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Articles 1 - 30 of 37
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Geobacter Sulfurreducens Can Grow With Oxygen As A Terminal Electron Acceptor, W. C. Lin, Maddalena V. Coppi, Derek Lovley
Geobacter Sulfurreducens Can Grow With Oxygen As A Terminal Electron Acceptor, W. C. Lin, Maddalena V. Coppi, Derek Lovley
Derek Lovley
Geobacter sulfurreducens, previously classified as a strict anaerobe, tolerated exposure to atmospheric oxygen for at least 24 h and grew with oxygen as the sole electron acceptor at concentrations of 10% or less in the headspace. These results help explain how Geobacter species may survive in oxic subsurface environments, being poised to rapidly take advantage of the development of anoxic conditions.
The Zebrafish Iguana Locus Encodes Dzip1, A Novel Zinc Finger Protein Required For Proper Regulation Of Hedgehog Signaling, Kohshin Sekimizu, Noriyuki Nishioka, Hiroshi Sasaki, Hiroyuki Takeda, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Atsushi Kawakami
The Zebrafish Iguana Locus Encodes Dzip1, A Novel Zinc Finger Protein Required For Proper Regulation Of Hedgehog Signaling, Kohshin Sekimizu, Noriyuki Nishioka, Hiroshi Sasaki, Hiroyuki Takeda, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Atsushi Kawakami
Rolf O Karlstrom
Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family of intercellular signaling molecules play crucial roles in animal development. Aberrant regulation of Hh signaling in humans causes developmental defects, and leads to various genetic disorders and cancers. We have characterized a novel regulator of Hh signaling through the analysis of the zebrafish midline mutant iguana (igu). Mutations in igu lead to reduced expression of Hh target genes in the ventral neural tube, similar to the phenotype seen in zebrafish mutants known to affect Hh signaling. Contradictory at first sight, igu mutations lead to expanded Hh target gene expression in somites. Genetic and pharmacological …
Guía De Mentoría: Guía Para Mentores, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Guía De Mentoría: Guía Para Mentores, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
No abstract provided.
Mentoring Guide A Guide For Protégés, The Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Mentoring Guide A Guide For Protégés, The Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
No abstract provided.
Guía De Mentoría: Guía De Los Protegidos, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Guía De Mentoría: Guía De Los Protegidos, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
No abstract provided.
Mentoring Guide: A Guide For Mentors, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Mentoring Guide: A Guide For Mentors, Center For Health Leadership & Practice
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
No abstract provided.
Electron Transfer By Desulfobulbus Propionicus To Fe(Iii) And Graphite Electrodes, Derek Lovley, Dawn E. Holmes, Daniel R. Bond
Electron Transfer By Desulfobulbus Propionicus To Fe(Iii) And Graphite Electrodes, Derek Lovley, Dawn E. Holmes, Daniel R. Bond
Derek Lovley
Desulfobulbus propionicus was able to grow with Fe(III), the humic acids analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), or a graphite electrode as an electron acceptor. These results provide an explanation for the enrichment of Desulfobulbaceae species on the surface of electrodes harvesting electricity from anaerobic marine sediments and further expand the diversity of microorganisms known to have the ability to use both sulfate and Fe(III) as an electron acceptor.
Herbs In American Fields: A Horticultural Perspective Of Herb And Medicinal Plant Production In The United States, Lyle E. Craker, Zoë Gardner, Selma C. Etter
Herbs In American Fields: A Horticultural Perspective Of Herb And Medicinal Plant Production In The United States, Lyle E. Craker, Zoë Gardner, Selma C. Etter
Lyle E. Craker
No abstract provided.
