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International Law Clients: The Wisdom Of Natural Law, Robert John Araujo
International Law Clients: The Wisdom Of Natural Law, Robert John Araujo
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article discusses natural law, the foundation of many international law principles. First, it describes the natural law and its bearing on the practice of international law. Second. it describes the concept of "the common good," a foundation of natural law. Third, it introduces the term "solidarity" and its relation to achieving the common good. Fourth, it describes the concept of "subsidiarity," a form of decision-making necessary for natural law to inform international law. Finally, it explains the suum cuique, a critical precept in natural law as it applies to international law. The Article concludes that natural law principles that …
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender Communities And Intimate Partner Violenec
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender Communities And Intimate Partner Violenec
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Panelist Valerie B, a survivor of domestic abuse, discussed her experience in a abusive relationship with another woman. She discussed the trauma and how she slowly got out of the relationship. Panelist Lisi Lord, associate director of programs at My Sisters' Place, then gave an overview of the things she has learned working with victims of violence on the LGBT community. She discussed some of the barriers they face as a marginalized group and how their expression of sexuality and societal response to it makes their problems unique. Panelist Lt. Grace A. Telesco, chair of the Behavioral Science Department of …
Unequal Educational Opportunities For Gifted Students: Robbing Peter To Pay Paul?, Charles J. Russo
Unequal Educational Opportunities For Gifted Students: Robbing Peter To Pay Paul?, Charles J. Russo
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Brown ushered in an era that has led to admirable, yet arguably incomplete, gains in equal educational opportunities for all children, most notably minorities, females, and students with disabilities. However, despite the progress that has been made in the struggle for educational equality, many exceptional students are not being fully served. Aside from commission reports and rhetoric, little has been done at either the federal or state level to offer appropriate programming for gifted and talented children's educational needs. It is questionable whether educational leaders and policy makers have taken sufficient steps to meet the educational needs of gifted children. …
The Hyde Amendment And Prosecutorial Investigation: The Promise Of Protection For Criminal Defendants, Lynn R. Singband
The Hyde Amendment And Prosecutorial Investigation: The Promise Of Protection For Criminal Defendants, Lynn R. Singband
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Comment first describes federal prosecutors' broad charging discretion and the resulting potential for abuse. It then discusses how current interpretations of the Hyde Amendment have failed to establish a standard of conduct for federal prosecutors different from that established by preexisting laws, internal regulations, and ethics rules. Finally, it argues that the Hyde Amendment offers the courts an important opportunity to issue opinions detailing how federal prosecutors should exercise their charging discretion. This Comment concludes that courts should take advantage of this opportunity to establish a more exact standard of conduct for prosecutors conducting investigations and thereby offer defendants …
Mainstream Legal Responses To Domestic Violence Versus Real Needs Of Diverse Communities, Elizabeth Murno, Jessica F. Vasquez
Mainstream Legal Responses To Domestic Violence Versus Real Needs Of Diverse Communities, Elizabeth Murno, Jessica F. Vasquez
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Keynote speaker Marcia Ann Gillespie, editor-in-chief of Ms. Magazine, discussed the importance of getting to the root of what makes violence against women. She stressed the importance of looking at what makes men act violent, taking down barriers of reporting violence, and analyzing other contributing factors. Panelist Aurora Salamone from the New York City Department for the Aging then discussed domestic abuse against elders, stressing that domestic violence in the household does not all the sudden stop at a certain age. Panelist Kimberly A. Madden from from the Jewish Association for Services of the Aged discussed how violence against elders …
Examining The Lautenberg Amendment In The Civilian And Military Contexts: Congressional Overreaching, Statutory Vagueness, Ex Post Facto Violations, And Implementation Flaws, Jessica A. Golden
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The Lautenberg Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 was passed in 1996 with the purpose of preventing gun-related domestic violence. The Lautenberg Amendment's passage raises unique commerce clause issues, and the amendment is possibly unconstitutional. Part I of the article examines the Commerce Clause (and Tenth Amendment) challenges to the Lautenberg Amendment. It provides the history of cases thus far failing to successfully challenge the constitutionality of the Lautenberg Amendment. It then discusses the Supreme Court's decision in Morrison v. Olson, that struck down the civil remedies provision of the Violence Against Women Act as a violation of …
