Digital Commons Network^™

Use Of Bedding Materials In Beef Bedded Manure Packs At Hot And Cold Ambient Temperatures: Effects On Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds And Odor Activity Values, Jeff P. Jaderborg, Mindy J. Spiehs, Bryan L. Woodbury, Alfredo Dicostanzo, David B. Parker

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Beef cattle producers are beginning to raise cattle in confinement facilities such as slatted-floor barns, hoop barns, and mono-slope facilities. Hoop and mono-slope facilities typically use bedding packs as part of their manure management system, with crop residues being the most commonly used bedding material. This study was conducted to determine the effects of bedding material, i.e., corn stover (CS), bean stover (BS), wheat straw (WS), or pine wood chips (PC), and environmental ambient temperature, i.e., cold (15°C) or hot (30°C), on the concentrations of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air samples collected in the headspace above lab-scale bedded …

Detection Of Inflammation Via Volatile Cues In Human Urine, Amy R. Gordon, Bruce A. Kimball, Kimmo Sorjonen, Bianka Karshikoff, John Axelsson, Mats Lekander, Johan N. Lundstrom, Mats J. Olsson

USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Contagious disease is a major threat to survival, and the cost of relying on the immune system to defeat pathogens is high; therefore, behavioral avoidance of contagious individuals is arguably an adaptive strategy. Animal findings demonstrate the ability to detect and avoid sick individuals by the aid of olfactory cues, and a recent study indicated that human axillary odor also becomes more aversive as a function of immune activation. By injecting healthy human participants with lipopolysaccharide (0.6 ng/kg body weight) to experimentally induce inflammation, this study demonstrates that natural daily rhythms of urine odor—its perceived dimensions and volatile profile—are altered …

Elm Seed Bug, Ryan S. Davis

All Current Publications

In July 2014, the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab and USDA APHIS confirmed the first reported occurrence of elm seed bug (Lygaeidae: Arocatus melanocephalus) in the state of Utah (Fig. 1). A native of Europe, the elm seed bug was first identified in the U.S. in Idaho in 2012. It has since been found in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Canada and in various locations throughout Asia and Europe. While Utah’s first submission originated from Salt Lake County, elm seed bug is now widely distributed along the Wasatch Front and Cache Co., and has been reported west to Duchesne Co., east …

Odor, Not Performance, Dictates Bemisia Tabaci'S Selection Between Healthy And Virus Infected Plants, Gong Chen, Qi Su, Xiaobin Shi, Xin Liu, Zhengke Peng, Huixin Zheng, Wen Xie, Baoyun Xu, Shaoli Wang, Qingjun Wu, Xuguo Zhou, Youjun Zhang

Entomology Faculty Publications

Although, insect herbivores are generally thought to select hosts that favor the fitness of their progeny, this “mother-knows-best” hypothesis may be challenged by the presence of a plant virus. Our previous study showed that the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, the obligate vector for transmitting Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), preferred to settle and oviposit on TYLCV-infected rather than healthy host plant, Datura stramonium. The performances of B. tabaci larvae and adults were indeed improved on virus-infected D. stramonium, which is consistent with “mother-knows-best” hypothesis. In this study, B. tabaci Q displayed the same preference to settle and …

Profiling Populations Using Neutral Markers, Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes And Volatile Organic Compounds As Modeled In Equus Caballus Linnaeus, Ketaki Deshpande

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Assessing the genetics of wild animal populations aims to understand selective pressures, and factors whether it be inbreeding or adaptation, that affect the genome. Although numerous techniques are available for assessing population structure, a major obstacle in studying wild populations is obtaining samples from the animals without having to capture them, which can lead to undue distress and injury. Therefore, biologists often use non-invasive sampling methods (i.e., collection of feces, hair) to extract host DNA. In this study, new DNA extraction protocols were developed that improved the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from fecal matter. Fecal samples aged up …

