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Evaluation Of The Nasopalatine Canal (Npc) In A Subset Of Pakistani Population, Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (Cbct), Madiha Khan, Saqib Habib, Rabia Ghafoor

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To evaluate variations in the shape, diameter, length and width of the nasopalatine canal along with the width of the buccal cortical bone anterior to it, using cone beam computed tomography imaging.
Methods: The retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September to October 2020, and comprised pre-existing cone beam computed tomography scans taken between 2015 and 2020 of patients of either gender aged 18-60 years who had maxillary central incisors present. The shapes and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal were observed along with the buccal bone anterior to the nasopalatine canal. …

Bonded Amalgam As A Fissure Sealant In Low-Income Setting: A Randomised Controlled Trial, Farhan Raza Khan, Samreen Liaquat, Ghazala Rafique, Syed Iqbal Azam, Arshad Hasan

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objectives: To compare one year retention rate of bonded amalgam sealants (BAS) with that of conventional resin-based sealant (RBS).
Methods: It was a parallel group, equivalence, randomised controlled trial done during March 2018 to December 2019 at the dental clinics of Dow University of Health Sciences, and the Jinnah Sind Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan on children aged 12-16 years, who were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups (BAS vs. RBS). Complete retention of the sealant at one year follow-up was labeled as success. Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression model was employed. Study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov # …

Navigating Through Our History In Research: An Altmetric Analysis For Publications By The Full-Time Operative Dentistry Faculty At The Aga Khan University Hospital In The Past Decade, Nighat Naveed, Fahad Umer

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To analyse the social dissemination of publications by fulltime faculty at a tertiary care facility.
Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised publication records of the fulltime Operative Dentistry faculty members between July 2011 till July 2021. The search was done on Google Scholar, Altmetric Explorer and PubMed electronic databases. After final screening, all the publications in PubMed-indexed journals, including in vitro studies, randomised controlled trials, original research articles, case reports and letters to the editor, for which the Altmetric Attention Score was available were included.
Results: Of the 225 publications …

Artificial Intelligence In Dentistry, Orthodontics And Orthognathic Surgery: A Literature Review, Tania Arshad Siddiqui, Rashna Hoshang Sukhia, Dinaz Ghandhi

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to work like humans. The concept initially began with the advent of mathematical models which gave calculated outputs based on inputs fed into the system. This was later modified with the introduction of various algorithms which can either give output based on overall data analysis or by selection of information within previous data. It is steadily becoming a favoured mode of treatment due to its efficiency and ability to manage complex conditions in all specialities. In dentistry, artificial intelligence has also popularised over the past few decades. They have been found useful for …

Bibliometric Study On The Literature Related To Dental Research And Education Published In Journal Of Pakistan Medical Association, Samira Adnan, Kamil Zafar, Farhan Raza Khan, Rizwan Ullah

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To analyse characteristics of literature related to dental research and education published in a single medical journal, The Journal of Pakistan Medical Association.
Method: The bibliometric study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University from March till May 2020, and comprised electronic and hand search of scientific literature relevant to dentistry published in the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association from the first issue published in 1953 till March 2020. The selected articles were analysed for year of publication, field of study, type of article, institute and country of first author, number of …

A Cbct Based Evaluation Of Root Proximity Of Maxillary Posterior Teeth To Sinus Floor In A Subset Of Pakistani Population, Momina Motiwala, Aysha Arif, Rabia Ghafoor

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To evaluate the vertical relationship of the roots of maxillary posterior teeth with maxillary sinus floor, and its association with age, gender and bilateral jaw symmetry.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi from June to December 2018, and comprised patients who visited the dental clinics and underwent cone-beam computed tomography scans. The scans were evaluated in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes and roots were classified using Jungs classification for proximity to maxillary sinus floor. The distance between the sinus floor and the apices of maxillary posterior teeth was measured. Data was …

Photobiostimulatory Effect Of A Single Dose Of Low-Level Laser On Orthodontic Tooth Movement And Pain, Irfan Qamruddin, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Verda Mahroof, Mubassar Fida, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Adam Husein