Discipline Of Special-Education Students Under The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, Allan G. Osborne, Jr. Ed.D
Discipline Of Special-Education Students Under The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, Allan G. Osborne, Jr. Ed.D
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Since 1975, Congress has amended the statute several times. One of those amendments, enacted in 1990, gave the law a new name: the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”). The law, as initially enacted and amended, was silent on the subject of discipline. In 1997, Congress passed the most comprehensive amendments to the IDEA to date. The amendments included provisions on the discipline of students with disabilities. Many of those provisions simply codified existing case law; others, however, helped clarify formerly opaque areas. This article will analyze the requirements …
Natural Law, Marriage, And The Thought Of Karol Wojtyla, John J. Coughlin
Natural Law, Marriage, And The Thought Of Karol Wojtyla, John J. Coughlin
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article examines the loss of the natural law perspective from legal theory and the movement towards liberal theory. The Article continues by analyzing two features of the natural law tradition as described in the philosophical writings of Karol Wojtyla. The first feature concerns marriage and family as the fundamental human community. The second considers marriage as a virtuous relationship. The Article concludes with practical suggestions for the legal profession and legal education with regard to counseling clients about marriage.
Is Coppa A Cop Out? The Child Online Privacy Protection Act As Proof That Parents, Not Government, Should Be Protecting Children's Interests On The Internet, Melanie L. Hersh
Is Coppa A Cop Out? The Child Online Privacy Protection Act As Proof That Parents, Not Government, Should Be Protecting Children's Interests On The Internet, Melanie L. Hersh
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note first presents a historical background of media regulations protecting children, and introduces COPPA. Next, it presents the arguments fueling the debate about who should regulate the Internet - the government or non-government entities. It then argues that in light of COPPA's shortcomings and faulty attempts to emulate regulations of other media, the government should step back and allow parents to maintain the bulk of regulatory responsibility. Finally, it suggests a future course of action for successfully regulating the Internet to protect children's privacy while taking into account the Internet's dissimilarity to previously regulated media. This Note concludes that …
Counseling The Client: An Administrator's View, Daniel A. Degnan
Counseling The Client: An Administrator's View, Daniel A. Degnan
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article examines what natural law is and how it should be used as an approach for lawyers. The article first describes that the theory of natural law and positive law is to attain the goal of effecting the common good. Daniel Degnan considers cases from his experience as a law school dean and how the counselors in those cases made good use of a natural law approach. Although the lawyers in all these cases were practitioners advising clients, elements of the common good seems to have been implicit in their handling of every one of the cases. He explains …
Freedom Of Expression In New York State: What Remains Of People Ex Rel. Arcara V. Cloud Books, Inc.?, Jeremy J. Bethel
Freedom Of Expression In New York State: What Remains Of People Ex Rel. Arcara V. Cloud Books, Inc.?, Jeremy J. Bethel
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note explores the decline of People ex rel. Arcara in New York State jurisprudence over the last decade. It first describes traditional and contemporary methods of testing free expression infringements, including a discussion of federal minimum standards, and protection expansions implemented by the New York Court of Appeals. Next, it describes the effect of federal "secondary effects" jurisprudence upon the People ex rel. Arcara standard, and how that encounter skewed lower court application of that standard for all cases involving "content-neutral" infringement of protected speech. Finally, it examines the illogical consequences of the court of appeals' method of deciding …
Is Twenty-Two Months Beyond The Best Interest Of The Child? Asfa's Guidelines For The Termination Of Parental Rights, Katherine A. Hort
Is Twenty-Two Months Beyond The Best Interest Of The Child? Asfa's Guidelines For The Termination Of Parental Rights, Katherine A. Hort
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note first discusses the legal precedents, child development theories, and policies regarding "reasonable efforts" and parental termination that led to the enactment of ASFA. Next, it examines Illinois's and New York's different responses to ASFA. It also introduces the debate over "congregate care" as an alternative for those children who may never be returned to a parent's care, but whom are unlikely to be adopted. Lastly, it argues that the New York system is more workable than the Illinois system given the complexities of the foster care system. This Note concludes by arguing the federal government's rigid time frame …
