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A Gender-Moderated Effect Of A Functional Comt Polymorphism On Prefrontal Brain Morphology And Function In Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome), Wendy Kates, Kevin Antshel, Nuria Abdulsabur, Deirdre Colgan, Birgit Funke, Wanda Fremont, Anne Marie Higgins, Raju Kucherlapati, Robert Shprintzen

Robert J. Shprintzen

Caused by a microdeletion at the q11.2 locus of chromosome 22, velo-cardio-facial syndrome (also known as VCFS, 22q11 deletion syndrome, DiGeorge sequence, and conotruncal anomalies face syndrome) is associated with a distinctive physical, neurocognitive, and psychiatric phenotype. Increasing interest has centered on identifying the candidate genes within the deleted region that may contribute to this phenotype. One attractive candidate gene is catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) because it encodes for a protein that degrades dopamine. Variability in COMT activity is related to a Val158Met polymorphism that has been implicated in prefrontal lobe cognitive and neuropsychiatric function. We examined the effect of this polymorphism …

The Effects Of Gender And Catechol O-Methyltransferase (Comt) Val108/158met Polymorphism On Emotion Regulation In Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome): An Fmri Study, Ioana Coman, Matthew Gnirke, Frank Middleton, Kevin Antshel, Wanda Fremont, Anne Higgins, Robert Shprintzen, Wendy Kates

Robert J. Shprintzen

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is caused by a micro-deletion of over 40 genes at the q11.2 locus of chromosome 22 and is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. COMT, one of the genes located in the deleted region, has been considered as a major candidate gene for genetic susceptibility in psychiatric diseases. Its functional polymorphism Val108/158Met has been shown to affect prefrontal function and working memory and has been associated with emotional dysregulation. We utilized a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) event-related paradigm to asses COMT genotype and gender-moderated effects on the neural activation that …

Associations Between Performance On The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure And Regional Brain Volumes In Children With And Without Velocardiofacial Syndrome, Kevin Antshel, Jena Peebles, Nuria Abdulsabur, Anne Marie Higgins, Nancy Roizen, Robert Shprintzen, Wanda Fremont, Robert Natasi, Wendy Kates

Robert J. Shprintzen

Ninety-two children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 and an age, race, and gender-ratio comparable sample of 59 control participants were included in the project. Participants received an MRI as well as a comprehensive neuropsychological battery; the primary outcome measure in the current report is the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF). Children with VCFS performed less well on the ROCF and have lower whole brain volume compared to controls. After controlling for whole brain volume differences, children with VCFS have bilaterally less parietal lobe gray and white matter yet more frontal lobe white …

Adhd, Major Depressive Disorder, And Simple Phobias Are Prevalent Psychiatric Conditions In Youth With Velocardiofacial Syndrome, Kevin Antshel, Wanda Fremont, Nancy Roizen, Robert Shprintzen, Anne Marie Higgins, Amit Dhamoon, Wendy Kates

Robert J. Shprintzen

Objective: To examine prevalence rates of psychopathology in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS).

Method: One hundred fifty-four children ages 6 to 15 participated in our between-group design with three samples, 84 children with VCFS (37 girls, 47 boys), 32 sibling controls (18 girls, 14 boys), and 38 community controls (12 girls, 26 boys). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version and several other parent report measures were used to assess for psychopathology.

Results: Compared to both control samples, children with VCFS had higher prevalence rates of major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, simple phobias, and …

Temperament In Velocardiofacial Syndrome, Kevin Antshel, K. Stallone, Nuria Abdulsabur, Robert Shprintzen, Nancy Roizen, Anne Marie Higgins, Wendy Kates

Robert J. Shprintzen

Background Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is a microdeletion syndrome caused by a 22q11.2 chromosomal deletion. Methods In this study, parents reported on their own temperament as well as the temperament of their child. Sixty-seven children with VCFS (mean age = 10.8, SD = 2.8; range 6–15), and age-, race- and gender-ratio matched samples of 47 community control participants (mean age = 10.4, SD = 2.6; range 6–15), and 18 sibling control participants (mean age = 12.1, SD = 1.9; range 9–15) took part in the current project. Results Children with VCFS have a temperament that may best be described as modestly …

