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Contents May Have Shifted: Disentangling The Best Evidence Rule From The Rule Against Hearsay, Colin Miller Dec 2014

Contents May Have Shifted: Disentangling The Best Evidence Rule From The Rule Against Hearsay, Colin Miller

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

The rule against hearsay covers a statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted but does not cover a statement offered for another purpose. Meanwhile, the Best Evidence Rule states that a party seeking to prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph must produce the original or account for its nonproduction. Does this mean that the Rule is inapplicable when a party seeks to prove something other than the truth of the matter asserted in a writing, recording or photograph? Most courts have answered this question in the affirmative. This essay argues these courts are wrong.


The Role Of The Courts In Time Of War, William C. Banks Dec 2014

The Role Of The Courts In Time Of War, William C. Banks

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

The role of the courts in judging the actions of government in wartime has ranged from extreme deference to careful probing of alleged government excesses over more than two centuries. The courts’ record has reflected the nature of the armed conflicts the United States has engaged in and the legal bases for the actions at issue. In the aggregate, the courts have served as a necessary counterweight to government overreaching in times of national security crisis. It is easy to underestimate the institutional problems confronting judges who are asked to make momentous decisions in times of national crisis—difficulties of fact-finding …


The Still-Dwindled Revlon, Lyman P.Q. Johnson, Robert Ricca Nov 2014

The Still-Dwindled Revlon, Lyman P.Q. Johnson, Robert Ricca

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

This is a brief Response to Professor Mohsen Manesh’s extensive response to our original article, The Dwindling of Revlon. Our thesis is that today the iconic Revlon doctrine is, remedially, quite substantially diminished. Although Professor Manesh sets out to establish what he calls “the limits of Johnson’s and Ricca’s thesis,” we here maintain, as before, that there is little remedial clout to Revlon unless directors or others very significantly misbehave. We also criticize Delaware’s continuing use of the standard-of-conduct/standard-of-review construct in the fiduciary duty area. This rubric is unhelpful generally and strikingly so in the Revlon setting, as we …


United States V. Erwin And The Folly Of Intertwined Cooperation And Plea Agreements, Kevin Bennardo Nov 2014

United States V. Erwin And The Folly Of Intertwined Cooperation And Plea Agreements, Kevin Bennardo

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Cooperation agreements and plea agreements are separate and independent promises by criminal defendants to: (1) assist the Government in the prosecution of another person and (2) plead guilty. A defendant’s breach of one should not affect the Government’s obligation to perform under the other. All too often, however, these agreements are inappropriately intertwined so that a minor breach of the plea agreement relieves the Government of its obligation to move for a downward sentencing departure in recognition of the defendant’s substantial assistance. This intertwining undermines sentencing policy as set forth in the federal sentencing statute. Thus, a district court should …


Nearing 30, Is Revlon Showing Its Age?, Mohsen Manesh Oct 2014

Nearing 30, Is Revlon Showing Its Age?, Mohsen Manesh

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Nearly thirty years ago, in Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court famously dictated that in certain transactions involving a “sale or change in control,” the fiduciary obligation of a corporation’s board of directors is simply to “get[] the best price for the stockholders.” Applying a novel remedial perspective to this iconic doctrine, in The Dwindling of Revlon, Professor Lyman Johnson and Robert Ricca argue that Revlon is today of diminishing significance. In the three decades since, the coauthors observe, corporate law has evolved around Revlon, dramatically limiting the remedial clout of …


Combatting Cyber-Attacks Through National Interest Diplomacy: A Trilateral Treaty With Teeth, Lawrence L. Muir Jr. Sep 2014

Combatting Cyber-Attacks Through National Interest Diplomacy: A Trilateral Treaty With Teeth, Lawrence L. Muir Jr.

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

In May 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation indicted five Chinese nationals for cybercrimes against American companies. That indictment was an impotent response. The United States has no extradition treaty with China, and the defendants will in all likelihood never be tried in the United States. The inefficacy of the indictments highlights a larger problem: State-controlled cyberunits can act with impunity under the present mix of international and domestic law. No laws govern conduct between nation-states, and, thus, neither victims nor nation-states have recourse against violators. This Article suggests that the United States should pursue national interest diplomacy to triangulate …


Calling Foul: Deficiencies In Approaches To Environmental Whistleblowers And Suggested Reforms, Emily Becker Sep 2014

Calling Foul: Deficiencies In Approaches To Environmental Whistleblowers And Suggested Reforms, Emily Becker

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Whistleblowers could facilitate the regulation of the environmental sector at little to no cost to the taxpayer. Often, potential whistleblowers have timely access to information that would enable them to avert or minimize environmental damage and to protect our communities. However, existing federal and state regulations fail to adequately protect environmental whistleblowers and to incentivize potential environmental whistleblowers. These failures unjustly penalize whistleblowers and discourage potential whistleblowers. This article uses research findings and a case study to illuminate these failings and to argue for reforms that would better protect and incentivize whistleblowers


Table Of Contents Sep 2014

Table Of Contents

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

No abstract provided.


