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A Survey Of Source And Finished Water Supplies For Giardia Cysts And Cryptosporidium Oocysts, Lisa Martin Sexton

KWRRI Research Reports

The occurrence of Giardia lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was determined from source and treated drinking water supplies at selected water treatment facilities in Eastern Kentucky. Giardia and Cryptosporidium are two human protozoan parasites often found in water supplies due to fecal contamination. Characteristic cysts and oocysts were identified from large volume water samples, typically 100 gallons for raw samples and 1,000 gallons for finished water, using an indirect fluorescent antibody specific for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Source water from four different water treatment facilities utilizing a reservoir, river, and two creeks were assayed. All sites exhibited Giardia lamblia …

Use Of Riparian Vegetated Filter Strips To Reduce Nitrate And Fecal Contamination In Surface Water, Mark S. Coyne, Robert L. Blevins, Rebecca A. Gilfillen

KWRRI Research Reports

This research assessed fecal bacteria trapping in surface runoff by grass filters and their potential to enhance NO₃^- removal via denitrification. Grass filter strips 9.0 m long trapped over 99% of the soil in surface runoff in 1992. Fecal coliform removal was less than 75%. In 1993, 9.0 and 4.5 m grass filter strips trapped 99 and 95% of the sediment, respectively. Fecal coliform trapping efficiency was 90% in 9.0 m grass filters and 75% in 4.5 m filters. Fecal streptococci trapping efficiency was 77% in 9.0 m grass filters and only 56% in 4.5 m filters. Fecal …

On-Farm Testing Of Early Maturing Soybeans, Larry J. Grabau, Colleen C. Steele, N. Gift

Agronomy Notes

Maturity Group (MG) II soybean varieties have performed well in University of Kentucky tests over the past several years. Six tests from 1986 to 1989 showed MG II varieities to outyield MG I, III, or IV varieties. During those relatively dry years, MG II may have been able to better utilize limited soil moisture than did later maturing varieties. Across the years 1990 to 1993, four planting date tests showed continued strong performance by MG II' varieties, although MG III and IV varieties had slightly higher yield averages during those wetter years. In summary, over the last eight years of …

An Evaluation Of Twelve Maturity Group Ii Soybean Varieties At Lexington, Kentucky, Larry J. Grabau, Colleen C. Steele

Agronomy Notes

In 1993, an on-farm study funded. by the Kentucky Soybean Promotion Board showed that the best Maturity Group (MG) II variety tested was quite competitive with the best available MG IV variety. However, other MG II varieties did not fare as well, indicating that careful variety selection will be essential for on-farm success with this MG II cropping system. MG II varieties used in past University of Kentucky tests have been chosen based on their performance in university variety trials where they are normally grown, for example, in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Such tests include relatively large numbers of …

Automated Adjustable Interval Insect Trap, Yongbiao Liu, Kenneth F. Haynes

Entomology Faculty Patents

An automated, adjustable-interval insect trap includes a plurality of individual cards having a surface coated with insect adhesive to capture insects. The cards are received on trays having wheels that engage a series of four parallel guide rails. By operation of a positioning mechanism, the trays carrying the cards are moved along the guide rails, one at a time, into an insect capturing position for a selected time interval. The positioning mechanism includes a timer, a drive motor, an axle operatively connected to the drive motor and a series of spaced fan plates mounted on the axle at longitudinally spaced …

Crude Protein Of Hybrid Corn Varieties Evaluated In The Kentucky Hybrid Corn Performance Tests From 1990 To 1993, C. G. Poneleit, K. O. Evans, Michael Collins, Gary L. Cromwell

Agronomy Notes

Grain samples have been collected each year since 1990 from three locations of the Kentucky Hybrid Corn Performance Test and analyzed for crude protein. The objective was to provide an unbiased comparative evaluation of the crude protein content of corn hybrids sold in Kentucky. The results indicate that while management and environment at each test 1ocat i on may have significant influences, crude protein does differ among hybrid genotypes. The feeding value of specific hybrid genotypes based on their protein content may have significant influence in diet formulation for non-ruminant animals owing to the amount of supplement needed to properly …