Stimulating The In Situ Activity Of Geobacter Species To Remove Uranium From The Groundwater Of A Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer, Robert T. Anderson, Helen A. Vrionis, Irene Ortiz-Bernad, Charles T. Resch, Philip E. Long, Richard Dayvault, Ken Karp, Sam Marutzky, Donald R. Metzler, Aaron Peacock, David C. White, Mary Lowe, Derek Lovley
Stimulating The In Situ Activity Of Geobacter Species To Remove Uranium From The Groundwater Of A Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer, Robert T. Anderson, Helen A. Vrionis, Irene Ortiz-Bernad, Charles T. Resch, Philip E. Long, Richard Dayvault, Ken Karp, Sam Marutzky, Donald R. Metzler, Aaron Peacock, David C. White, Mary Lowe, Derek Lovley
Derek Lovley
The potential for removing uranium from contaminated groundwater by stimulating the in situ activity of dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms was evaluated in a uranium-contaminated aquifer located in Rifle, Colo. Acetate (1 to 3 mM) was injected into the subsurface over a 3-month period via an injection gallery composed of 20 injection wells, which was installed upgradient from a series of 15 monitoring wells. U(VI) concentrations decreased in as little as 9 days after acetate injection was initiated, and within 50 days uranium had declined below the prescribed treatment level of 0.18 micro M in some of the monitoring wells. Analysis of …
Hedgehog Signaling Is Directly Required For The Development Of Zebrafish Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons, Josette M. Ungos, Rolf O. Karlstrom, David W. Raible
Hedgehog Signaling Is Directly Required For The Development Of Zebrafish Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons, Josette M. Ungos, Rolf O. Karlstrom, David W. Raible
Rolf O Karlstrom
Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction is directly required in zebrafish DRG precursors for proper development of DRG neurons. Zebrafish mutations in the Hh signaling pathway result in the absence of DRG neurons and the loss of expression of neurogenin1 (ngn1), a gene required for determination of DRG precursors. Cell transplantation experiments demonstrate that Hh acts directly on DRG neuron precursors. Blocking Hh pathway activation at later stages of embryogenesis with the steroidal alkaloid, cyclopamine, further reveals that the requirement for a Hh signal response in DRG precursors correlates with the onset of ngn1 expression. These results suggest that Hh signaling may …
The Condensin Complex Is Required For Proper Spindle Assembly And Chromosome Segregation In Xenopus Egg Extracts, Thomas J. Maresca, S. M. Wignall, R. Deehan, R. Heald
The Condensin Complex Is Required For Proper Spindle Assembly And Chromosome Segregation In Xenopus Egg Extracts, Thomas J. Maresca, S. M. Wignall, R. Deehan, R. Heald
Thomas J. Maresca
Chromosome condensation is required for the physical resolution and segregation of sister chromatids during cell division, but the precise role of higher order chromatin structure in mitotic chromosome functions is unclear. Here, we address the role of the major condensation machinery, the condensin complex, in spindle assembly and function in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Immunodepletion of condensin inhibited microtubule growth and organization around chromosomes, reducing the percentage of sperm nuclei capable of forming spindles, and causing dramatic defects in anaphase chromosome segregation. Although the motor CENP-E was recruited to kinetochores pulled poleward during anaphase, the disorganized chromosome mass was not …
Microorganisms Associated With Uranium Bioremediation In A High Salinity Subsurface Sediment, Kelly P. Nevin, Kevin T. Finneran, Derek Lovley
Microorganisms Associated With Uranium Bioremediation In A High Salinity Subsurface Sediment, Kelly P. Nevin, Kevin T. Finneran, Derek Lovley
Kelly Nevin
Although stimulation of dissimilatory metal reduction to promote the reductive precipitation of uranium has been shown to successfully remove uranium from some aquifer sediments, the organisms in the family Geobacteraceae that have been found to be associated with metal reduction in previous studies are not known to grow at the high salinities found in some uranium-contaminated groundwaters. Studies with a highly saline uranium-contaminated aquifer sediment demonstrated that the addition of acetate could stimulate the removal of U(VI) from the groundwater. This removal was associated with an enrichment in microorganisms most closely related to Pseudomonas and Desulfosporosinus species.
