Pediatric Dentistry Department in Cairo University having PUFA/pufa ≥1 were included. According to the standard procedure, the PUFA/pufa index was utilized to evaluate the effect of untreated dental decay. Using standardized scales, the children weight and height were calculated. The BMI percentile was …

Knowledge, Attitude And Clinical Management Of Orthodontically - Induced External Root Resorption Among Lebanese Orthodontists., Diana Chehab Fakih, Ahmad Tarabaih, Aly Osman

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and

clinical management orthodontically induced external root resorption (OIERR)

among Lebanese orthodontists of varying years of experience.

Methods: An online validated survey of 22 questions regarding OIERR was

done among a randomly selected registered sample of 145 male and female

Lebanese orthodontists.

Results: Significant differences were found among orthodontists with different

years of experience for factors leading to further investigation, the stage at

which additional screening measures were taken, periodic follow up assessment

method, and clinical management in case of generalized root loss of one-third

or more than …

Comparative Evaluation Of Efficacy Of Topical Ozonated Olive Oil And Topical Chlorhexidine Gluconate In Management Of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis., Prasanna Ravindra Sonar, Aarati Panchbhai, Anil Ghom, Sudhir Dole

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Aphthous stomatitis is also known as canker sores or aphthae. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), frequently manifests as superficial, oval, painful ulcers with a pseudomembranous base that is yellowish-gray and has an erythematous halo [1-2]. These uncomfortable lesions may have a significant impact on dental hygiene, speech, and eating. Hence, the lesions may have an even greater influence on living quality than only the discomfort they cause [3-5]. Even though the lesion normally heals on its own, the pain from the aphthae causes severe morbidity.

This disease entity is caused by multifactorial etiologies, which include inherited, environmental, infections caused by various …

Comparative Clinical Evaluation Of Efficacy Of Biodentine And Bromelain With Biodentine As Direct Pulp Capping Material, Paridhi Agrawal, Manoj Chandak, Pradnya Nikhade, Aditya Patel, Jay Bhopatkar, Tejas Suryawanshi

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

1.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Biodentine and a combination of bromelain with Biodentine as direct pulp capping materials.

2.Material and Methods: This clinical study included 26 participants with mature permanent mandibular molars exhibiting deep carious lesions without pulpal exposure. The participants were divided into two groups: Group I received Biodentine alone, while Group II received a combination of bromelain and Biodentine. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months to assess the success rates of the treatment modalities.

3.Results: The clinical success rate of Biodentine as a direct pulp capping agent was …

Antimicrobial Efficacy Of Different Intracanal Medicaments Used In Regenerative Endodontics Against A Mature Multi-Species Biofilm Model (An Ex-Vivo Study), Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber Prof.Dr., Nada Zakaria, Mohamed Nagy, Soha Elhady

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different antimicrobial agents, including Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Amoxicillin and Clavulanate, Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and Calcium hydroxide (CH), as intra-canal medications for regenerative endodontics against an aged, multispecies ex-vivo biofilm model.

Methodology: A total of one hundred fifty single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. Fifteen teeth were used to monitor the formation and maturation of a multispecies biofilm model consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. After 21 days of incubation, the other one-hundred and thirty-five teeth were divided into 9 equal groups; …

Correlation Of Maxillary Sinus Mucosal Thickness With Alveolar Bone Loss Using Computed Tomography, Ravikant V. Sune, Rahul R. Bhowate, Pratapsingh H. Parihar, Vidya K. Lohe, Suwarna B. Dangore, Mrunal G. Meshram

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Background: Because of close association of roots of maxillary premolars and molars with maxillary sinuses, effect of periodontal bone loss on sinuses needs to be evaluated.

Objective: The current study aimed to analyze relationship between of maxillary sinus mucosal thickening and alveolar bone loss using computed tomography.