Morphine-Induced Suppression Of Conditioned Stimulus Intake: Effects Of Stimulus Type And Insular Cortex Lesions, Jian-You Lin, Christopher T. Roman, Steve Reilly

Christopher Roman

Intake of an unconditionally preferred taste stimulus (e.g., saccharin) is reduced by contingent administration of a drug of abuse (e.g., morphine). We examined the influence of insular cortex (IC) lesions on morphine-induced suppression of an olfactory cue and two taste stimuli with different levels of perceived innate reward value. Two major findings emerged from this study. First, morphine suppressed intake of an aqueous odor as well as each taste stimulus in neurologically intact rats. Second, IC lesions disrupted morphine-induced suppression of the taste stimuli but not the aqueous odor cue. These results indicate that the perceived innate reward value of …

The Behavioral Response Of Culex Erraticus To Different Snake Odors, Lindsey E. Wells

Honors College Theses

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is an arbovirus that can cause fatal infections in humans and horses. Unfortunately, the transmission mechanisms of this virus are still largely unknown. Culex erraticus displays a strong potential for serving as a vector of EEEV because of its indiscriminate feeding pattern and abundance in areas with the highest prevalence of infection. However, Culex erraticus is incapable of over-wintering the virus, yet EEE recurs each spring. Snakes may play an important role in over-wintering the virus, and certain snake species may be infected more frequently than others. This study was conducted to determine if Culex …

Cross-Cultural Comparison In The Emotional Responses Elicited By Wine Odors, Aimee Hasenbeck

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

To remain competitive in the wine market, wine companies must strive for a deeper understanding of the factors that influence consumers at an emotional level in order to sustain consumer satisfaction. Evaluating the wine odor-induced emotional response, in addition to hedonic response and descriptive analysis, may provide valuable information into the perspective of the consumer and potentially insight to repeat purchases. The objectives of this research were to measure the emotional responses elicited by odor attributes in wine samples and determine whether these emotional responses vary as function of cultural and experiential backgrounds, as well as sensory characteristics of wine …

Volatile Organic Compound Flux From Manure Of Cattle Fed Diets Differing In Grain Processing Method And Co-Product Inclusion, Kristin Hales, David B. Parker, N. Andy Cole

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Odor emissions from livestock production have become increasingly important in the past decade. Odors derived from animal feeding operations are caused by odorous VOC emitted from the mixture of feces and urine, as well as feed and silage which may be experiencing microbial fermentation. Distillers grains are a by-product of corn grain fermentation used to produce fuel ethanol, and this industry has grown rapidly throughout the U.S. in past years. Therefore, the use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in feedlot cattle diets has also increased. The objective of this research was to determine specific VOC emissions from feces …

Strategies For Odor Coding In The Piriform Cortex, Jessica H. Brann, Shari R. Saideman, Matthew T. Valley, Denise Wiedl

Jessica Brann

No abstract provided.

Gas Emissions And Olfactometry For Dairy Heifers, Rebecca Gary

Dairy Science

The objective of this study was to determine any trends in odor evaluations and gas emissions of manure samples in heifers fed high/low concentrate and high/low forage diets. Heifers (n = 8) were enrolled randomly in a split plot design with diet type (high concentrate vs. low concentrate) as the whole plot and forage quality (4 different levels of corn stover within each diet type) as sub-plots in a 4-period (21d) 4X4 Latin square design. Total collection of urine and feces was performed on days 18-21 of each period. The feces to urine ratio (F:U) was determined on days 18 …

Nf04-607 Growing Scallions (Green Onions) For Market Gardeners, Laurie Hodges

Laurie Hodges

Growing scallions (green onions) can provide market gardeners with early cash flow and customers with quality increases in storage life, freshness and flavor. Growing quality scallions is easier than growing quality bulb onions simply because they are in the field for a shorter time and bulb formation is not an issue when growing true scallions. This NebFact discusses choosing and growing scallions from seed, fertilizing, the use of pesticides and herbicides for controlling pests and weeds, and a listing of seeding companies.