Genetic Analysis Of Zebrafish Gli1 And Gli2 Reveals Divergent Requirements For Gli Genes In Vertebrate Development, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Oksana V. Tyurina, Atsushi Kawakami, Noriyuki Nishioka, William S. Talbot, Hiroshi Sasaki, Alexander F. Schier
Genetic Analysis Of Zebrafish Gli1 And Gli2 Reveals Divergent Requirements For Gli Genes In Vertebrate Development, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Oksana V. Tyurina, Atsushi Kawakami, Noriyuki Nishioka, William S. Talbot, Hiroshi Sasaki, Alexander F. Schier
Rolf O Karlstrom
Gli proteins regulate the transcription of Hedgehog (Hh) target genes. Genetic studies in mouse have shown that Gli1 is not essential for embryogenesis, whereas Gli2 acts as an activator of Hh target genes. In contrast, misexpression studies in Xenopus and cultured cells have suggested that Gli1 can act as an activator of Hh-regulated genes, whereas Gli2 might function as a repressor of a subset of Hh targets. To clarify the roles of gli genes during vertebrate development, we have analyzed the requirements for gli1 and gli2 during zebrafish embryogenesis. We report that detour (dtr) mutations encode loss-of-function alleles of gli1. …
Adventures In Collaborative Research: A Case Study For Performance And Discussion, Kenneth D. Pimple
Adventures In Collaborative Research: A Case Study For Performance And Discussion, Kenneth D. Pimple
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
No abstract provided.
Dependence Of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation On The Peptide Binding Domain And Concentration Of Bip, Mehdi Kabani, Stephanie S. Kelley, Michael W. Morrow, Diana L. Montgomery, Renuka Sivendran, Mark D. Rose, Lila Gierasch, Jeffrey L. Brodsky
Dependence Of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation On The Peptide Binding Domain And Concentration Of Bip, Mehdi Kabani, Stephanie S. Kelley, Michael W. Morrow, Diana L. Montgomery, Renuka Sivendran, Mark D. Rose, Lila Gierasch, Jeffrey L. Brodsky
Lila Gierasch
ER-associated degradation (ERAD) removes defective and mis-folded proteins from the eukaryotic secretory pathway, but mutations in the ER lumenal Hsp70, BiP/Kar2p, compromise ERAD efficiency in yeast. Because attenuation of ERAD activates the UPR, we screened for kar2 mutants in which the unfolded protein response (UPR) was induced in order to better define how BiP facilitates ERAD. Among the kar2 mutants isolated we identified the ERAD-specific kar2-1 allele (Brodsky et al. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3453–3460). The kar2-1 mutation resides in the peptide-binding domain of BiP and decreases BiP's affinity for a peptide substrate. Peptide-stimulated ATPase activity was also reduced, suggesting …
Microorganisms Associated With Uranium Bioremediation In A High Salinity Subsurface Sediment, Kelly P. Nevin, Kevin T. Finneran, Derek Lovley
Microorganisms Associated With Uranium Bioremediation In A High Salinity Subsurface Sediment, Kelly P. Nevin, Kevin T. Finneran, Derek Lovley
Derek Lovley
Although stimulation of dissimilatory metal reduction to promote the reductive precipitation of uranium has been shown to successfully remove uranium from some aquifer sediments, the organisms in the family Geobacteraceae that have been found to be associated with metal reduction in previous studies are not known to grow at the high salinities found in some uranium-contaminated groundwaters. Studies with a highly saline uranium-contaminated aquifer sediment demonstrated that the addition of acetate could stimulate the removal of U(VI) from the groundwater. This removal was associated with an enrichment in microorganisms most closely related to Pseudomonas and Desulfosporosinus species.
