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Articles 1 - 30 of 165
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Targeting Co-Belligerents, Jens David Ohlin
Targeting Co-Belligerents, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
One of the central controversies of the targeted killing debate is the question of who can be targeted for a summary killing. The following chapter employs a novel normative framework: how to link an individual terrorist with a non-state group that threatens a nation-state. Six linking principles are catalogued and analyzed, including direct participation, co-belligerency, membership, control, complicity and conspiracy. The analysis produces counter-intuitive results, especially for civil libertarians who usually eschew status principles in favor of conduct principles. The concept of membership, a status concept central to international humanitarian law, is ideally suited to situations, like targeted killings, that …
Targeting And The Concept Of Intent, Jens David Ohlin
Targeting And The Concept Of Intent, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
International law generally prohibits military forces from intentionally targeting civilians; this is the principle of distinction. In contrast, unintended collateral damage is permissible unless the anticipated civilian deaths outweigh the expected military advantage of the strike; this is the principle of proportionality. These cardinal targeting rules of international humanitarian law are generally assumed by military lawyers to be relatively well settled. However, recent international tribunals applying this law in a string of little-noticed decisions have completely upended this understanding. Armed with criminal law principles from their own domestic systems, often civil law jurisdictions, prosecutors, judges and even scholars have progressively …
Joint Intentions To Commit International Crimes, Jens David Ohlin
Joint Intentions To Commit International Crimes, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
The following article is an attempt to provide a coherent theory that international tribunals may use to ground the imposition of vicarious liability for collective crimes. Currently, the case law and the literature is focused on a debate between the Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) doctrine applied by the ICTY and the co-perpetration doctrine applied by the ICC, which defines co-perpetrators as those who have joint control over the collective crime. The latter doctrine, influenced by German criminal law theory, has recently won many converts, both in The Hague and in the Academy, because it allegedly avoids many of the pitfalls …
Searching For The Hinterman: In Praise Of Subjective Theories Of Imputation, Jens David Ohlin
Searching For The Hinterman: In Praise Of Subjective Theories Of Imputation, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
How should international courts distinguish between principals and accessories? The ICC answered this question with Roxin’s Control Theory of Perpetration; defendants should be convicted as principals if they control the crime individually, jointly with a co-perpetrator, indirectly via an organized apparatus of power, or as indirect co-perpetrators (via a combination of the previous doctrines). As the ICC adopted the control requirement, however, some of its decisions have allowed lower mental states such as recklessness or dolus eventualis to meet the standard for principal perpetration under the Control Theory. Other decisions have asserted that intent or knowledge is required though their …
Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical And Horizontal Modes Of Liability, Jens David Ohlin
Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical And Horizontal Modes Of Liability, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
Both the ICTY and the ICC have struggled to combine vertical and horizontal modes of liability. At the ICTY, the question has primarily arisen within the context of ‘leadership-level’ JCEs and how to express their relationship with the Relevant Physical Perpetrators of the crimes. The ICC addressed the is-sue by combining indirect perpetration with co-perpetration to form a new mode of liability known as indirect co-perpetration. The following article argues that these novel combinations — vertical and horizontal modes of liability — cannot be simply asserted; they must be defended at the level of criminal law theory. Unfortunately, courts that …
Assessing The Control-Theory, Jens David Ohlin, Elies Van Sliedregt, Thomas Weigend
Assessing The Control-Theory, Jens David Ohlin, Elies Van Sliedregt, Thomas Weigend
Jens David Ohlin
As the first cases before the ICC proceed to the Appeals Chamber, the judges ought to critically evaluate the merits and demerits of the control-theory of perpetratorship and its related doctrines. The request for a possible re-characterization of the form of responsibility in the case of Katanga and the recent acquittal of Ngudjolo can be taken as indications that the control-theory, is problematic as a theory of liability. The authors, in a spirit of constructive criticism, invite the ICC Appeals Chamber to take this unique opportunity to reconsider or improve the control-theory as developed by the Pre-Trial Chambers in the …
Reclaiming Fundamental Principles Of Criminal Law In The Darfur Case, George P. Fletcher, Jens David Ohlin