Methodology: All erupted second premolars and first and second molars in the maxillary arch bilaterally, at 12 points in each patient (mesial and distal sides of each tooth) were assessed for periodontal bone loss (PBL) and at same locations mucosal thickening (MT) was assessed on maxillary sinus floor. Furthermore, probable effect of each …

Trueness Of Milled Zirconia Versus Milled Hybrid Composite Crowns Designed For Primary Teeth Restoration Compared To The Digitally Designed File: An In Vitro Study., Joy Elian Hayek, Hani Tohme, Lara Nasr, Ghida Lawand, Roula El Hachem, Nada Farhat Mchayleh

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Purpose: Stainless Steel Crowns (SSC) are not easily replaced by Zirconia Prefabricated Crowns (ZPC) because of their adaptation problem and risk of fracture and loosening. This study aimed to assess and compare the trueness of milled zirconia and milled hybrid composite crowns designed for primary teeth restoration to a digitally designed file.

Methods: Fourteen extracted primary molars were scanned using an intraoral scanner to obtain digital files of the teeth. The digital files were imported into the Design dental software (TDS) and used to design and mill zirconia and hybrid composite crowns using a 4-axis milling machine: 14 zirconia crowns …

Histological Evaluation Of Pulp Response To Pulpine Ne Versus Biodentine As Direct Pulp Capping Materials In A Dog Model, Hagar A. Bastawy, Maha Ahmed Niazy, Mona H. Farid, Asmaa Y. Harhash, Mona R. Aboelwafa, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: The material used for pulp capping has a significant impact on the outcome of vital pulp therapy. This study compared the pulp tissue response to Pulpine NE versus Biodentine as direct pulp capping materials in a dog model.

Methods: Twenty-four teeth in two mongrel dogs (1-2-year-old) were used. In each dog (n=12 teeth), the dental pulps were exposed in 8 teeth (2 experimental groups, 4 teeth each) and left unexposed in 4 teeth (control group, n=4 teeth). A class V cavity was performed on the buccal surface of the selected teeth in the experimental groups. The exposed pulps were …

Evaluation Of Post Operative Pain After Obturation Using Two Different Types Of Sealers (A Randomized Clinical Trial), Sara T. Amin, Mohamed M. Kataia, Hala F. Khalil

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

objective: This study aims to assess the impact of bioceramic and resin based sealers on postendodontic pain after endodontic treatment performed in single visit. Materials and Methods: In this study, forty patients in need of endodontic therapy were chosen. single visit endodontic treatment was done for the patients but obturated using two different types of sealers: in Group 1: AH Plus sealer was used and in Group 2: EndoSequence BC sealer Hiflow was used. Post endodontic pain was measured for 12,24,48 and 72 hours postoperatively. Results: Both sealer groups' post-endodontic pain levels did not significantly differ from …

Evaluation Of Soft And Hard Tissue Changes Around Guided Immediate Implants In The Esthetic Area With Immediate Temporization: A Prospective Clinical And Radiographic Pilot Study., Pierre Lahoud, Elie Bou Assi, Abdallah Menhall, Lara Nasr, Christian Makary

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Purpose: This study aimed to assess soft and hard tissue changes occurring 6 and 12 months after guided implant placement into extraction sockets and immediate temporization in the esthetic zone.

Materials and Methods: Eight patients requiring single immediate implant placement in the anterior mandible or maxilla were included in this study. Atraumatic extractions were performed using ultrasonic instruments and implants were placed into extraction sockets following digitally guided surgery. Gap between implants and buccal bone plate was filled with allogeneic bone substitutes. Implants were immediately temporized with pre-prepared PMMA crowns. Cone Beam Computed Tomography and digital impressions were done pre-operatively, …

Comparison Of The Failure Load Between Conventional Pmma And Milled Pmma Full Arch Maxillary Interim Prosthesis Fixed On 4 Implants: An In Vitro Study, Tatiana Bou Sakr, Hani Tohme, Natalia Bou Sakr, Victor Ghoubril, Carole Abi Ghosn Yared

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

The principal objective of this study was to compare the failure load between the conventional heat polymerized PMMA and the CAD/CAM milled PMMA interim full arch implant prostheses. The secondary aim was to evaluate the success of the distal extension of the temporary PMMA prosthesis.