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To assess the effect of low-level laser applied at 3 weeks intervals on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and pain using conventional brackets (CB).
Materials and methods: Twenty patients with Angle's class II div 1 (10 males and 10 females; aged 20.25 ± 3.88 years) needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited. Conventional brackets MBT of 0.022 in slot (McLaughlin Bennett Trevisi) prescription braces (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, Calif) were bonded. After alignment and levelling phase, cuspid retraction began with nitinol closed coil spring on 19 × 25 stainless steel archwire, wielding 150 gram force. 7.5 J/cm² energy …

Biostimulatory Effects Of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound On Rate Of Orthodontic Tooth Movement And Associated Pain, Applied At 3-Week Intervals: A Split-Mouth Study, Irfan Qamruddin, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Verda Mahroof, Meenaz Karim, Mubassar Fida, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, Adam Husein

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a noninvasive modality to stimulate bone remodeling (BR) and the healing of hard and soft tissues. This research evaluates the biostimulatory effect of LIPUS on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and associated pain, when applied at 3-week intervals.
Methods: Twenty-two patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 19.18 ± 2.00 years) having Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. After the initial stage of alignment and leveling with contemporary edgewise MBT (McLaughlin-Bennett-Trevisi) prescription brackets (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, …

Comparison Of Two Different Methods In The Removal Of Oil-Based Calcium Hydroxide From Root Canal System: A Triple-Blinded Randomised Clinical Trial, Momina Motiwala, Sheikh Bilal Badar, Rabia Ghafoor

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of rotary master apical file (RMAF) with ultrasonic activation of endodontic file (UAF) in the removal of silicon oil-based calcium hydroxide (SOBCH) from the canal.
Methods: Ethical review committee approval and informed consent was obtained. 60 cases with necrotic teeth in which silicon oil-based intracanal medicament (Metapex) was to be placed were randomised in one of the two groups using sealed envelopes containing assignment codes for medicament removal: RMAF and UAF group. After standard protocol of coronal access, cleaning and shaping, silicon oil-based SOBCH was placed using a Lentulo spiral. A periapical radiograph was taken …

Post-Residency Fellowship Training In Maxillofacial Prosthetics Is Needed In Pakistan, Syed Murtaza Raza Kazmi, Farhan Raza Khan

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To determine the spectrum of maxillofacial prosthetics services in Pakistan, to explore the need of a relevant fellowship training programme in the country, and to determine whether they contribute to tumour board of head and neck oncology.
Methods: The cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March to June 2020 and comprised all prosthodontists registered on the portal of the Pakistan Prosthodontics Association. Using Google Forms, the survey questionnaire was sent via email. The survey form was self-generated. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.
Results: Of the 84 prosthodontists approached, 44(52.4%) responded. The overall median age was 39 years (range: …

Augmented Reality In Clinical Dental Training And Education, Zainab Haji, Aysha Arif, Shizrah Jamal, Rabia Ghafoor

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Dentistry is a profession that requires coordinated motor skills in addition to acquired knowledge for ideal execution of any treatment plan for patients. Learning experiences have been modified over a period of time for students as well as for the healthcare providers. Conventional pre-clinical training employed the use of cadavers, but financial, ethical and supervisory constraints have become a major shortcoming. With the adaptation of technology in dentistry, pre-clinical training has now employed simulation. It provides the opportunity for students to develop psychomotor skills for procedures by practising pre-clinical, standardised learning competencies before they engage in patient-management. Simulation involves computer-aided …

Analysis Of Different Characteristics Of Smile, Mehwish Khan, Syed Murtaza Raza Kazmi, Farhan Raza Khan, Imran Samejo

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Introduction: Analysis of smile is imperative in the diagnosis and treatment planning phases of aesthetic dentistry.
Aim: To evaluate the components of smile among students of a dental institution.
Methods: Frontal view digital photographs with posed smile of 157 dental students were assessed using Adobe Photoshop7.0. Smile characteristics evaluated included; smile line, smile arc, smile design, upper lip curvature, labiodental relationship and number of teeth displayed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the gender based differences for various parameters.
Results: Average smile line (43.3%), consonant smile arcs (45.2%), cuspid smiles (45.9%), upward …