Masthead & Front Matter Sep 2014

Masthead & Front Matter

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Masthead & Front Matter


Billionaires, Birds, And Environmental Brawls: Reconceptualizing Energy Easements, Nadia B. Ahmad Sep 2014

Billionaires, Birds, And Environmental Brawls: Reconceptualizing Energy Easements, Nadia B. Ahmad

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

In the substantial power outages associated with Hurricane Sandy and the 2013 Oklahoma tornadoes and Colorado floods, which left millions without power, the United States witnessed the insufficiency of its existing energy infrastructure. The lack of access to reliable energy widens the cleavage between the rich and poor, particularly in times of disaster and crisis. Policymakers and government regulators involved with long distance energy transmission projects have not adequately instituted laws and policies for existing and future energy access. This Article holds that current regulations, practices, and norms for long distance energy transmission may be doomed because of complications with …


Vulnerability And Power In The Age Of The Anthropocene, Angela P. Harris Sep 2014

Vulnerability And Power In The Age Of The Anthropocene, Angela P. Harris

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Feminist legal theorist Martha Fineman has suggested that recognition of universal human “vulnerability” should be the starting point for thinking about the state’s obligations to its citizens. This Article argues that Fineman’s concept of vulnerability is valuable for situating political and legal theory within a concern for the natural world. We live in what some scientists have dubbed the Anthropocene—an age in which our collective behavior has serious implications for the flourishing of all life on earth. The concept of “ecological vulnerability” recognizes that humans are vulnerable not only because they age, become ill, and die, but because their survival …


The Imos Climate Change Challenge: Application Of The Principle Of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities And Respective Capabilities, Stathis N. Palassis Sep 2014

The Imos Climate Change Challenge: Application Of The Principle Of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities And Respective Capabilities, Stathis N. Palassis

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Since 1997 the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations agency responsible for the regulation of the international shipping sector, has been developing rules for the reduction of the sector’s greenhouse gas emissions. Significant difficulties have, however, emerged in the creation of appropriate economic instruments for reducing its greenhouse gas emissions, bringing to the forefront the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (“CBBDRC”). A key principle within international climate change law, CBDDRC allows developing States, least developed States and the most environmentally vulnerable to be differentially treated based on their special situation and needs. Developing …


Ferc Anti-Manipulation Enforcement And The Barclays Proceeding: What Factors Should Regulated Entities Consider Before Deciding To Follow Barclays' Path To Federal Court?, Matthew Hale Sep 2014

Ferc Anti-Manipulation Enforcement And The Barclays Proceeding: What Factors Should Regulated Entities Consider Before Deciding To Follow Barclays' Path To Federal Court?, Matthew Hale

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Energy regulation is not a new topic, but after the Enron scandal, Congress made significant changes. The changes were embodied in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. One major change was to FERC's ability to hand down penalties for market manipulation. Recently, FERC has been aggressively enforcing its power and anticipates anti-manipulation enforcement will be a point of emphasis in the future. The first entity to challenge FERC's power in federal court is Barclays. The Barclays case, other recent enforcement actions, and the regulations FERC has promulgated provide a guide to regulated entities about how and when they should challenge …


Water You Waiting For? Balancing Private Rights And Public Necessity In The South Atlantic Wetlands, Alison Leary Sep 2014

Water You Waiting For? Balancing Private Rights And Public Necessity In The South Atlantic Wetlands, Alison Leary

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

A healthy and robust network of wetlands protects coastal communities from storm damage caused by hurricanes. Unfortunately, development pressures threaten wetlands along the South Atlantic coast, the region most susceptible to an increased risk of climate change induced hurricanes. If these wetlands are not protected from destruction, coastal communities will be left without a buffer against flooding, storm damage, and sea level rise. In addition to putting the public at large in physical danger, significant environmental justice concerns accompany the failure to protect coastal wetlands. In order to protect these ever-diminishing resources, federal and state law makers have enacted regulatory …


Fracking Preemption Litigation, James K. Pickle Sep 2014

Fracking Preemption Litigation, James K. Pickle

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Fracking is not a new technology, but it only recently came to the forefront of energy industry news. Fracking’s recent fame has been both positive and negative. Fracking proponents have lauded the economic and environmental benefits of the process. They cite the process’ ability to extract formerly inaccessible oil and natural gas, which reduces the U.S.’s demand for foreign oil and natural gas and reduces the use of coal. In contrast, fracking opponents state fracking damages the environment by diluting drinking water with harmful chemicals, generating emissions, and creating general nuisances for communities. They believe fracking’s harmful impacts clearly outweigh …