A metallic edentulous upper arch model with 4 Straumann screw-retained abutment digital analogs was used to create 15 specimens for each of the 2 groups: Conventional and milled. Failure load was measured on 5 different regions on the left and right side of each specimen with the YLE universal testing machine:

Anterior, premolar, and molar. …

Nasoalveolar Molding ; A Rise In Early Management Of Newborn Patient With Cleft Lip And Palate, Reeya Agrawal, Dr Pallavi Daigavane, Dr Amit Reche

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Orofacial clefts are one of the most frequent congenital oral and maxillofacial abnormalities. When these babies are roughly three months old, lip rebuilding , also known as cheiloplasty, is a critical concern. In several cleft facilities ,To improve the treatment success, Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) has been included in the therapy protocol. In patients with cleft lip and palate, this technique is routinely used to bring the alveolar segments in to normal alignment and improve nasal symmetry.The advantages of utilising this approach as part of a treatment plan for newborns born with cleft lip and palate will be discussed in …

Synopsis On The Role Of Diode Laser In Root Canal Disinfection, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida, Mohamed M.N. El-Tayeb, Elhassan E. Hassanein

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Effective root canal disinfection is necessary for success of endodontic treatment. Traditional chemo-mechanical techniques such as sodium hypochlorite, mechanical preparation and calcium hydroxide used for intracanal disinfection usually fail in cases of biofilm-related infections. Therefore, several new strategies are applied for root canal disinfection. One of these strategies is using of diode laser that has recently gained significant attention in the endodontic practice due to its antibacterial action, bio-stimulation, decrease of pain and improvement of success. Moreover, it has several advantages like its low cost, easily application, penetration power into dentine and smaller size device compared with other types of …

Analysis Of Changes In Gingiva-Occlusal Parameters As Perceived By Three Middle-East Population., Nadine Nachabeh, Tony Daher, Elie Maalouf Prof, Khalil Kharma, Eliane Kaydouh, Carina Mehanna

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Purpose. This study aims to compare the effect of various smile parameters (buccal corridor, gummy smile, midline to face discrepancy, with and without upper lip filling) on the perception of smile attractiveness by applying the digital modification of images judged by laypersons from different Middle East populations.

Materials and Methods. One hundred and eighty participants are divided into 3 groups (n=60: 30 men and 30 women): Lebanese, Syrian, and Egyptian laypersons. A frontal photo of a woman's smile is manipulated with Photoshop to modify each smile parameter gradually into 3 grades. The total number of smiles assessed is 18.

In …

Recent Innovations And Technological Advancements In Dentistry And Medicine, Karthik Rajaram Mohan, Saramma Mathew Fenn, Ravikumar Pethagounder Thangavelu

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

The newer innovations play an important role in the earlier diagnosis of dental caries based on near-infrared transillumination imaging such as Diagnocam and Soprocare intraoral digital cameras, which aid in the diagnosis of dental caries and also differentiate old and newer dental plaques, respectively. Nanoparticles used as carriers for effective and targeted drug therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and candidiasis among chronic denture wearers provided better-increased bioavailability than oral formulations. Artificial intelligence (AI) uses machines to simulate intelligent human behavior. Augmented reality has been presented as a cognitive extension of AI in health …

Compound Odontoma:Diagnosis And Treatment: Case Report, Georgina El Ghoule, Bassam Salameh, Wassim Al Manhal

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Odontomas are an asymptomatic benign odontogenic tumors, generally discovered fortuitously, or when a tooth failed to erupt. They are mainly composed of enamel and dentin, cement and pulp tissue can also be present in variable amounts. In 2005, the World Health Organization classified two main types of odontoma, an amorphous and irregular mass of calcified dental tissues as complexe odontoma and multiple miniature tooth-like structures as compound odontoma. This article is a case presentation of a compound odontoma diagnosed for an eleven year old girl upon a routine radiography, making it a lesion of childhood /adolescence. A retro-alveolar radiography of …