Correspondence Between Self-Report And Interview-Based Assessments Of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Laura Guy, Norman Poythress, Kevin Douglas, Jennifer Skeem

Norman Poythress

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is associated with suicide, violence, and risk-taking behavior and can slow response to first-line treatment for Axis I disorders. ASPD may be assessed infrequently because few efficient diagnostic tools are available. This study evaluated 2 promising self-report measures for assessing ASPD—the ASPD scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4; S. E. Hyler, 1994) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. Morey, 1991, 2007)—as well as the ASPD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis II (SCID-II; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, J. B. W. Williams, & L. S. Benjamin, 1997). The …

The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale And Passive Avoidance Learning: A Validation Study Of Race And Gender Effects , M. Epstein, Norman Poythress, K. Brandon

Norman Poythress

SRPS; psychopathy; gender; race; validity; passive avoidance errors; trait anxiety; intelligence

Correspondence Between Self-Report And Interview-Based Assessments Of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Laura Guy, Norman Poythress, Kevin Douglas, Jennifer Skeem, John Edens

Norman Poythress

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is associated with suicide, violence, and risk-taking behavior and can slow response to first-line treatment for Axis I disorders. ASPD may be assessed infrequently because few efficient diagnostic tools are available. This study evaluated 2 promising self-report measures for assessing ASPD--the ASPD scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4; S. E. Hyler, 1994) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. Morey, 1991, 2007)--as well as the ASPD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID-II; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, J. B. W. Williams, and L. S. Benjamin, 1997). The …

Gender Differences In Motivation To Resolve Eating And Body Image Concerns In College Students, Harold Merriman, C. Brahler, Laura Dinan, Lauren Finzer

C. Jayne Brahler

The objective of this study was to identify similarities and differences between college women and men with respect to their eating and body image concerns, weight fluctuation and level of motivation to resolve these concerns. 101 University of Dayton students participated in this study. Students completed an eating and body concern survey online.

Body image concerns were significantly greater for females compared to males (p=0.007) and significantly greater as motivation level to resolve the concerns increased (p=0.019). Eating concerns followed the same trends but did not reach statistical significance. Weight fluctuation in both genders increased significantly as motivation level increased …

Loading Rate In Self-Initiated Vertical Jump Landings: Developmental And Gender Comparisons, Pamela Russell, Erik Swartz, Ron Croce, Laura Decoster

Pamela J. Russell

The study compared gender and developmental differences in vertical loading rate upon a two-footed landing from a self-initiated VJ. Fifty-seven subjects grouped by age (pre-pubescent (8-11 yrs); post-pubescent (19-29 yrs)) and gender consented to participate. Subjects jumped for a ball set at 50% of their maximum VJ height, and landed on two feet, facing forward, with only their dominant foot on the force plate. Motion analysis (3-D) and ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected. Statistical analyses indicated significant developmental differences in vertical loading rate normalized to kinetic energy, but no gender differences. Children may have higher loading rates because …

Comparing Inter-Examiner Reliability Levels When Diagnosing Male & Female Innominate Dysfunctions Using A Hemi-Pelvise Compression Lateralization Test And Pelvic Landmark Levels., Nicole Myers, Michael Kuchera, Veronica Ferencz, Jeffrey Nelson, Frank Casella

Michael Kuchera

BACKGROUND: When diagnosing innominate somatic dysfunctions it may be relevant to recognize that structural, functional, and hormonal differences exist between male and female pelvises. The female pelvis is less massive, ilia are less sloped, and female hormones influence ligamentous tension. Despite these differences, few studies have analyzed gender effects on inter-examiner reliability when using palpatory diagnosis to diagnose innominate dysfunctions. In this study, we hypothesized that interexaminer reliability would be higher in male subjects than in female subjects due cyclic variability of hormonal influence of ligamentous tension in the female pelvis. The kappa (κ) statistic was selected to evaluate inter-examiner …