Reclaiming Fundamental Principles Of Criminal Law In The Darfur Case, George P. Fletcher, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
According to the authors, the Report of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur and the Security Council referral of the situation in Darfur to the International Criminal Court (ICC) bring to light two serious deficiencies of the ICC Statute and, more generally, international criminal law: (i) the systematic ambiguity between collective responsibility (i.e. the responsibility of the whole state) and criminal liability of individuals, on which current international criminal law is grounded, and (ii) the failure of the ICC Statute fully to comply with the principle of legality. The first deficiency is illustrated by highlighting the notions of genocide …
Towards A Unique Theory Of International Criminal Sentencing, Jens David Ohlin
Towards A Unique Theory Of International Criminal Sentencing, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
International criminal law currently lacks a robust procedure for sentencing convicted defendants. Legal scholars have already critiqued the sentencing procedures at the ad hoc tribunals, and the Rome Statute does little more than refer to the gravity of the offense and the individual circumstances of the criminal. No procedures are in place to guide judges in exercising their discretion in a matter that is arguably the most central aspect of international criminal law - punishment. This paper argues that the deficiency of sentencing procedures stems from a more fundamental theoretical deficiency - the lack of a unique theory of punishment …
On The Very Idea Of Transitional Justice, Jens Ohlin
On The Very Idea Of Transitional Justice, Jens Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
The phrase "transitional justice" has had an amazingly successful career at an early age. Popularized as an academic concept in the early 1990s in the aftermath of apartheid's collapse in South Africa, the phrase quickly gained traction in a variety of global contexts, including Rwanda, Yugoslavia, Cambodia, and Sierra Leone. A sizeable literature has been generated around it, so much so that one might even call it a sub-discipline with inter-disciplinary qualities. Nonetheless, the concept remains an enigma. It defines the contours of an entire field of intellectual inquiry, yet at the same time it hides more than it illuminates. …
The Bounds Of Necessity, Jens David Ohlin
The Bounds Of Necessity, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
The current controversy surrounding the legality of torture can only be understood through an analysis of the distinction between justified necessity and excused necessity. Although there may be strong prudential reasons for international criminal courts to declare torture unlawful under any circumstance, this would not necessarily prevent a court from recognizing that an excuse may apply. However, the hallmark of the necessity excuse should not be understood, as it is in German law, as an exception that only applies when a defendant breaks the law to save someone close to him. Rather, the basic principle of the excuse ought to …
The Co-Perpetrator Model Of Joint Criminal Enterprise, Jens David Ohlin
The Co-Perpetrator Model Of Joint Criminal Enterprise, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
No abstract provided.
The One Or The Many, Jens David Ohlin
The One Or The Many, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
The following Review Essay, inspired by Tracy Isaacs’ new book, Moral Responsibility in Collective Contexts, connects the philosophical literature on group agency with recent trends in international criminal law. Part I of the Essay sketches out the relevant philosophical positions, including collectivist and individualist accounts of group agency. Particular attention is paid to Kornhauser and Sager’s development of the doctrinal paradox, Philip Pettit’s deployment of the paradox towards a general argument for group rationality, and Michael Bratman’s account of shared or joint intentions. Part II then analyzes, with cautious support, Isaacs’ two-level solution, which entails both individual and collective moral …
Meta-Theory Of International Criminal Procedure: Vindicating The Rule Of Law, Jens David Ohlin
Meta-Theory Of International Criminal Procedure: Vindicating The Rule Of Law, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
International criminal procedure is in a second phase of development, moving beyond the common law/civil law dichotomy and searching for its sui generis theory. The standard line is that international criminal procedure has an instrumental value: it services the general goals of international criminal justice and allows punishment for violations of substantive international criminal law. However, international criminal procedure also has an important and often overlooked intrinsic value not reducible to its instrumental value: it vindicates the Rule of Law. This vindication is performed by adjudicating allegations of criminal violations that occurred during periods of anarchy characterized by the absence …
Three Conceptual Problems With The Doctrine Of Joint Criminal Enterprise, Jens David Ohlin
Three Conceptual Problems With The Doctrine Of Joint Criminal Enterprise, Jens David Ohlin
Jens David Ohlin