Reducing Odorous Voc Emissions From Swine Manure Using Soybean Peroxidase And Peroxides, David B. Parker, Lingshuang Cai, Ki-Hyun Kim, Kristin E. Hales, Mindy J. Spiehs, Bryan L. Woodbury, Audrey L. Atkin, Kenneth Nickerson, Krista D. Patefield

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The objective of the research was to determine the optimum application rates of soybean peroxidase (SBP) plus peroxide (SBPP) for reducing odorous VOC emissions from swine manure. Industrial-grade SBP was applied in combination with liquid hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or powdered calcium peroxide (CaO₂) to standard phenolic solutions and swine manure, and emissions were measured in a wind tunnel. The primary odorant in the untreated manure was 4-methylphenol, which accounted for 68–81% of the odor activity value. At the optimum application rate of SBPP (50 g L^-1), 4-methylphenol emissions were reduced from the …

Morphine-Induced Suppression Of Conditioned Stimulus Intake: Effects Of Stimulus Type And Insular Cortex Lesions, Jian-You Lin, Christopher T. Roman, Steve Reilly

Scholarship and Professional Work – COPHS

Intake of an unconditionally preferred taste stimulus (e.g., saccharin) is reduced by contingent administration of a drug of abuse (e.g., morphine). We examined the influence of insular cortex (IC) lesions on morphine-induced suppression of an olfactory cue and two taste stimuli with different levels of perceived innate reward value. Two major findings emerged from this study. First, morphine suppressed intake of an aqueous odor as well as each taste stimulus in neurologically intact rats. Second, IC lesions disrupted morphine-induced suppression of the taste stimuli but not the aqueous odor cue. These results indicate that the perceived innate reward value of …

Temporal Variations In Gas And Odor Emissions From A Dairy Manure Storage Pond, Lingying Zhao, Matthew J. Darr, X. Wang, Roderick B. Manuzon, M. Brugger, E. Imerman, G. Arnold, H. Keener, Albert J. Heber

Matthew J. Darr

As dairy production evolves towards larger and more concentrated operations, air and water quality on and around dairy farms is becoming a significant concern. It is necessary to understand air emission temporal variations for development and implementation of effective abatement technologies and management practices. The objectives of this study were to understand temporal variations in H2S, NH3, and odor emissions from a dairy manure storage pond, the effects of manure characteristics and environmental conditions on gas emissions, and gas management need of dairy manure storage ponds. One representative Ohio dairy farm with a 675-cow free-stall barn and one outside earthen …

Strategies For Odor Coding In The Piriform Cortex, Jessica H. Brann, Shari R. Saideman, Matthew T. Valley, Denise Wiedl

Biology: Faculty Publications and Other Works

No abstract provided.

Urine-Marking And Ground-Scratching By Free-Ranging Arctic Wolves, Canis Lupus Arctos, In Summer, L. David Mech

USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

Urine-marking and ground-scratching were observed in an Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus) pack on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, during 16 summers between 1986 and 2005. All previously known urination postures and ground-scratching by breeding males and females were seen, and incidence of marking and scratching was greatest when non-pack wolves were present. Observations of urine-marking of food remains supported the conclusion from a captive Wolf study that such marking signals lack of edible food.

Nf05-646 Removing Skunk Odor, Stephen M. Vantassel, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Dennis M. Ferraro

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Skunks are famous for their odorous defensive spray. When alarmed or threatened, skunks have been known to spray people, pets, and automobiles. They also spray in basements, garages, window wells, and under porches. The musk they spray is a yellow-tinted oily liquid. This NebFact discusses the general background, deodorizing treatment, home remedies and over-the-counter products, electric foggers and atomist sprayers, general first aid tips, and cautions for removing skunk odors around your home.