Regulation Of Root Elongation Under Phosphorus Stress Involves Changes In Ethylene Responsiveness, Tobias Baskin, Z. Ma, K.M. Brown, J.P. Lynch
Regulation Of Root Elongation Under Phosphorus Stress Involves Changes In Ethylene Responsiveness, Tobias Baskin, Z. Ma, K.M. Brown, J.P. Lynch
Tobias Baskin
We characterized the growth of the primary root of Arabidopsis under phosphorus sufficiency (1 mm phosphate) and deficiency (1 μm phosphate), focusing on the role of ethylene. We quantified the spatial profile of relative elongation with a novel method based on image processing, as well as the production rates of cortical cells, trichoblasts, and atrichoblasts. Phosphorus deficiency moderately decreased the maximal rate of relative elongation, shortened the growth zone, and decreased the production rate of both epidermal cell types but not of cortical cells. Inhibiting ethylene production (with aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine) or action (with 1-methylcyclopropene) increased elongation in high phosphorus and decreased …
Thermophily In The Geobacteraceae: Geothermobacter Ehrlichii Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., A Novel Thermophilic Member Of The Geobacteraceae From The “Bag City” Hydrothermal Vent, Kazem Kashefi, Dawn E. Holmes, John A. Baross, Derek Lovley
Thermophily In The Geobacteraceae: Geothermobacter Ehrlichii Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., A Novel Thermophilic Member Of The Geobacteraceae From The “Bag City” Hydrothermal Vent, Kazem Kashefi, Dawn E. Holmes, John A. Baross, Derek Lovley
Derek Lovley
Little is known about the microbiology of the “Bag City” hydrothermal vent, which is part of a new eruption site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and which is notable for its accumulation of polysaccharide on the sediment surface. A pure culture, designated strain SS015, was recovered from a vent fluid sample from the Bag City site through serial dilution in liquid medium with malate as the electron donor and Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor and then isolation of single colonies on solid Fe(III) oxide medium. The cells were gram-negative rods, about 0.5 μm by 1.2 to 1.5 μm, …
Geobacter Sulfurreducens Has Two Autoregulated Lexa Genes Whose Products Do Not Bind The Reca Promoter: Differing Response Of Lexa And Reca To Dna Damage, Mónica Jara, Cinthia Núñez, Susan Campoy, Antonio R. Fernández De Henestrosa, Derek Lovley, Jordi Barbѐ
Geobacter Sulfurreducens Has Two Autoregulated Lexa Genes Whose Products Do Not Bind The Reca Promoter: Differing Response Of Lexa And Reca To Dna Damage, Mónica Jara, Cinthia Núñez, Susan Campoy, Antonio R. Fernández De Henestrosa, Derek Lovley, Jordi Barbѐ
Derek Lovley
The Escherichia coli LexA protein was used as a query sequence in TBLASTN searches to identify the lexA gene of the delta-proteobacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens from its genome sequence. The results of the search indicated that G. sulfurreducens has two independent lexA genes designated lexA1 and lexA2. A copy of a dinB gene homologue, which in E. coli encodes DNA polymerase IV, is present downstream of each lexA gene. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated that, in both cases, lexA and dinB constitute a single transcriptional unit. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with purified LexA1 and LexA2 proteins have shown that both proteins bind …
Omcb, A C-Type Polyheme Cytochrome, Involved In Fe(Iii) Reduction In Geobacter Sulfurreducens, Ching Leang, Maddalena V. Coppi, Derek Lovley
Omcb, A C-Type Polyheme Cytochrome, Involved In Fe(Iii) Reduction In Geobacter Sulfurreducens, Ching Leang, Maddalena V. Coppi, Derek Lovley
Derek Lovley
Microorganisms in the family Geobacteraceae are the predominant Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in a variety of subsurface environments in which Fe(III) reduction is an important process, but little is known about the mechanisms for electron transport to Fe(III) in these organisms. The Geobacter sulfurreducens genome was found to contain a 10-kb chromosomal duplication consisting of two tandem three-gene clusters. The last genes of the two clusters, designated omcB and omcC, encode putative outer membrane polyheme c-type cytochromes which are 79% identical. The role of the omcB and omcC genes in Fe(III) reduction in G. sulfurreducens was investigated. OmcB and OmcC were both …