Management Of Pulpal Floor Perforation Using Biodentinetm : Case Report, Chaima Bouhajja, Mayada Jemâa, Mohamed Bassem Khattech

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

During endodontic treatment in multi-rooted teeth, furcation perforation refers to an opening in the pulpal floor, leading to a communication with the periodontal ligament space. A three-dimensional hermetic seal, with a biocompatible material, is a key point for the success of pulp floor perforation repair. MTA® has been considered, for a long time, as a gold standard in furcation perforation repair. Besides, BiodentineTM, when used for the same purpose, showed considerable performance and good results. The purpose of this paper was to report the management of an iatrogenic perforation of pulpal floor in the maxillary right first molar, using BiodentineTM.

Root And Root Canal Morphology Of Premolars In A Sample Of The Lebanese Population: Clinical Considerations, Marie-José Merhej, Roula El Hachem, Hala Sacre, Pascale Salameh, Nabil Ghosn, Alfred Naaman

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular premolars among a sample of the Lebanese population and to explore their incidence by sex and the symmetry between the left and right sides. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of 250 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans consisted of 960 maxillary and 972 mandibular premolars. Roots, canals, and morphology types were recorded. Vertucci’s classification was used to categorize the canal morphologies. Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests (P≤.05) were applied.

Results: The majority of maxillary first premolars had two roots (85.3%) with two …

Distal Cantilever Length Comparison In Esthetic Material For Hybrid Implant Prosthesis: An In Vitro Study., Sana Shams Eddin, Elie Jasser, Mohammad Chams Eddin, Carole Abi Ghosn Yared, Joseph Makzoumi, Paul Boulos

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: the assessment of distal cantilever length in implant supported infrastructure by comparing the load to fracture in two different framework esthetic materials (Zirconia and Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)) with two different cantilevers loading distances (10mm, 15mm). Material and methods: 20 frameworks were fabricated and divided into 4 groups (n=5): according to the material type Peek, zirconia, and according to the cantilever loading distance (10), or (15) mm and a load-to-fracture test was used until complete fracture of specimens occurs. Results: The effect of material type and cantilever loading distance were statistically significant for the mean load-to-fracture values (P< 0.05). The Zirconia group failed at higher fracture loads (817 N) than the Peek one (651 N). Frameworks with 10 mm cantilever loading distance failed at higher fracture loads than specimens with 15 mm. Conclusion: Peek is a suitable material for all-on-four framework reconstruction in specific situations, and there is a higher success rate when the distal cantilever length is kept at minimal value (10mm).

An Update Of Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing) Technology In Dentistry., Rami Saleh Al Fodeh, Ahed Al-Wahadni, Baker Otman, Mahmoud Almasri

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Background:

The development of procedures known as additive manufacturing, which aim to produce more complex items with a lower overall material consumption compared to processes known as subtractive manufacturing. In addition, in recent years there has been a significant rise in the quantity of dental materials that are produced via the use of these techniques. As a consequence of this, scientific research has been concentrating more and more on such technologies, particularly in order to shed light on the methodology, indicators, and boundaries of the emerging technology.

Methods:

The purpose of this paper is to provide a narrative assessment of …

Efficiency Of Hyaluronic Acid Versus Red Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (I-Prf) As An Adjunct To Non-Surgical Treatment Of Stage Iii Periodontitis (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial), Toleen Mazloum, Ghanem H. Abdullah, Ghassan S. Amhaz, Nayer Aboelsaad

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: This study aims to compare clinical efficacy of red injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) and hyaluronic acid (HA) as adjuncts to professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) in non-surgical management of stage III periodontitis. Materials and Methods: 75 patients were split into groups: group one (G1) received HA, group two (G2) received red i-PRF, and group three (G3), received only PMPR. At the baseline, the fourth, eighth-, and twelfth weeks following treatment, the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were all measured. Results: The plaque index, gingival index, and …

Assessment Of Mandibular Cortical Bone Thickness For Miniscrew Placement In Relation To The Vertical Facial Patterns Using Cbct (Cross-Sectional Study), Rima Daoui, Aly Osman