Systematically Controlling For The Influence Of Age, Sex, Hertz And Time Post-Whole-Body Vibration Exposure On Four Measures Of Physical Performance In Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Study, Harold Merriman, C. Brahler, Kurt Jackson

C. Jayne Brahler

Though popular, there is little agreement on what whole-body vibration (WBV) parameters will optimize performance. This study aimed to clarify the effects of age, sex, hertz, and time on four physical function indicators in community-dwelling older adults (N = 32). Participants were exposed to 2 minutes WBV per session at either 2 Hz or 26 Hz, and outcome measures were recorded at 2-, 20-, and 40-minute post-WBV. Timed get-up-and-go and chair sit-and-reach performances improved post-WBV for both sexes, were significantly different between 2 Hz and 26 Hz treatments (P ≤ 0.05), and showed statistically significant interactions between age and gender …

How Do The Specialty Choices And Rural Intentions Of Medical Students From Bond University (A Full-Fee Paying, Undergraduate-Level Medical Program) Compare With Other (Commonwealth Supported Places) Australian Medical Students?, Edward Teo, Kathleen Lockhart, Jennifer Pushparajah, David Waynforth, Janie Smith

Janie Smith

Australian medical schools are demonstrating an increased interest in full-fee paying education, which warrants assessment of possible ramifications on the profile of the Australian medical workforce. This study aims to identify differences in demographics, specialty preferences and rural intentions between domestic full-fee paying undergraduate medical students and all other (CSP) Australian medical students. Methods: The data of 19,827 medical students was accessed from the Medical Schools Outcomes Database from 2004-2011. This was then analysed using logistic regression and McNemar’s test to identify differences in specialty choice and preferred location of practice. Results: Demographically, full-fee paying medical students of Bond University …

Predictors Of Adolescent Male Body Image Dissatisfaction: Implications For Negative Health Practices And Consequences For School Health From A Regionally Representative Sample, James Leone, Joyce Fetro, Mark Kittleson, Kathleen Welshimer, Julie Partridge, Stacia Robertson

Mark J Kittleson

BACKGROUND: Adolescent males are more likely to sustain intentional and unintentional injuries, be involved in a physical confrontation, and be successful in suicide attempts. Body image dissatisfaction (BID) has been linked as a possible contributing factor to these negative health behaviors and risks; however, research is limited with males. The interaction of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social variables in a holistic model has yet to be explored for males. Variables precipitating adolescent males to develop an unhealthy body image and act on negative health behaviors, such as body image drug use, were the impetus for this study. METHODS: A randomized cross-sectional …

Infertility And Moral Luck: The Politics Of Women Blaming Themselves For Infertility, Carolyn Mcleod, Julie Ponesse

Julie E Ponesse

Infertility can be an agonizing experience, especially for women. And, much of the agony has to do with luck: with how unlucky one is in being infertile, and in how much luck is involved in determining whether one can weather the storm of infertility and perhaps have a child in the end. We argue that bad luck associated with being infertile is often bad moral luck for women. The infertile woman often blames herself or is blamed by others for what is happening to her, even when she cannot control or prevent what is happening to her. She has simply …

Male Gender Is Associated With Increased Risk For Postinjury Pneumonia., Christopher J Gannon, Michael Pasquale, J Kathleen Tracy, Robert J Mccarter, Lena M Napolitano

Michael D Pasquale MD, FACS, FCCM

Nosocomial pneumonia in trauma patients is a significant source of resource utilization and mortality. We have previously described increased rates of pneumonia in male trauma patients in a single institution study. In that study, female trauma patients had a lower incidence of postinjury pneumonia but a higher relative risk for mortality when they did develop pneumonia. We sought to investigate the hypothesis that male trauma patients have an increased incidence of postinjury pneumonia in a separate population-based dataset. Prospective data were collected on 30,288 trauma patients (26,231 blunt injuries, 4057 penetrating injuries) admitted to all trauma centers (n = 26) …

