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Articles 1 - 12 of 12
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Invasive Litter, Not An Invasive Insectivore, Determines Invertebrate Communities In Hawaiian Forests, Nathania C. Tuttle, Karen H. Beard, William C C. Pitt
Invasive Litter, Not An Invasive Insectivore, Determines Invertebrate Communities In Hawaiian Forests, Nathania C. Tuttle, Karen H. Beard, William C C. Pitt
Karen H. Beard
In Hawaii, invasive plants have the ability to alter litter-based food chains because they often have litter traits that differ from native species. Additionally, abundant invasive predators, especially those representing new trophic levels, can reduce prey. The relative importance of these two processes on the litter invertebrate community in Hawaii is important, because they could affect the large number of endemic and endangered invertebrates. We determined the relative importance of litter resources, represented by leaf litter of two trees, an invasive nitrogen-fixer, Falcataria moluccana, and a native tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, and predation of an invasive terrestrial frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, on …
California Grasslands Alkali Specialist, Hemizonia Pungenspungens, Prefers Non-Alkali Soil, Kari E. Veblen
California Grasslands Alkali Specialist, Hemizonia Pungenspungens, Prefers Non-Alkali Soil, Kari E. Veblen
Kari E. Veblen
Edaphically severe habitats commonly support edaphic endemics, specialized plant species that do not occur elsewhere. The endemism of native plant species in edaphically specialized habitats suggests either (a) that these native endemic species are uniquely specialized to survive and grow better under the conditions prevalent in these harsh areas, or (b) that these areas represent refuges from competition with other (often exotic) species.
Effects Of Combinations Of Favipiravir (T-705) And Oseltamivir On Influenza A (H1n1, H3n2, And H5n1) Virus Infections In Mice, D F. Smee, B L. Hurst, M H. Wong, K W. Bailey, E B. Tarbet, John D. Morrey, Y Furuta
Effects Of Combinations Of Favipiravir (T-705) And Oseltamivir On Influenza A (H1n1, H3n2, And H5n1) Virus Infections In Mice, D F. Smee, B L. Hurst, M H. Wong, K W. Bailey, E B. Tarbet, John D. Morrey, Y Furuta
John D. Morrey
Favipiravir (T-705 [6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide]) and oseltamivir were combined to treat influenza virus A/NWS/33 (H1N1), A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), and A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) infections. T-705 alone inhibited viruses in cell culture at 1.4 to 4.3 µM. Oseltamivir inhibited these three viruses in cells at 3.7, 0.02, and 0.16 µM and in neuraminidase assays at 0.94, 0.46, and 2.31 nM, respectively. Oral treatments were given twice daily to mice for 5 to 7 days starting, generally, 24 h after infection. Survival resulting from 5 days of oseltamivir treatment (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/day) was significantly better in combination with 20 mg/kg of body weight/day of T-705 against …
Persistent West Nile Virus Associated With A Neurological Sequela In Hamsters Identified By Motor Unit Number Estimation, V Siddharthan, H Wang, N E. Motter, J O. Hall, R D. Skinner, R T. Skirpstunas, John D. Morrey
Persistent West Nile Virus Associated With A Neurological Sequela In Hamsters Identified By Motor Unit Number Estimation, V Siddharthan, H Wang, N E. Motter, J O. Hall, R D. Skinner, R T. Skirpstunas, John D. Morrey
John D. Morrey
To investigate the hypothesis that neurological sequelae are associated with persistent West Nile virus (WNV) and neuropathology, we developed an electrophysiological motor unit number estimation (MUNE) assay to measure the health of motor neurons temporally in hamsters. The MUNE assay was successful in identifying chronic neuropathology in the spinal cords of infected hamsters. MUNE was suppressed at days 9 to 92 in hamsters injected subcutaneously with WNV, thereby establishing that a long-term neurological sequela does occur in the hamster model. MUNE suppression at day 10 correlated with the loss of neuronal function as indicated by reduced choline acetyltransferase staining (R2 …
Limnological Analyses Of Cutler Reservoir And Dingle Marsh With Respect To Eutrophication, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
Limnological Analyses Of Cutler Reservoir And Dingle Marsh With Respect To Eutrophication, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
Cutler Reservoir is located in Cache county, Utah and was created for the purposes of irrigation, water storage and flood control. High nutrient loading to Cutler has raised concerns about the health of this system and has resulted in it being listed on the state's 303(d) list of impaired waters. The TMDL plan being drafted for Cutler lists dissolved oxygen and phosphorous as the key issues of concern. The underlying problem created by nutrient loading is eutrophication. If Cutler is to remain as a valuable source of recreation, wildlife habitat, and water for the Cache Valley we must understand the …
Alkoxyalkyl Esters Of 9-(S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonomethoxypropyl) Adenine Are Potent And Selective Inhibitors Of Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv) Replication In Vitro And In Hbv Transgenic Mice In Vivo, John D. Morrey, B E. Korba, J R. Beadle, D L. Wyles, K Y. Hostetler
Alkoxyalkyl Esters Of 9-(S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonomethoxypropyl) Adenine Are Potent And Selective Inhibitors Of Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv) Replication In Vitro And In Hbv Transgenic Mice In Vivo, John D. Morrey, B E. Korba, J R. Beadle, D L. Wyles, K Y. Hostetler
John D. Morrey