Application Rate And Timing Effects On Urease Inhibitor Performance For Minimizing Ammonia Emissions From Beef Cattle Feedyards, David B. Parker, Syam Pandrangi, L. Wayne Greene, Lal K. Almas, N. Andy Cole, Marty B. Rhoades, Jacek A. Koziel

Jacek A. Koziel

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate how rate and timing of urease inhibitor application affects ammonia emissions from simulated beef cattle feedyard surfaces. The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was applied at rates of 0, 1 and 2 kg/ha, at 8, 16, and 32 day frequencies, and with or without simulated rainfall. Synthetic urine was added every 2 days to the manure surface. Gaseous NH3 was trapped in a sulfuric acid solution using a vacuum system and analyzed for nitrogen using automated procedures. NBPT applied every 8 days was most effective, with the 1 and 2 kg/ha NBPT treatments …

Nf04-607 Growing Scallions (Green Onions) For Market Gardeners, Laurie Hodges

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Growing scallions (green onions) can provide market gardeners with early cash flow and customers with quality increases in storage life, freshness and flavor. Growing quality scallions is easier than growing quality bulb onions simply because they are in the field for a shorter time and bulb formation is not an issue when growing true scallions.

This NebFact discusses choosing and growing scallions from seed, fertilizing, the use of pesticides and herbicides for controlling pests and weeds, and a listing of seeding companies.

Generation And Calibration Of Standard Gas Mixtures For Volatile Fatty Acids Using Permeation Tubes And Solid Phase Microextraction, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne

Jacek A. Koziel

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are major components of odors associated with agricultural operations and livestock housing, solid waste processing and disposal, and industrial and municipal wastewater collection and treatment systems. Emissions estimation and assessment of odor control methods depend on reliable air sampling and analysis methods for VFAs. The objective of this research was to develop and test a method for continuous and reliable generation of standard gas mixtures for VFAs based on permeation tubes. Standard gas mixtures for acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were generated with permeation tubes and monitored for a 100-day period. The …

Assessment Of Moisture Control And Additives For Odor Reduction From Open-Lot Feedyard Surfaces, Jocelyn D. Buchanan, David B. Parker, Marty B. Rhoades, Jacek A. Koziel, William J. Rogers

Jacek A. Koziel

Amendments for reducing odor from open-lot beef cattle feedyards were evaluated in the laboratory. Manure was placed in small Tupperware® containers. Water and amendments were added to the manure surface and the containers were attached to a vacuum pump that continually passed 2.5 L/min of carbon-filtered air over the surface. Eleven different amendments were tested, at two different concentrations, in a series of five experiments. Odor samples were collected 3 times during a 10-day period in each experiment and were analyzed by trained panelists for detection threshold (DT), intensity and hedonic tone. None of the amendments showed any overwhelming evidence …

Odor Characterization At Open-Lot Beef Cattle Feedyards Using Triangular Forced Choice Olfactometry, David B. Parker, Marty B. Rhoades, Brent W. Auvermann, Jacek A. Koziel

Jacek A. Koziel

Odor samples were collected two to four times per month over a one-year period in 2002-2003 at three large open-lot beef cattle feedyards in the Texas panhandle. Samples were collected in 10 L Tedlar bags using a vacuum chamber upwind of the feedyard, downwind of the pens, and downwind of the runoff storage pond. Samples were analyzed in the odor lab for detection threshold (DT) using triangular forced choice olfactometry with trained human odor panelists. Full-strength odor samples were also analyzed for intensity and hedonic tone. Weather data was collected on-site at each of the feedyards for correlation to odor …

Generation And Calibration Of Standard Gas Mixtures For Volatile Fatty Acids Using Permeation Tubes And Solid-Phase Microextraction, Jacek A. Koziel, Jarett P. Spinhirne