Beyond Economically Targeted Investments: Redefining The Legal Framework Of Pension Fund Investments In Low-To-Moderate Income Residential Real Estate, Alec Sauchik
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note first presents the socioeconomic theory underlying the concept of ETIs and outlines the scope of trustees' fiduciary obligations to plan participants when making investments in residential real estate. It also analyzes relevant case law pertaining to fiduciary duties of pension fund trustees. Next, it compares two conflicting views on the legality of economically targeted investments. Finally, it argues that although the legal framework applicable to the fiduciary obligations of pension fund trustees is inadequate to fully address all challenges to the legality of ETIs, pension fund investments in low-to-moderate income residential real estate can be reconciled with the …
Do The Clothes Make The Man? Implications Of A Witness' Status In The Determination Of Probable Cause, Jessica Ward
Do The Clothes Make The Man? Implications Of A Witness' Status In The Determination Of Probable Cause, Jessica Ward
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note examines police determination of probable cause based on witness credibility. It first sets out the probable cause standard and details the relevant probable cause case law and the policy considerations behind the Fourth Amendment. Next, it examines different types of witnesses the police encounter and analyzes whether the status of the witness implies more or less credibility. Finally, it evaluates the factors that officers apply in their determination of witness credibility. This Note concludes that the status of the witness should not be determinative, but rather should be just one of the factors the police take into account …
Making Lawyers Good People: Possibility Or Pipedream?, Subha Dhanaraj
Making Lawyers Good People: Possibility Or Pipedream?, Subha Dhanaraj
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Comment first outlines general conceptions of morality and moral development according to the widely accepted model promulgated by Professor Lawrence Kohlberg, and enunciates the importance of moral theory in the context of legal education. Next, it analyzes competing views of moral development and challenges some general concerns about the value of moral education in law schools. It then proposes the incorporation of moral teaching in the law school curriculum to remedy the disjunction between persona convictions and legal analysis stemming from the Langdellian method of legal training. Finally, it discusses the challenges to incorporating moral education into legal training. …
Issues In Representing Immigrant Victims
Issues In Representing Immigrant Victims
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Panelist Emira-Habiby Browne, executive director of the Arab American Family Support Center discussed the misunderstood community of Arab women adn the cultural barriers they experience when they come to America and particularly when they become victims of domestic violence. Panelist Margaret Retter, Executive Director of Din Legal Center Inc., discussed the cultural obstacles that stand in the way of Jewish women who are being abused and the obstacles they face in getting out of that situation. Panelist Julie Dinnerstein, staff Immigration Attorney at the Sanctuary for Families, gave a nuts-and-bolts discussion on remedies available to immigrant battered women. She discussed …
Overcoming Barriers In Communities
Overcoming Barriers In Communities
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Panelist Evelyn Cardona, discussed the work of the Brooklyn Coalition Against Family Violence, where she is the director, her own experience as a battered woman, and how she overcame it. Panelist Nechama Wolfson, president of the Shalom Task Force, then talked about the work of Shalom Task Force, a grasroots group of Orthodox Jewish women was doing on the community. Panelist Angela Lee, associate director of the New York Asian Women's Center, discussed the work her organization does with Asian battered women. Panelist Mircia Sanchez discussed the Harlem Dowling West Side Center for Children and Family Services, where she is …
Sorting Out Federal And State Judicial Roles In State Insitutional Reform: Abstention's Potential Role, Charles R. Wise, Robert K. Christensen
Sorting Out Federal And State Judicial Roles In State Insitutional Reform: Abstention's Potential Role, Charles R. Wise, Robert K. Christensen
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The U.S. Supreme Court has given federal courts the authority to abstain from hearing certain cases and defer to state courts in some cases where constitutional or federal statutory rights have been violated. This piece attempts to clarify the abstention requirements and provide a clear rationale for the doctrine. Part I of this piece discusses the origin and development of the abstention doctrine, focusing specifically on the Burford abstention, a kind of abstention particularly salient to institutional reform cases. Part I also illustrates the inconsistencies inherent in the application of the abstention doctrine in its current form. Parts II and …
A Precept Of Managerial Responsibility: Securing Collective Justice In Instituational Reform Litigation, Anthony M. Bertelli, Laurence E. Lynn Jr.