Gender Differences In Perceptions And Self-Reported Driving Behaviors Among Teenagers., Gavin Barr, Kathleen Kane, Robert Barraco, Timarie Rayburg, Lauren Demers, Chadd Kraus, Marna Greenberg, Valerie Rupp, Kimberly Hamilton, Bryan Kane

Bryan G Kane MD

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control reports that motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. teenagers, and disproportionately affect males. Among preventable causes of MVCs involving teenage drivers, distracted driving continues to be a serious public health problem. OBJECTIVES: To describe gender differences in teenage drivers' self-perceptions of safe driving behaviors, and self-reported risk behaviors and distractions while driving. METHODS: We prospectively surveyed teenage drivers from four high schools in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Gender comparisons were made between self-reported perceptions and self-reported driving behaviors. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared testing were used in …

Injury Due To Mechanical Falls: Future Directions In Gender-Specific Surveillance, Screening, And Interventions In Emergency Department Patients., Marna Greenberg, Bryan Kane, Vicken Y Totten, Neha P Raukar, Elizabeth C Moore, Tracy Sanson, Robert Barraco, Michael Nguyen, Federico E Vaca

Bryan G Kane MD

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that among older adults (≥65 years), falls are the leading cause of injury-related death. Fall-related fractures among older women are more than twice as frequent as those for men. Gender-specific evidence-based fall prevention strategy and intervention studies show that improved patient-centered outcomes are elusive. There is a paucity of emergency medicine literature on the topic. As part of the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference on "Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes," a breakout group convened to generate a research agenda on priority …

Gender Differences In Perceptions And Self-Reported Driving Behaviors Among Teenagers., Gavin Barr, Kathleen Kane, Robert Barraco, Timarie Rayburg, Lauren Demers, Chadd Kraus, Marna Greenberg, Valerie Rupp, Kimberly Hamilton, Bryan Kane

Kathleen E Kane MD

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control reports that motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. teenagers, and disproportionately affect males. Among preventable causes of MVCs involving teenage drivers, distracted driving continues to be a serious public health problem. OBJECTIVES: To describe gender differences in teenage drivers' self-perceptions of safe driving behaviors, and self-reported risk behaviors and distractions while driving. METHODS: We prospectively surveyed teenage drivers from four high schools in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Gender comparisons were made between self-reported perceptions and self-reported driving behaviors. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared testing were used in …

Gender- And Sex-Specific Sports-Related Injury Research In Emergency Medicine: A Consensus On Future Research Direction And Focused Application., Neha P Raukar, Mark R Zonfrillo, Kathleen Kane, Moira Davenport, Tamara R Espinoza, Jessica Weiland, Vanessa Franco, Federico E Vaca

Kathleen E Kane MD

Title IX, the commercialization of sports, the social change in sports participation, and the response to the obesity epidemic have contributed to the rapid proliferation of participation in both competitive organized sports and nontraditional athletic events. As a consequence, emergency physicians are regularly involved in the acute diagnosis, management, disposition, and counseling of a broad range of sports-related pathology. Three important and highly publicized mechanisms of injury in sports relevant to emergency medicine (EM) include concussion, heat illness, and sudden cardiac death. In conjunction with the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference "Gender-specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand, and …

Funding Mechanisms For Gender-Specific Research: Proceedings From A Panel Discussion At The 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference., Basmah Safdar, Marna Greenberg, Ayodola Anise, Jeremy Brown, Robin Conwit, Rosemarie Filart, Jane Scott, Esther K Choo

Marna R Greenberg DO, MPH, FACEP

As part of the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference "Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes," we assembled a diverse panel of representatives from federal and nonfederal funding agencies to discuss future opportunities for sex- and gender-specific research. The discussion revolved around the mission and priorities of each organization, as well as its interest in promoting sex- and gender-specific research. The panelists were asked to provide specific examples of funding lines generated or planned for as pertinent to emergency care. Training opportunities for future researchers in this area were also discussed.

