Digital Commons Network^™

Double Jeopardy V. Double Punishment--Confusion In California, Michael J. Bruce

San Diego Law Review

This Article proposes to clarify this area of criminal practice. California Penal Code § 1023, prohibiting multiple prosecutions, and California Penal Code § 654, prohibiting multiple punishment for the same act or omission, are often misapplied by the California criminal courts. California Penal Code § 1023 sets down two tests to determine whether jeopardy has attached: the "identity of the offense" test and the "necessarily included offense" test. California Penal Code § 654 proscribes double punishment using concurrent sentencing, and prevents double jeopardy using not only the "necessarily included offense" test from § 1023, but also a broader "indivisible transaction" …