Alkoxyalkyl esters of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates have previously been shown to have increased antiviral activity when they are administered orally in animal models of viral diseases, including lethal infections with vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, ectromelia virus, murine cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus. 9-(S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA] was previously shown to have activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro. To assess the effect of alkoxyalkyl esterification of (S)-HPMPA, we prepared the hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP), 15-methyl-hexadecyloxypropyl (15M-HDP), and octadecyloxyethyl (ODE) esters and compared their activities with the activity of adefovir dipivoxil in vitro and in vivo. Alkoxyalkyl esters of (S)-HPMPA were 6 to 20 times more …
Activity Of T-705 In A Hamster Model Of Yellow Fever Virus Infection In Comparison With That Of A Chemically Related Compound, T-1106, J G. Julander, K Shafer, D F. Smee, John D. Morrey, Y Furuta
Activity Of T-705 In A Hamster Model Of Yellow Fever Virus Infection In Comparison With That Of A Chemically Related Compound, T-1106, J G. Julander, K Shafer, D F. Smee, John D. Morrey, Y Furuta
John D. Morrey
Treatment with the nucleoside analog T-1106 was previously shown to be effective in a hamster model of yellow fever virus (YFV) disease, even though it had only slight activity in cell culture. In the study described in this report, the activity of T-705, a chemically related compound currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of influenza (FDANews 4:1, 2007), was tested against YFV in cell culture and in the hamster model. The antiviral efficacy of T-705 in cell culture occurred at a concentration of 330 µM, which was more than threefold lower than the concentration at which T-1106 had antiviral …
Effects Of Double Combinations Of Amantadine, Oseltamivir, And Ribavirin On Influenza A (H5n1) Virus Infections In Cell Culture And In Mice, D F. Smee, B L. Hurst, M H. Wong, K W. Bailey, John D. Morrey
Effects Of Double Combinations Of Amantadine, Oseltamivir, And Ribavirin On Influenza A (H5n1) Virus Infections In Cell Culture And In Mice, D F. Smee, B L. Hurst, M H. Wong, K W. Bailey, John D. Morrey
John D. Morrey
An amantadine-resistant influenza A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus was developed from the low-pathogenic North American wild-type (amantadine-sensitive) virus for studying treatment of infections in cell culture and in mice. Double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir (or the cell culture-active form, oseltamivir carboxylate), and ribavirin were used. Amantadine-oseltamivir carboxylate and amantadine-ribavirin combinations showed synergistic interactions over a range of doses against wild-type virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture, but oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations did not. Primarily additive interactions were seen with oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations against amantadine-resistant virus. The presence of amantadine in drug combinations against the resistant virus did not improve activity. The …
Can Pastoral Linkages To Livestock Markets Be Sustained In Southern Ethiopia?, D. Layne Coppock
Can Pastoral Linkages To Livestock Markets Be Sustained In Southern Ethiopia?, D. Layne Coppock
D. Layne Coppock
The PARIMA project has facilitated collective action, empowerment of women, and increased involvement in livestock marketing among pastoralists on the Borana Plateau since 2001. Fifty-nine collective-action groups formed by PARIMA and her partners have been recently merged into market-oriented cooperatives, consistent with government policy. We used focus groups and participatory appraisals to assess the extent that market linkages have been sustained since previously reported in 2006. The markets have been growing, but are volatile. Members report they need access to early warning and livestock market-information systems, as well as more capital, to promote trade. Export firms have imposed added conditions …
Importance Of Trees And Forests To People, Terry L. Sharik
Importance Of Trees And Forests To People, Terry L. Sharik
Terry L. Sharik
Powerpoint Presentation, February 2009
Tackling Aquatic Invasions: Risks And Opportunities For The Aquarium Fish Industry, Kari E. Veblen
Tackling Aquatic Invasions: Risks And Opportunities For The Aquarium Fish Industry, Kari E. Veblen
Kari E. Veblen
The aquarium trade is an important and rapidly growing vector for introduced species in the United States. We examined this vector by surveying pet stores in the San Francisco Bay–Delta region to compile a list of aquarium fish species commonly stocked. We identified which of these species might be able to survive in the Bay–Delta, and investigated store representatives’ knowledge and attitudes about biological invasions. A restrictive analysis using conservative estimates of fish temperature tolerances and environmental conditions found that the local aquarium trade includes 5 fish species that can survive in a temperate system such as the Bay–Delta. Under …
Strong Founder Effects And Low Genetic Diversity In Introduced Populations Of Coqui Frogs, Karen H. Beard
Strong Founder Effects And Low Genetic Diversity In Introduced Populations Of Coqui Frogs, Karen H. Beard
Karen H. Beard
The success of non-native species may depend on the genetic resources maintained through the invasion process. The Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui), a frog endemic to Puerto Rico, was introduced to Hawaii in the late 1980s via the horticulture trade, and has become an aggressive invader. To explore whether genetic diversity and population structure changed with the introduction, we assessed individuals from 15 populations across the Hawaiian Islands and 13 populations across Puerto Rico using six to nine polymorphic microsatellite loci and five dorsolateral colour patterns. Allelic richness (R(T)) and gene diversity were significantly higher in Puerto Rico than in Hawaii populations. …