Dr. Carb Or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying About The Feds And Love States’ Rights, Dan Strong Sep 2014

Dr. Carb Or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying About The Feds And Love States’ Rights, Dan Strong

Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment

Climate change is one of the largest environmental problems the world is currently facing. At the forefront of the climate change issue is the problem of carbon emissions. Environmentalists were hopeful that a national regulatory structure would be created with the enactment of the Clean Air Act in the 1970s. Since its enactment, however, it is clear the Clean Air Act was not the solution to the national carbon emissions problem environmentalists were hoping for. With the federal government failing to act, states have taken it upon themselves to regulate carbon emissions. California, with its enactment of the California Low …


The Sacra Of Lgbt Childhood, Kim Hai Pearson Sep 2014

The Sacra Of Lgbt Childhood, Kim Hai Pearson

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Masthead And Front Matter Sep 2014

Masthead And Front Matter

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Table Of Contents Sep 2014

Table Of Contents

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Editor's Note Sep 2014

Editor's Note

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Introduction, Joan M. Shaughnessy Sep 2014

Introduction, Joan M. Shaughnessy

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Humanitarian Protections And The Need For Appointed Counsel For Unaccompanied Immigrant Children Facing Deportation, Ashley Ham Pong Sep 2014

Humanitarian Protections And The Need For Appointed Counsel For Unaccompanied Immigrant Children Facing Deportation, Ashley Ham Pong

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Beyond Child Welfare - Theories On Child Homelessness, Jessica Dixon Weaver Sep 2014

Beyond Child Welfare - Theories On Child Homelessness, Jessica Dixon Weaver

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Ftc V. Actavis: Analysis Of The Court’S Decision And How It Affects Drug Prices For Those Who Need Them The Most, Kyle Virtue Sep 2014

Ftc V. Actavis: Analysis Of The Court’S Decision And How It Affects Drug Prices For Those Who Need Them The Most, Kyle Virtue

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Putting The Brakes On Driver Privacy: Black Boxes, Data Collection, And The Fourth Amendment, Thayer Case Sep 2014

Putting The Brakes On Driver Privacy: Black Boxes, Data Collection, And The Fourth Amendment, Thayer Case

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


“Justice Is What Love Looks Like In Public”: How The Affordable Care Act Falls Short On Transgender Health Care Access, Rachel C. Kurzweil Sep 2014

“Justice Is What Love Looks Like In Public”: How The Affordable Care Act Falls Short On Transgender Health Care Access, Rachel C. Kurzweil

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

No abstract provided.


Smart Contracts, Bitcoin Bots, And Consumer Protection, Joshua A.T. Fairfield Sep 2014

Smart Contracts, Bitcoin Bots, And Consumer Protection, Joshua A.T. Fairfield

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Trustless public ledgers (“TPLs”)—the technology underneath Bitcoin—do more than just create online money. The technology permits people to directly exchange money for what they want, with no intermediaries, such as credit card companies. Contract law is the law of bargained-for exchange, so a technology that enables direct exchange online will change the reality of online contracting. The current problem with consumer contracting online is that courts and companies have collaborated to create an online system in which consumers cannot bargain. Under the current regime, consumers have no choice but to click the “I Accept” button. Online, contract law is not …


Dynamic Common Law And Technological Change: The Classification Of Bitcoin, Shawn Bayern Sep 2014

Dynamic Common Law And Technological Change: The Classification Of Bitcoin, Shawn Bayern

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Most legal analysis of Bitcoin has addressed public-law and regulatory matters, such as taxation, securities regulation, and money laundering. This essay considers some questions that Bitcoin raises from a private-law perspective, and it aims to show that technological innovation may highlight problems with conceptualistic, classical rules of private law.


Blurred Lines: Analyzing An Attorney’S Duties To A Fiduciary-Client’S Beneficiaries, Daniel R. Nappier Sep 2014

Blurred Lines: Analyzing An Attorney’S Duties To A Fiduciary-Client’S Beneficiaries, Daniel R. Nappier

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.


Mad Money: Rethinking Private Placements, Abraham J.B. Cable Sep 2014

Mad Money: Rethinking Private Placements, Abraham J.B. Cable

Washington and Lee Law Review

Currently, regulations try to limit unregistered sales of stock (private placements) to the “smart money,” either by informing investors through disclosure or excluding unsophisticated investors from the market. In theory, these smart-money approaches promote the dual goals of capital formation and investor protection. But in practice, regulators have struggled to craft effective disclosure or screening mechanisms. In light of these failures, this Article advocates for a new approach—investment caps that allow every investor a limited amount of “mad money” to invest in risky private placements. This mad-money approach can protect investors by encouraging basic diversification and liquidity, while advancing capital …