Jacek A. Koziel

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are major components of odors associated with agricultural operations and livestock housing, solid waste processing and disposal, industrial and municipal wastewater collection, and treatment systems. Emission estimation and assessment of odor control methods depend on reliable air sampling and analysis methods for VFAs. The objective of this research was to develop and test a method for continuous and reliable generation of standard gas mixtures for VFAs based on permeation tubes. Standard gas mixtures for acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were generated with permeation tubes and monitored for a 100-day period. The gravimetric …

Nf03-587 Management Program To Prevent Smut Diseases Of Wheat (Revised September 2005), John E. Watkins

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebFact, Wheat Disease Fact Sheet No. 6, discusses the management program to prevent smut diseases of wheat. It covers the cause and occurrence, key symptoms, cultural management practices, fungicide seed treatment program, economic significance, and applications for controlling the smut diseases.

Screening For Volatile Fatty Acids In Agricultural Air Using Solid Phase Microextraction And Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, Jarett P. Spinhirne, Jacek A. Koziel, David B. Parker, Darren L. Williams, N. Andy Cole, John M. Sweeten

Jacek A. Koziel

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are a major component of odorous gases associated with agricultural sources. Because of typically low VFA air concentrations, conventional air sampling methods including sorbent tubes and vacuum canisters are often not sensitive enough to detect them. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used in this research because it is very sensitive, reusable, fast, and combines sampling and sample preparation, allowing for rapid detection of low concentrations of organics in air. This research focused on 7 VFAs: acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids. Field experiments were conducted to test this method for air sampling of …

Nf02-505 Drinking Water: Chloramines Waters Disinfection In Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, Sharon Skipton, Bruce I. Dvorak

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Bacteria and other disease-causing organisms in drinking water can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, and a variety of other illnesses. Water disinfection reduces disease-causing organisms and prevents the transmission of disease. This publication discusses the disinfection process used by Metropolitan Utilities District and how it will change in 2002.

Evaluation Of Fabric Swatch Types For Relative Odor Intensity At Beef Cattle Feedyards, Sean D. See, David B. Parker, Brent W. Auvermann, Jacek A. Koziel, John Sweeten

Jacek A. Koziel

A research project was conducted to determine which type of fabric swatch was best suited for on-site sampling of odor intensity at open-lot beef cattle feeding operations. Five different types of fabric were tested: cotton flannel, cotton muslin, acetate, polyester and polyester felt. Square swatches (20 × 20 cm) were suspended 1 m above the ground surface downwind of cattle pens for 24 hours. The swatches were placed in glass jars and presented to 8-10 human panelists who were asked to rank the swatches based on relative odor intensity. Five trials were conducted at 3 feedyards. Sums of ranks and …

Trigeminal Repellents Do Not Promote Conditioned Odor Avoidance In European Starlings, Larry Clark

Larry Clark

Birds, and in particular European Starlings (Stumus vulgaris), avoid con­ sumption of fluid and food treated with the natural plant products, methyl anthranilate and o-aminoacetophenone. Avoidance is an unlearnedresponse most likely mediated via chem­ ically sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve codes for chemical irritation and pain. Starlings are not repelled by the odor of the compounds, nor is olfaction important in the avoidance response. Moreover, starlings fail to learn to avoid the odor of the repellents, even after direct oral contact with liquid repellent. While trigeminal irritants can be powerful repellents, the absence of associative learning …

Odor Thresholds In Passerines, Larry Clark, K.V. Avilova, N.J. Bean

Larry Clark

Eight species of passerines were evaluated for their ability to form conditioned responses to odor stimuli. Only 5 species met training criteria and were tested for odor detection thresholds.

2. Detection thresholds were comparable to other passerines tested. Detection values were also similar to mammalian macrosmatic species, such as rats and rabbits. Thus, despite the poorly elaborated olfactory anatomy of passerines, these birds possess an adequate sense of smell.

3. Within the Passeriformes there is no correlation between olfactory acuity and relative size of the olfactory bulb. However, there is a correlation between acuity and olfactory bulb size across orders …