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Background: The need of more anchorage in the orthodontic daily practice has introduced the use of temporary anchorage devices (TADs). Cortical bone thickness has been one of the major factors on the success rate of the stability of TADs. Different vertical dimension patterns can be found among orthodontic patients with potentially variable cortical bone thickness. Aim of the study: to assess the cortical bone thickness in the posterior region of the mandible in relation to different vertical facial patterns using Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate the progressive change in the thickness of cortical bone from 4,6 to 8 …

Effect Of Supportive Periodontal Therapy On Tooth Loss In Regular And Irregular Compliant Smokers And Non-Smokers: A Retrospective Cohort Study With A Follow-Up Up To 50 Years, Jean-Marie Megarbane, Roudy Khayat, Carole Chakar, Nadim Mokbel

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Aim:

The aim of this study is to compare retrospectively tooth loss (TL) rates in two cohorts, regular vs irregular compliant individuals, and smokers vs non-smokers, with a follow-up up to 50 years.

Materials and Methods:

Chart data were collected from 192 patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) after non-surgical and/or surgical periodontal treatment for 10 - 50 (mean 24.89 ± 10.23) years. Patients were categorized as RC (attending regularly to their scheduled SPT with maximum delay of 6 months), and IC (patients missed at least one of the recall visits but continued to come on an irregular basis …

Aloe Vera In Dentistry: Current Status And Future Prospects, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida, Heba Seif

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

This review declares the chemical composition, pharmacological actions, clinical applications, adverse reactions and future prospects of Aloe vera (AV) in the field of dentistry. Literature pertinent to Aloe vera in dental practice was explored in databases like PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The relevant literature was reviewed and critically appraised in this review. Aloe vera is a miracle plant that has been applied as herbal therapy for thousands of years due to its multiple health benefits. In dental practice, AV has different applications and it attracts the attention of researchers due to its natural origin, low cytotoxicity, and various biological …

Effect Of Low Level Laser On Miniscrew Displacement During Canine Retraction. (A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial), Aly Osman, Nadia El Harouni, Mohamed Shokry

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Background: Anchorage is an important consideration for successful orthodontic treatment. Skeletal anchorage by miniscrews provided better anchorage control then the ordinary extra-oral and intra-oral appliances. However, the stability of the miniscrews are still questionable since they might move under orthodontic loading. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low level laser on the miniscrew displacement when subjected to orthodontic force during canine retraction using CBCT. Methods: Twelve patients who required bilateral extraction of upper first premolar and absolute anchorage were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab …

Influence Of The Margin Design On The Fracture Resistance Of Implant Supported Monolithic Zirconia Crowns, Camille Haddad, Ryan Harouny, Karim Corbani, Lara Nasr, Ronn Tassidis

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the influence of the margin design of implant supported monolithic zirconia crowns and test if monolithic zirconia crowns with extra fine finish line thickness cemented on zirconia implant abutments can bare the maximum masticatory forces on molars and hence be used in the posterior region. Fourteen identical monolithic zirconia crowns cemented on zirconia implant abutments mounted on titanium bases and fixed on implant replicas embedded in PMMA resin were divided into two groups: group I designed with a 0.5 mm CFL (CFL) and group II with a feather-edge finish line …

Bioactivity And Ph Of Nano-White Mta Versus Neomtatm Plus® And Mta Angelus® As Root Repair Materials: An In Vitro Study, Rana A. Elkhashab, Abeer Mahran, Mahmoud Mohamed Badr, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: This study compared the bioactivity and pH of Nano-white mineral trioxide aggregate (NWMTA), Neo-mineral trioxide aggregate plus (NeoMTA Plus), and Mineral trioxide aggregate angelus (MTA-A) as root repair materials.

Methods: A total of 60 discs made from the three materials (20 discs each) were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. These discs were packed into plastic molds and allowed to set before testing. For bioactivity study, ten discs of each material were immersed in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) for 28 days, and analyzed with scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). Ten discs of each material were …