Five Year Evaluation Of The Complications Observed In Porcelain Fused To Metal (Pfm) Crowns Placed At A University Hospital, Shizrah Jamal, Rabia Ghafoor, Farhan Raza Khan, Kamil Zafar

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To determine the frequency of complications in crowns cemented over a 5-year period in a tertiary care hospital and also to report the survival of these crowns.
Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from March 2017 to March 2018 and comprised porcelain fused-to-metal crowns placed on the anterior or posterior teeth that were fabricated at the institutional laboratory and were placed in institutional dental clinics in the preceding 5 years. Porcelain-fused to-metal The crowns were clinically and radio-graphically evaluated in a duration of two months for presence/absence of complications. Factors associated …

Association Between Maxillary Transverse Discrepancy And Occurrence Of Potentially Impacted Maxillary Canines In Mixed Dentition Patients, Farhana Ghaffar, Rashna Hoshang Sukhia, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between transverse maxillary discrepancy and occurrence of potentially impacted maxillary canines in mixed dentition patients.
Material and methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 85 Pakistani subjects (32 males and 53 females) aged between 8 to 13 years, having good quality orthopantomographs and dental casts. Maxillary transverse discrepancy was assessed by subtracting the mandibular intermolar width from the maxillary intermolar width on dental cast. Maxillary lateral incisors and canines were traced from orthopantomographs, and canines were placed into sector classification. Chi-square test was used to determine the difference …

Oral Cancer Awareness Among University Students From Karachi, Pakistan, Dnyanesh Limaye, Patrick Ziesenis, Vaidehi Limaye, Mansoor Ahmad, Farah Saeed, Mahboob Alam, Ramla Rizvi, Atul Kapadi, Sushama Sathe, Gerhard Fortwengel

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Background: Oral cancers (OC) are malignant lesions occurring in the oral cavity that include squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), salivary gland and odontogenic neoplasms. Even though it is the eighth most common malignancy globally but in Pakistan it is the second commonest type of cancer. Lack of awareness about ill-effects of preventable risk factors of oral cancer increases the burden of disease due to the associated high cost of treatment, permanent impairment and high mortality. Hence, awareness can be very helpful in prevention, control and early diagnosis of oral cancer.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among university students from …

Correlation Between The Atlas Morphology And The Maxillo-Mandibular Divergence Pattern, Hafiz Taha Mahmood, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between atlas morphology and maxillo-mandibular divergence.
Study design: Cross-sectional, analytic study.
Place and duration of study: Dental Clinics, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from February to August 2017.
Methodology: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 208 subjects, aged 18 to 25 years, were evaluated. The atlas parameters were categorized into atlas dorsum, anteroposterior and ventrum, and measured on View Pro-X software. Various maxillary (FPPP, SNPP and FHPP angles) and mandibular (SNGoGn, saddle, articulare, gonial, sum of posterior and Y-axis angles) parameters were used to evaluate the divergence pattern of the individuals. Mann-Whitney U-test was used …

Evaluation Of Root Morphology And Canal Configuration Of Maxillary Premolars In A Sample Of Pakistani Population By Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Muhammad Rizwan Nazeer, Farhan Raza Khan, Rabia Ghafoor

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objectives: To evaluate the root canal morphology of maxillary premolars.

Method: This retrospective study was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and reviewed Cone Beam Computed Tomography images of maxillary first and second premolars done from November 2014 to October 2016. Frequency distribution of Vertucci's classification was determined. Chi square test was applied to determine any association between Vertucci's type and gender. SPSS 19 was used for data analysis.

Results: Of the 114 first premolars, 74(68.6%) were bi-rooted and 36(31.5%) were single-rooted. The mean lengths of buccal and palatal roots were …

Factors Affecting Treatment Duration - A Dilemma In Orthodontics, Saman Faruqui, Mubassar Fida, Attiya Shaikh

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Background: One of the first concerns of new orthodontic patients, apart from the outcome, is the duration of treatment. A better understanding of orthodontic treatment duration as well as factors affecting the treatment duration is useful for efficient patient counselling and improved clinical practice. Hence, the objectives of this study are to compare the treatment durations of subjects with Class I and Class II division 1 (II/1) malocclusions, and to identify the factors affecting the treatment duration of these malocclusions.