Genetic Analysis Of Zebrafish Gli1 And Gli2 Reveals Divergent Requirements For Gli Genes In Vertebrate Development, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Oksana V. Tyurina, Atsushi Kawakami, Noriyuki Nishioka, William S. Talbot, Hiroshi Sasaki, Alexander F. Schier
Genetic Analysis Of Zebrafish Gli1 And Gli2 Reveals Divergent Requirements For Gli Genes In Vertebrate Development, Rolf O. Karlstrom, Oksana V. Tyurina, Atsushi Kawakami, Noriyuki Nishioka, William S. Talbot, Hiroshi Sasaki, Alexander F. Schier
Biology Department Faculty Publication Series
Gli proteins regulate the transcription of Hedgehog (Hh) target genes. Genetic studies in mouse have shown that Gli1 is not essential for embryogenesis, whereas Gli2 acts as an activator of Hh target genes. In contrast, misexpression studies in Xenopus and cultured cells have suggested that Gli1 can act as an activator of Hh-regulated genes, whereas Gli2 might function as a repressor of a subset of Hh targets. To clarify the roles of gli genes during vertebrate development, we have analyzed the requirements for gli1 and gli2 during zebrafish embryogenesis. We report that detour (dtr) mutations encode loss-of-function alleles …
Fresh Fruit Production, Carolyn Demoranville, Frank L. Caruso, Joseph Deverna
Fresh Fruit Production, Carolyn Demoranville, Frank L. Caruso, Joseph Deverna
Cranberry Station Best Management Practices Guide - 2000 Edition
Practices recommended for the preservation of environmental quality and effective management of the bog physical plant (e. g., water control structures, erosion control, pesticide storage and handling) are universally applicable regardless of whether a bed is producing fruit for processing or for the fresh market. However, certain practices require modification to effectively produce abundant, high quality cranberries for fresh fruit. This document should be used in conjunction with and in addition to the remainder of the Best Management Practices Guide, providing additional recommendations for the fresh fruit grower. This document was developed by the University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station and …
Aluminum Rapidly Depolymerizes Cortical Microtubules And Depolarizes The Plasma Membrane: Evidence That These Responses Are Mediated By A Glutamate Receptor, M Sivaguru, S Pike, W Gassmann, Ti Baskin
Aluminum Rapidly Depolymerizes Cortical Microtubules And Depolarizes The Plasma Membrane: Evidence That These Responses Are Mediated By A Glutamate Receptor, M Sivaguru, S Pike, W Gassmann, Ti Baskin
Biology Department Faculty Publication Series
No abstract provided.
Period Gene Expression In Mouse Endocrine Tissues, El Bittman, L Doherty, Ly Huang, A Paroskie
Period Gene Expression In Mouse Endocrine Tissues, El Bittman, L Doherty, Ly Huang, A Paroskie
Biology Department Faculty Publication Series
No abstract provided.
Hormesis And Stage Specific Toxicity Induced By Cadmium In An Insect Model, The Queen Blowfly, Phormia Regina Meig., Marc A. Nascarella, John G. Stoffolano, Jr., Edward J. Stanek, Iii, Paul T. Kostecki, Edward J. Calabrese
Hormesis And Stage Specific Toxicity Induced By Cadmium In An Insect Model, The Queen Blowfly, Phormia Regina Meig., Marc A. Nascarella, John G. Stoffolano, Jr., Edward J. Stanek, Iii, Paul T. Kostecki, Edward J. Calabrese
Paul T. Kostecki
No abstract provided.
Dietary Supplements: The New Herbalism, Lyle E. Craker, Zoë Gardner
Dietary Supplements: The New Herbalism, Lyle E. Craker, Zoë Gardner
Lyle E. Craker
The passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in 1994 made the use of supplements more acceptable in the U.S., increasing demand for botanicals to use in health care and maintenance. These botanicals, primarily medicinal and aromatic plants, currently represent about 25% of the dietary supplement market in the U.S. Although much of the market for botanicals traditionally has been met through collection of plants in the wild, enhanced cultivation of several species will be essential to bring standardized, quality plant materials into the marketplace.