A Precept Of Managerial Responsibility: Securing Collective Justice In Instituational Reform Litigation, Anthony M. Bertelli, Laurence E. Lynn Jr.
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Institutional reform litigation confronts public administrators with troubling dilemmas, court directives often contradict the duties and responsibilities of public managers. Thus, the argument for judicial intervention is rarely straightforward. The authors argue that federal courts should refuse to hear institutional reform cases not only when federal court intervention would upset a state administrative scheme, but also when the institutional defendant is governed by a precept of managerial responsibility. When the agency's challenged actions have comported with this precept, they urge federal courts to let their state counterparts determine the agency's managerial responsibility in a common law process. The analysis begins, …
Discriminatory Housing Statements And Section 3604(C): A New Look At The Fair Housing Act's Most Intriguing Provision, Robert G. Schwemm
Discriminatory Housing Statements And Section 3604(C): A New Look At The Fair Housing Act's Most Intriguing Provision, Robert G. Schwemm
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This article gives a new look at section 3604(c) of the Fair Housing Act. Through section 3604(c), the FHA has outlawed biased statements with respect to an even broader range of housing sales and rentals. The three main purposes of section 3604 directly bear on the FHA's ultimate goals of eliminating housing discrimination and achieving residential integration. Under the FHA, discriminatory statements are not only probative of a defendant's illegal intent, but also, by themselves, violate the statute if made "with respect to eh sale or rental of a dwelling." Further, the lack of aggressive enforcement of section 3604(c) cannot …
The Diversity Dialogues In Higher Education, John H. Bunzel
The Diversity Dialogues In Higher Education, John H. Bunzel
Fordham Urban Law Journal
It is hard to be an enemy of diversity. Most Americans recognize diversity as one of the nation’s proudest attributes. Beyond that, however, there is confusion over the term’s meaning. No matter how often people say the word, or how strongly they believe in it, they continue to ignore the way diversity has become an all-embracing concept. The term “diversity” has become a code word that fails to define precisely what it allegedly exalts and what exactly is to be accomplished by those who extol its virtues. The elasticity of the term “diversity” has masked many kinds of questionable conduct. …
Alternative Education: The Criminalization Of Student Behavior, Augustina H. Reyes
Alternative Education: The Criminalization Of Student Behavior, Augustina H. Reyes
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Public education was intended to give students a broad perspective to prepare them for living in a complex, diverse society. This article will examine a relatively recent development in public education: alternative education programs (AEPs). Using Texas public schools as a case study, this article argues that AEPs defeat public education’s goal of exposing students to a diverse student body. This is because AEPs segregate at-risk students-- usually Latinos, African Americans, Native Americans, and poor Whites--from the rest of the student population. This article deals with disciplinary AEPS, also known as DAEPs. Part I of the article will explore the …
Why Girls’ Schools? The Difference In Girl-Centered Education, Whitney Ransome, Meg Milne Moulton
Why Girls’ Schools? The Difference In Girl-Centered Education, Whitney Ransome, Meg Milne Moulton
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The past decade has witnessed a remarkable resurgence of interest in all-girls’ education. Following the enactment of Title IX in 1972, the number of single-sex schools declined. By the mid 1990s, only two public girls’ schools remained. What, then, explains the remarkable renaissance that has occurred in just over a decade’s time? What has led to the renewal of interest in girls’ schools? How does an all-girls education differ from a co-educational education? The answers to these questions can be found in a series of interrelated developments in educational theory, gender research, and the link between brain function and the …
Defending All-Male Education: A New Cultural Moment For A Renewed Debate, Stephen H. Webb
Defending All-Male Education: A New Cultural Moment For A Renewed Debate, Stephen H. Webb
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Although all-female schools still prosper and are defended by members of the academic elite, an all-male college has become a near-extinct species. Many people are surprised such a creature still exists. All-male colleges strike many as vestiges of male privilege. They evoke the traditional bastions of power that precluded women from advancing in public life. Single-sex education is not for everyone, but if our educational system is to be truly pluralistic, such an education should be an option. Single-sex education for both genders can be a constructive way to address problems plaguing not only education but the culture as a …