Methods: This was a chart review conducted in the orthodontic department of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. …

Plaque Index In Multi-Bracket Fixed Appliances, Zafar Ul Islam, Attiya Shaikh, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To compare the plaque index in patients receiving multi-bracket fixed orthodontic treatment for various factors like age, gender, socio-economic status, brushing practices, meal habits, types of brackets, types of ligations, use of mouthwash and duration of treatment.
Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study.
Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics Clinic, The Aga Khan University Hospital, from September to November 2011.
Methodology: Socio-demographic and clinical modalities were defined and recorded for 131 patients having multi-bracket fixed appliances. The plaque index of subjects were recorded according to the Silness and Loe plaque index method. Independent sample t-test was used to see difference …

Oral Clefts: A Review Of The Cases And Our Experience At A Single Institution, Mohammad Raheel Nawaz Jajja, Alina Gilani, Zain Feroze Cawasji, Sehyr Imran, Muhammad Shahjahan Khan, Salila Shoaib Hashmi, Tahir Shafi Khan

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To identify the frequency of different types of oral clefts and presence of known risk factors among patients.Methods: The retrospective review of 292 patients, presenting with oral clefts between 1992 and 2011, was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect details, including demographics, type of cleft, presence of known risk factors, surgical details, and follow-up visits. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test and analysis of variance was used: whenever applicable.Results: Of the total, 168 (57-53%) patients had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and 124 (42.5%) had …

Protaper Rotary Instrument Fracture During Root Canal Preparation: A Comparison Between Rotary And Hybrid Techniques, Huma Farid, Farhan Raza Khan, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

AIMS:

This study aimed to compare the frequency of ProTaper rotary instrument fracture with rotary (conventional) and hybrid (rotary and hand files) canal preparation techniques. Secondary objectives were to determine whether there was an association of ProTaper file fracture with the canal curvature and to compare the mean time required for canal preparation in the two techniques.

METHODS:

An in vitro experiment was conducted on 216 buccal canals of extracted maxillary and mandibular first molars. After creating an access cavity and a glide path for each canal, a periapical radiograph was taken and the canal curvature was measured with Schneider's …

Pediatric Dentistry Training For Dentists In Pakistan, Farhan Raza Khan, Sadia Mahmud, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: In the last decade, a rapid growth has been observed in the number of dentists due to establishment of number of dental colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. There is an acute dearth of Pediatric Dentistry faculty in Pakistani dental institutions. Similarly, no post graduate Pediatric Dentistry fellowship program exists in the country. The objectives of this study are to map the pattern of pediatric dentistry services provided by the clinicians in teaching institutions and private practices of Karachi. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study conducted at dental departments of academic institutions and selected dental practices in different parts of Karachi. The …

The Need Of Paediatric Dentistry Specialists In Pakistan, Farhan Raza Khan, Sadia Mahmud, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

In the last decade, a rapid increase has been observed in the number of dentists due to establishment of a number of dental colleges in Pakistan. Very few of these institutions have Paediatric Dentistry Department. Similarly, no postgraduate Paediatric Dentistry training program exists in the two major provinces of the country. The objectives of this study were to map the pattern of paediatric dentistry services provided by the clinicians in teaching institutions and private practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted at dental departments of academic institutions and selected dental practices in Karachi. There was a statistically significant difference in preferences, …

Microaesthetics Of The Smile: Extraction Vs. Non-Extraction, Sanam Tauheed, Attiya Shaikh, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare microaesthetics in pre- and post-orthodontic cases, treated with non-extraction and extraction treatment and assessed whether the achieved microaesthetic parameters are comparable to the proposed norms.

STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Orthodontic Clinic, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2005 to December 2009.