A New Algorithm For Computational Image Analysis Of Deformable Motion At High Spatial And Temporal Resolution Applied To Root Growth: Roughly Uniform Elongation In The Meristem And Also, After An Abrupt Acceleration, In The Elongation Zone, Tobias Baskin, C.M. Van Der Weele, H. Jiang, K.K. Palaniappan, V.B. Ivanov
A New Algorithm For Computational Image Analysis Of Deformable Motion At High Spatial And Temporal Resolution Applied To Root Growth: Roughly Uniform Elongation In The Meristem And Also, After An Abrupt Acceleration, In The Elongation Zone, Tobias Baskin, C.M. Van Der Weele, H. Jiang, K.K. Palaniappan, V.B. Ivanov
Tobias Baskin
A requirement for understanding morphogenesis is being able to quantify expansion at the cellular scale. Here, we present new software (RootflowRT) for measuring the expansion profile of a growing root at high spatial and temporal resolution. The software implements an image processing algorithm using a novel combination of optical flow methods for deformable motion. The algorithm operates on a stack of nine images with a given time interval between each (usually 10 s) and quantifies velocity confidently at most pixels of the image. The root does not need to be marked. The software calculates components of motion parallel and perpendicular …
Quantitative Trait Loci And Comparative Genomics Of Cereal Cell Wall Composition, Samuel P. Hazen, R. M. Hawley, G. L. Davis, B. Henrissat, J. D. Walton
Quantitative Trait Loci And Comparative Genomics Of Cereal Cell Wall Composition, Samuel P. Hazen, R. M. Hawley, G. L. Davis, B. Henrissat, J. D. Walton
Samuel P Hazen
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting sugar composition of the cell walls of maize (Zea mays) pericarp were mapped as an approach to the identification of genes involved in cereal wall biosynthesis. Mapping was performed using the IBM (B73 × Mo17) recombinant inbred line population. There were statistically significant differences between B73 and Mo17 in content of xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), and glucose. Thirteen QTLs were found, affecting the content of Xyl (two QTLs), Ara (two QTLs), Gal (five QTLs), Glc (two QTLs), Ara + Gal (one QTL), and Xyl + Glc (one QTL). The chromosomal regions corresponding to …
Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Mediates Rac/Rop Gtpase-Regulated Pollen Tube Growth, C, Y, Chen, Alice Cheung, H. M. Wu
Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Mediates Rac/Rop Gtpase-Regulated Pollen Tube Growth, C, Y, Chen, Alice Cheung, H. M. Wu
Alice Cheung
Pollen tube elongation is a rapid tip growth process that is driven by a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. A ubiquitous family of actin binding proteins, actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs)/cofilins, bind to actin filaments, induce severing, enhance depolymerization from their slow-growing end, and are important for maintaining actin dynamics in vivo. ADFs/cofilins are regulated by multiple mechanisms, among which Rho small GTPase-activated phosphorylation at a terminal region Ser residue plays an important role in regulating their actin binding and depolymerizing activity, affecting actin reorganization. We have shown previously that a tobacco pollen-specific ADF, NtADF1, is important for maintaining normal pollen tube actin cytoskeleton …
Biochemical And Genetic Characterization Of Ppca, A Periplasmic C-Type Cytochrome In Geobacter Sulfurreducens, Jon R. Lloyd, Allison L Hodges Myerson, Ching Leang, Maddalena V. Coppi, Stacey Cuifo, Barbara A. Methѐ, Derek Lovley, Steven J. Sandler
Biochemical And Genetic Characterization Of Ppca, A Periplasmic C-Type Cytochrome In Geobacter Sulfurreducens, Jon R. Lloyd, Allison L Hodges Myerson, Ching Leang, Maddalena V. Coppi, Stacey Cuifo, Barbara A. Methѐ, Derek Lovley, Steven J. Sandler
Steven Sandler
A 9.6 kDa periplasmic c -type cytochrome, designated PpcA, was purified from the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens and characterized. The purified protein is basic (pI 9.5), contains three haems and has an N-terminal amino acid sequence closely related to those of the previously described trihaem c (7) cytochromes of Geobacter metallireducens and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The gene encoding PpcA was identified from the G. sulfurreducens genome using the N-terminal sequence, and encodes a protein of 71 amino acids (molecular mass 9.58 kDa) with 49% identity to the c (7) cytochrome of D. acetoxidans. In order to determine the physiological role of …