The Education Justice: The Honorable Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr., Victoria J. Dodd
The Education Justice: The Honorable Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr., Victoria J. Dodd
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The Honorable Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. is “the education Justice” of the United States. During his tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, from 1971 to 1987, Justice Powell authored at least twenty major opinions in education law, in addition to numerous significant concurrences and dissents. Just a sampling of Justice Powell's majority opinions on education could form the bulk of an education law textbook recognizable by any American law student. This Article will explore some of Justice Powell's major Supreme Court rulings in education law. It will also consider how these rulings may have related to aspects of Justice Powell's …
Confronting Same-Sex, Student-To-Student Sexual Harassment: Recommendations For Educators And Policy Makers, Thomas A. Mayes
Confronting Same-Sex, Student-To-Student Sexual Harassment: Recommendations For Educators And Policy Makers, Thomas A. Mayes
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Student-on-student sexual harassment has been the subject of significant scholarly commentary and numerous court battles. In light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, which held that in certain cases students have a cause of action under Title IX against schools for peer sexual harassment, many schools have been advised to consider responses to and ways to prevent student-on-student sexual harassment. When considering corrective and preventative approaches to peer sexual harassment in the schools, educators and policy makers should strongly consider addressing same-sex harassment. Prior to its decision in Davis, a unanimous …
The Children's School: Lessons For Inclusion, Leadership, And School Success, Beth Lief
The Children's School: Lessons For Inclusion, Leadership, And School Success, Beth Lief
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In recent years education has evolved into the country's number one public concern. Presidential, gubernatorial, mayoral, and legislative candidates all claim to care about educating our children. Successful schools should be used by educators and policy-makers as models. In order to reproduce the success of these schools, the reasons for their success must be identified. A school's achievement data gives important indications of why it succeeds. There are also innumerable studies and reports listing factors enabling school success. The Children's School in Brooklyn, New York is a school worthy of study. The leadership is superb; teachers know their students and …
Diversity Efforts In Independent Schools , Michael Brosnan
Diversity Efforts In Independent Schools , Michael Brosnan
Fordham Urban Law Journal
In recent years, independent schools have begun committing themselves to diversity. Schools are recruiting more students and teachers of color and have transformed their curriculum to better address race, gender, class religion, and sexual orientation. Schools must start marketing themselves to a broad spectrum of families, teachers, and administrators, and have done so in order to prepare students for the adult world to come. Schools need to hire and retain teachers of color. To achieve this, some overlapping efforts by schools include: creating the need to hire teachers of color with the school's mission, clarifying the school's climate and culture, …
An Idea Schools Can Use: Lessons From Special Education Legislation, Terry Jean Seligman
An Idea Schools Can Use: Lessons From Special Education Legislation, Terry Jean Seligman
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (the “IDEA”) has been a part of our public education system since 1975. The IDEA was enacted in response to the exclusion and inadequate education of children with disabilities. The IDEA is widely viewed as having opened the doors to education to previously excluded children. During the summer of 2001, as Congress labored to pass new standards for public education, the Secretary of Education under President George W. Bush's administration resisted efforts to increase funding for special education, asserting that the IDEA needed reforms that money could not address. This article argues that the …
Strong, Smart, And Bold Girls: The Girls Incorporated Approach To Education , Heather Johnston Nicholson, Mary F. Maschino
Strong, Smart, And Bold Girls: The Girls Incorporated Approach To Education , Heather Johnston Nicholson, Mary F. Maschino
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Girls Incorporated is a national non profit youth organization that "inspires all girls to be strong, smart and bold". in 200, Girls Inc. programs reached more than 740,000 girls and young women ages six through eighteen. A vast majority of these programs are conducted at schools during and after the school day. Program areas include science, media criticism, leadership, and substance use prevention. This article explores the different tactics, philosophies, and programs utilized used by Girls Inc.