METHODOLOGY: Orthodontic records of 31 cases treated with non-extraction therapy and 26 cases treated with extraction of upper first premolars were selected. Patients were of Pakistani origin, aged between 12 to 30 years. Microaesthetics was assessed by measuring maxillary central incisor crown width-height ratio, connectors between the maxillary anterior …

Dentoalveolar Heights In Skeletal Class I Normodivergent Facial Patterns, Zafar-Ul-Islam, Attiya Shaikh, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dentoalveolar heights (mm) in skeletal class I normodivergent facial pattern and compare the same heights in male and female subjects.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Orthodontics Clinic, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July to October 2009.

METHODOLOGY: Eighty one subjects were selected from the orthodontic record at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. The inclusion criteria were an age range of 12 to 30 years and skeletal class I normodivergent facial pattern with exclusion criteria of prior orthodontic treatment, restored teeth and craniofacial anomalies/syndromes. The pre-treatment cephalographs of the …

Comparison Of Three Mixed Dentition Analysis Methods In Orthodontic Patients At Akuh, Sarwat Memon, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the actual sum of canine and premolars and that predicted from three mixed dentition prediction methods in orthodontic patients at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparative study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Orthodontic clinic at the Aga Khan University Hospital from June 2002 to December 2007.

METHODOLOGY: Data were collected using pretreatment records including orthodontic files and plaster casts of 121 orthodontic patients. Digital caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of permanent teeth from 1st molar to 1st molar in mandibular arch, and central incisors and 1st molars in maxillary …

Dental Maturity Amongst Various Vertical And Sagittal Facial Patterns, Rashna H. Sukhia, Mubassar Fida

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To compare the mean dental maturity amongst three vertical facial patterns (short, average and long anterior facial heights) and also amongst two sagittal facial patterns (skeletal class I and II) in orthodontic patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August to October 2008.

METHODOLOGY: Data was retrospectively retrieved from pretreatment orthodontic records of patients who visited the orthodontic clinic. The sample was divided into three vertical groups, namely short, average and long anterior facial types, and two sagittal groups, namely skeletal class I and II. Dental development was …

Comparison Of Cephalometric Norms Of Esthetically Pleasing Faces, Attiya Jawaid Shaikh, Arif R Alvi

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To establish cephalometric norms of a sample of aesthetically pleasing Pakistani faces and to analyze differences and similarities with accepted standards for Caucasians.

STUDY DESIGN: Analytical cross sectional study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Carried out at Alvi Dental Hospital, Karachi, from August 2007 to February 2008.

METHODOLOGY: Cephalometric tracings were analyzed on a sample of 40 (20 males and 20 females) Pakistani young adults, aged 18-25 years, with full complement of permanent teeth, no previous orthodontic treatment and pleasing profile. To check the reliability of the measurements, 20 randomly selected cephalograms were retraced. None of the measurements showed …

Frequency And Distribution Of Endodontically Treated Teeth, Hina Ahmed, Durr E. Sadaf, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

Objective: To determine the distribution and pattern of carious teeth involvement in permanent teeth requiring endodontic treatment. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Dental Section of The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September 2004 to March 2005. Methodology: Data was collected from the dental records of patients. Tooth was the unit of evaluation. Variables studied were demographics, tooth type, etiology of endodontic treatment and pattern of caries involvement. Data was analyzed using chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. Results: The total number of patients was 190; total number of teeth involved were 235. Females had more …

Factors Associated With Non-Carious Cervical Lesions (Nccls) In Teeth, Hina Ahmed, Durr-E-Sadaf, Munawar Rahman

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with Non-Carious Cervical Lesions (NCCLs) and the teeth most commonly involved in such lesions.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Operative Dentistry, Section of Dentistry at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2005 to January 2006.

METHODOLOGY: A total number of 95 patients with 671 teeth were evaluated using a pre-coded questionnaire. Subject of evaluation was teeth. Patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic NCCLs and permanent dentition were included. Patients exhibiting active, untreatable periodontal disease, rampant uncontrolled caries, xerostomia, primary dentition, patients undergoing orthodontic treatment or bleaching procedure were …