Nitrous Oxide Flux From Poultry-Manured Erosion Plots And Grass Filters After Simulated Rain, Mark S. Coyne, R. A. Gilfillen, Robert L. Blevins

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Adding carbon-rich materials to fields, like manure, may enhance denitrification. Grass filters, which are used to trap surface runoff from these fields, may also provide a carbon-rich environment that favors water infiltration and denitrification. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) may be evolved these settings. It is a radiatively important trace gas and intermediate in the denitrification pathway and several other microbial processes. We measured N₂O flux, after simulated rain, using a soil cover technique in poultry-manured plots and grass filters receiving their runoff. Intact soil cores were used to relate the N₂O flux to the denitrification …

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Mutations That Disrupt Nucleotide Binding, James Logan, David Hiestand, Paru Daram, Zhen Huang, Donald D. Muccio, John Hartman, Boyd Haley, William J. Cook, Eric J. Sorscher

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Increasing evidence suggests heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Mutations such as deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (delta F508) within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), for example, appear to cause disease by abrogating normal biosynthetic processing, a mechanism which results in retention and degradation of the mutant protein within the endoplasmic reticulum. Other mutations, such as the relatively common glycine-->aspartic acid replacement at CFTR position 551 (G551D) appear to be normally processed, and therefore must cause disease through some other mechanism. Because delta F508 and G551D both occur within a predicted nucleotide binding …

Marketing Quality Alfalfa Hay, Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa hay is a potentially marketable-profitable product if--if quality is satisfactory to meet buyer's needs, if it is packaged such that it meets buyer's feeding program and can be transported efficiently, if in sufficient quantity, if storage site is accessible by truck or trailer, and if it is competitively priced. Meeting these minimum criteria only means the hay is potentially marketable; only after it has been sold does it become potentially profitable.

Producing Quality Alfalfa Hay, Jimmy C. Henning, Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Hay is one of the most versatile of stored forages in that (1) it can be kept for long periods of time with little loss of nutrients if protected from weather; (2) a large number of crops can be successfully used for hay production; (3) it can be produced and fed in small or large amounts; (4) it can be harvested, stored and fed by hand or the production and feeding can be completely mechanized; and (5) hay can supply most nutrients needed by many classes of livestock. Hay is, therefore, the most commonly used stored feed on most farms. …

Harvesting Hay For High Yield And Quality — More On Bale Ventilators And Other Harvest Aids, Michael Collins

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

In some areas of the country, producers store a substantial portion of their forage for winter feeding as silage or haylage. However, hay remains the most popular storage method for forage. Hay stores well for long periods and is better suited to cash sale and transportation than silage. Mechanical conditioning, which gained acceptance during the 1950's is probably still the greatest single change in hay harvesting and storage technology during this century. However, a number of other noteworthy changes and innovations have occurred in recent years which have helped to reduce the extent of losses during hay harvesting and storage. …

Role In Alfalfa In Livestock Feeding Programs In Kentucky, Donna M. Amaral-Phillips

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa, the "Queen of the Forage Crops", is a highly versatile forage crop which can be grazed directly by livestock or harvested as hay or silage. With the development of new alfalfa varieties, increased pest and weed control, and increased demand from livestock owners, the amount of alfalfa fed to livestock will increase. As with any forage crop, proper harvest and feeding management is necessary to reap the benefits.

Fencing For Optimum Grazing, Larry W. Turner

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Controlled or rotational grazing can result in better utilization of forage resources. By better forage management through controlled grazing, producers may increase profitability of cattle/forage systems. To effectively develop a controlled grazing system, however, fencing must be used to subdivide the pasture into sub-fields or paddocks. The animals may then be rotated among the paddocks to optimize forage and beef or dairy production from the system. Alfalfa grazing can play an important part in such a system.