Emergency Medicine Gender-Specific Education., John Ashurst, Alyson J Mcgregor, Basmah Safdar, Kevin Weaver, Shawn M Quinn, Alexander Rosenau, Terrence Goyke, Kevin Roth, Marna Greenberg

Marna R Greenberg DO, MPH, FACEP

The 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference has taken the first step in identifying gender-specific care as an area of importance to both emergency medicine (EM) and research. To improve patient care, we need to address educational gaps in this area concurrent with research gaps. In this article, the authors highlight the need for sex- and gender-specific education in EM and propose guidelines for medical student, resident, and faculty education. Specific examples of incorporating this content into grand rounds, simulation, bedside teaching, and journal club sessions are reviewed. Future challenges and strategies to fill the gaps in the current education …

A Research Agenda For Gender And Substance Use Disorders In The Emergency Department, Esther K Choo, Gillian Beauchamp, Francesca L Beaudoin, Edward Bernstein, Judith Bernstein, Steven L Bernstein, Kerryann B Broderick, Robert Cannon, Gail D'Onofrio, Marna Greenberg, Kathryn Hawk, Rashelle B Hayes, Gabrielle A Jacquet, Melanie J Lippmann, Karin V Rhodes, Susan H Watts, Edwin D Boudreaux

Marna R Greenberg DO, MPH, FACEP

For many years, gender differences have been recognized as important factors in the etiology, pathophysiology, comorbidities, and treatment needs and outcomes associated with the use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. However, little is known about how these gender-specific differences affect ED utilization; responses to ED-based interventions; needs for substance use treatment and barriers to accessing care among patients in the ED; or outcomes after an alcohol-, drug-, or tobacco-related visit. As part of the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on "Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes," a breakout group convened to …

Gender Differences In Perceptions And Self-Reported Driving Behaviors Among Teenagers., Gavin Barr, Kathleen Kane, Robert Barraco, Timarie Rayburg, Lauren Demers, Chadd Kraus, Marna Greenberg, Valerie Rupp, Kimberly Hamilton, Bryan Kane

Marna R Greenberg DO, MPH, FACEP

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control reports that motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. teenagers, and disproportionately affect males. Among preventable causes of MVCs involving teenage drivers, distracted driving continues to be a serious public health problem. OBJECTIVES: To describe gender differences in teenage drivers' self-perceptions of safe driving behaviors, and self-reported risk behaviors and distractions while driving. METHODS: We prospectively surveyed teenage drivers from four high schools in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Gender comparisons were made between self-reported perceptions and self-reported driving behaviors. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared testing were used in …

Gender-Specific Regulatory Challenges To Product Approval: A Panel Discussion., Alyson J Mcgregor, Helen Barr, Marna Greenberg, Basmah Safdar, Peter Wildgoose, David W Wright, Judd E Hollander

Marna R Greenberg DO, MPH, FACEP

On May 13, 2014, a 1-hour panel discussion session titled "Gender-specific Regulatory Challenges to Product Approval" was held during the Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference, "Gender-specific Research in Emergency Medicine: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes." The session sought to bring together leaders in emergency medicine (EM) research, authors, and reviewers in EM research publications, as well as faculty, fellows, residents, and students engaged in research and clinical practice. A panel was convened involving a representative from the Office of Women's Health of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, two pharmaceutical executives, and a clinical EM researcher. …

Gender Differences In The Development Of Uremic Cardiomyopathy Following Partial Nephrectomy: Role Of Progesterone, Christopher Drummond, George Buddny, Steven Haller, Jiang Liu, Yanling Yan, Zijian Xie, Deepak Malhotra, Joseph Shapiro, Jiang Tian

Zijian Xie

Gender difference has been suggested as a risk factor for developing cardiovascular and renal diseases in humans and experimental animals. As a major sex hormone, progesterone was reported to compete with cardiotonic steroid binding to Na/K-ATPase. Our previous publication demonstrated that cardiotonic steroids (e.g., marinobufagenin) play an important role in the development of experimental uremic cardiomyopathy. We also observed that the putative mineralocorticoid antagonists, spironolactone and its major metabolite canrenone, antagonize binding of cardiotonic steroids to Na/K-ATPase in a competitive manner and also ameliorate experimental uremic cardiomyopathy induced by partial nephrectomy. In the following studies, we noted that progesterone displayed …

Subsets More Likely To Benefit From Surgery Or Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation After Chemoradiation For Localized Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, Bruce Keith, Mark Vincent, Larry Stitt, Anna Tomiak, Richard Malthaner, Edward Yu, Pauline Truong, Richard Inculet, Michael Lefcoe, A. Dar, Walter Kocha, Ian Craig

Richard A. Malthaner

After chemoradiation for localized non-small-cell lung cancer, surgery and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) have been used as additional therapies. Less than a third of patients develop brain recurrences, or have local recurrence as their sole initial site of recurrence; these are groups that would benefit from PCI or surgery, respectively. Pretreatment identification of patients more likely to benefit from surgery or PCI would be useful. A retrospective analysis of 80 patients was performed to determine prognostic factors for such patterns of failure. Twenty-nine patients were subsequently selected for surgery in a nonrandomized manner. Seventeen patients had isolated local initial recurrence …

Subsets More Likely To Benefit From Surgery Or Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation After Chemoradiation For Localized Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, Bruce Keith, Mark Vincent, Larry Stitt, Anna Tomiak, Richard Malthaner, Edward Yu, Pauline Truong, Richard Inculet, Michael Lefcoe, A. Dar, Walter Kocha, Ian Craig

Richard A. Malthaner

After chemoradiation for localized non-small-cell lung cancer, surgery and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) have been used as additional therapies. Less than a third of patients develop brain recurrences, or have local recurrence as their sole initial site of recurrence; these are groups that would benefit from PCI or surgery, respectively. Pretreatment identification of patients more likely to benefit from surgery or PCI would be useful. A retrospective analysis of 80 patients was performed to determine prognostic factors for such patterns of failure. Twenty-nine patients were subsequently selected for surgery in a nonrandomized manner. Seventeen patients had isolated local initial recurrence …

Interaction Among Gustation, Olfaction, And Vision In Flavor Identification, Michael Lauth

Michael Lauth

Even though the senses of taste, smell, and sight are distinct, there is a significant overlap among them in our perceptions of objects that helps us understand and differentiate the world. Everyone has experienced, when his or her nose gets congested, that his or her sense of taste changes as well. Many individuals do not equally understand the top-down processing with taste when someone sees objects they are about to eat. In the replicated study by our principle investigator, a random convenience sample of young adults (n=162) were recruited and tested to determine if they could taste four Jelly Belly …

Development Of The Levels Of Emotional Awareness Scale For Children (Leas-C), Joseph Ciarrochi, Frank Deane, Jane Bajgar, Richard Lane

joseph Ciarrochi

A performance-based assessment of the structure and complexity of emotional awareness was developed, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale for Children (LEAS-C). A pilot study (N=6, ages 9-12, M(age) =10.2 years) was conducted to construct, trial, and select scenarios suitable for the scale. A larger validity study (N=51, ages 10-11, M(age) =10.3 years) examined the relationship between the LEAS-C and two emotion knowledge tasks: emotion expressions and emotion comprehension; two verbal tasks: vocabulary and verbal productivity; and a cognitive developmental measure: the Parental Descriptions Scale (PDS). Gender differences in LEAS-C performance were also examined. The LEAS-C was significantly related to …