Planning the "best", or optimum, fencing strategy should be done with the overall goal in mind of improving profitability. Key factors that describe …

Grazing Alfalfa — Momentum Continues, Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

In my presentation at our XIII Kentucky Alfalfa Conference held here last year, I stated. that interest in grazing alfalfa was at an all time high. Five other speakers followed me on the program with presentations about alfalfa grazing. Steve Osborne discussed alfalfa grazing trials in Monroe County. Ken Johnson talked about the Do's and Dont's in Alfalfa Grazing. Dr. Roy Burris talked about alfalfa grazing from a state perspective and Mr. Warren Thompson discussed the topic from a national perspective. Professor Joe Bums concluded the grazing portion of the program with grazing alfalfa experiences in Tennessee.

Despite a rather …

Alfalfa Weed Control — Strategies For Success, James R. Martin

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Field evaluation, cultural and chemical practices are key ingredients of a successful weed control program in alfalfa. A weak link in any of these components could lead to reduced profits and possibly shorten the life of an alfalfa stand.

Managing Alfalfa Diseases, Paul C. Vincelli

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Diseases of alfalfa can limit productivity of this valuable forage crop. Alfalfa diseases can reduce forage yield, reduce forage quality, and decrease stand persistence. The effects of diseases can be dramatic, such as sudden stand loss due to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot. Often, the effects of alfalfa diseases are more subtle but are no less important. For example, alfalfa plants with Phytophthora root rot sometimes regrow slowly after cutting, resulting in a stunted stand showing no other obvious symptoms of disease.

Like most crop diseases, alfalfa diseases are most effectively managed by integrating as many control measures as practical. …

Nitrogen And Boron Fertilization Of Alfalfa, Monroe Rasnake

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Very little current research data is available on the response of alfalfa to nitrogen application at establishment or to the addition of boron. University of Kentucky recommendations (AGR-1 Lime and Fertilizer Recommendations) indicate that zero to 30 pounds of nitrogen per acre may be applied at seeding for alfalfa. No nitrogen would be recommended when soil nitrogen levels are likely to be adequate such as where manure or high levels of nitrogen fertilizer had been applied to the previous crop. Annual applications of boron at 1.5-2.0 pounds of elemental boron per acre are recommended.

Neighboring states differ in their nitrogen …

Advances In Alfalfa Variety Development And Testing, Jimmy C. Henning, Leonard M. Lauriault, Linda G. Brown, Garry D. Lacefield, Paul C. Vincelli, John C. Parr

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is historically the highest yielding, highest quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef and sheep diets. Over 300,000 acres of alfalfa are grown annually in Kentucky, with state yields averaging between 3 and 4 tons per acre.

The development and testing of alfalfa varieties is a dynamic process that impacts all Kentucky farmers. The Kentucky Alfalfa Variety Testing program was re-started in 1990 and is carried out through the efforts of several people, including Leonard Lauriault, Linda Brown …

Foreword [1994], Garry D. Lacefield, Christi L. Forsythe

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

This is the front matter of the proceedings.

H2O2 Induced Oxidation Proof Phosphate Surface Coating On Iron Sulfides, V. P. Evangelou, Xiao Huang

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Patents

The present method induces an oxidation-proof ferric phosphate coating on iron sulfide such as pyrite and marcasite. The method includes the steps of placing the pyrite to be treated in a reaction vessel and leaching the pyrite with a coating composition including water, an oxidizing agent and a phosphate coating agent. Examples of oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite and mixtures thereof. The phosphate coating agent may be potassium dihydrogen phosphate. In order to ensure the formation of the stable coating, the leaching is performed at a pH of substantially 5 and at a temperature of substantially …

Wetlands: Mechanisms For Treating Acid Mine Drainage, David C. Ditsch, Anastasios D. Karathanasis

Agronomy Notes

A great deal of attention has been given to wetlands in recent years. Research suggests that natural and/or constructed wetlands may play a valuable role in flood flow moderation, sediment retention and stabilization, and waste water treatment while providing habitat for game and nongame wildlife. Only within the last 10 years have wetlands received serious attention in the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD).

1994 Kentucky Bluegrass Variety Test Report, L. M. Lauriault, A. J. Powell, Jimmy C. Henning, Paul B. Burrus Ii, Paul C. Vincelli, Timothy D. Phillips

Agronomy Notes

Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis) is the third most prominent cool-season grass used in Kentucky for forage, behind tall fescue and orchardgrass. As with all cool-season grasses, Kentucky bluegrass does best in cooler weather, becoming relatively non-productive in hot, dry conditions. It is a high quality, long-lived, rhizomatous grass that is used for both turf and forage. Compared to other cool-season grasses, Kentucky bluegrass is slower to germinate (2-3 weeks) and generally is lower in seedling vigor and herbage yield. Most recent varieties have been developed for turf use. Several have been used in horse pastures even though they were …

Using Poultry Manure From Layers As A Supplemental Nitrogen Source For Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock, R. Darrell Simpson, Tim Gray

Agronomy Notes

The objectives of this study were to try to find an effective inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate to apply to a corn crop when poultry manure has been used on the field and to see if an N soil test at sidedress time could help predict the amount of N needed.

1993 Kentucky Bluegrass Variety Test Report, L. M. Lauriault, A. J. Powell, Timothy D. Phillips, Jimmy C. Henning

Agronomy Notes

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is the third most prominent cool-season grass used in Kentucky for, forage, behind tall fescue and orchardgrass. As with all cool-season grasses, Kentucky bluegrass does best in cooler weather, becoming dormant in hot, dry conditions. It is a high quality, long-lived, rhizomatous grass that is used for both turf and forage. Compared to other cool-season grasses, Kentucky bluegrass is slower to germinate (2-3 weeks) and generally is lower in seedling vigor and herbage yield. Most recent varieties of Kentucky bluegrass have been developed for turf use; therefore, primary emphasis has been placed on improving …

Frequency Of Mug Negative Escherichia Coli In Kentucky Groundwater Samples, Mark S. Coyne, J. C. Shuler

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

MUG negative Escherichia coli are a small fraction (2.5%) of the total E. coli in Kentucky groundwater samples. It is unlikely that they alone will cause a significant potential to underestimate fecal contamination using MUG as the primary criterion for that assessment. An unresolved question is how effectively MUG-based, defined-substrate tests address false negative water samples containing MUG positive E. coli.

Growth, Yield, And Efficiency Of Potassium Fertilizer Use In Burley Tobacco Production, J. L. Sims, William O. Thom, Kenneth L. Wells, J. D. Clark

Agronomy Notes

For many crops, band placement of fertilizer offers agronomic, economic, and environmental advantages over commonly used preplant broadcast applications. Drill banding most of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer 12 inches to both sides of the row for tobacco shortly after transplanting greatly aIleviates manganese toxicity and other nutrient imbalances, improves early growth and yield, and offers increased efficiency of N use. Nitrogen fertilizers applied after transplanting are less likely to be leached during excess rainfall events that commonly occur in April and early May in Kentucky.

1994 Kentucky Timothy Variety Test Report, L. M. Lauriault, Timothy D. Phillips, Jimmy C. Henning

Agronomy Notes

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage, ranking behind tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that can be used for grazing but is mainly harvested as hay, particularly for horses. For hay production, timothy can be sown with alfalfa or red clover, while white clover or birdsfoot trefoil make good mixtures with timothy for grazing. Management is similar to that for other cool-season grasses. Harvesting at the mid- to late-boot stage is needed to assure good yields and high forage quality. Quality of …

1993 Kentucky Timothy Variety Test Report, L. M. Lauriault, Timothy D. Phillips, Jimmy C. Henning

Agronomy Notes

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely grown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage, ranking behind tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late maturing bunchgrass that can be used for grazing but is mainly harvested as hay, particularly for horses. Management is similar to that for other cool season-grasses. Harvesting at the proper stage of maturity (mid- to late-boot) is needed to assure high forage quality; otherwise, quality of timothy declines more rapidly than other cool-season grasses as it overmatures. In Kentucky, timothy behaves like a short-lived perennial with stands lasting for …