This article dissects the Tadic court’s argument for finding the doctrine of joint criminal enterprise in the ICTY Statute. The key arguments are identified and each are found to be either problematic or insufficient to deduce the doctrine from the statute: the object and purpose of the statute to punish major war criminals, the inherently collective nature of war crimes and genocide and the conviction of war criminals for joint enterprises in World War II cases. The author criticizes this overreliance on international case law and the insufficient attention to the language of criminal statutes when interpreting conspiracy doctrines. The …
European Court Of Human Rights - Extradition - Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, Soering Case, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (Ser. A) (1989), David L. Gappa
European Court Of Human Rights - Extradition - Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, Soering Case, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (Ser. A) (1989), David L. Gappa
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
The Politics Of Ratification: The Potential For United States Adoption And Enforcement Of The Convention Against Torture, The Covenants On Civil And Political Rights And Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Winston P. Nagan
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
A Spectrum Of International Criminal Procedure: Shifting Patterns Of Power Distribution In International Criminal Courts And Tribunals, Jessica Peake
A Spectrum Of International Criminal Procedure: Shifting Patterns Of Power Distribution In International Criminal Courts And Tribunals, Jessica Peake
Pace International Law Review
Using the pure adversarial model expounded in part I (a) as the baseline for analysis, Parts II, III and IV of this article will explore the procedural evolution that has taken place at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (II), the International Criminal Court (III) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (IV). Part V will then plot the structural and procedural shifts that have taken place at those courts onto the spectrum of procedure identified in part I (c), before concluding, in Part VI, with what these shifts teach us about the convergence of adversarial …
Justice Or Peace? A Proposal For Resolving The Dilemma, Kenneth Williams
Justice Or Peace? A Proposal For Resolving The Dilemma, Kenneth Williams
Pace International Law Review
This article will address the question of how the international community should respond when the pursuit of justice and the attainment of peace are incompatible. It begins with an overview of the international human rights movement prior to World War II, a period when there was almost no effort to hold human rights violators accountable. The article then discusses how Nuremberg transformed international human rights law and created the framework for holding individuals accountable for committing egregious human rights violations. In the next section there is a discussion of how, despite Nuremberg, there was an era of impunity as a …
Excuses, Justifications, And Duress At The International Criminal Tribunals, Noam Wiener
Excuses, Justifications, And Duress At The International Criminal Tribunals, Noam Wiener
Pace International Law Review
This article examines the application of the defense of duress by international criminal tribunals through analyzing opposing theoretical approaches to justifications and excuses. The purpose of this examination is twofold. First, the article offers a framework for duress’s application by examining scholarly approaches to duress and by analyzing the application of the defense by international tribunals. This analysis includes the tribunals constituted following the Second World War and International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Second, the article provides insight into the underlying rationales that guide judges at the international tribunals in the last decade through the judges’ application …
An International Crimes Court: Further Tales Of The King Of Corinth, Jose A. Baez
An International Crimes Court: Further Tales Of The King Of Corinth, Jose A. Baez
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Balancing “Aggression” And Compassion In International Law: The Crime Of Aggression And Humanitarian Intervention, Alexander H. Mccabe
Balancing “Aggression” And Compassion In International Law: The Crime Of Aggression And Humanitarian Intervention, Alexander H. Mccabe
Fordham Law Review
There is a problematic overlap between bona fide humanitarian intervention and the crime of aggression. Under international law, the crime of aggression is defined so vaguely that it potentially could be applied to try leaders who seek to stop documented mass atrocities with armed force. This Note seeks a resolution to that overlap: a path that would allow those who would plan and engage in bona fide humanitarian intervention to be exempt from prosecution for aggression. The Note first examines the genealogy of the crime of aggression. It then analyzes several possible solutions to policing aggression without unduly deterring humanitarian …
Saving Face: Acid Attack Laws After The U.N. Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women, Lisa M. Taylor
Saving Face: Acid Attack Laws After The U.N. Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women, Lisa M. Taylor
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
The Extradition Proceedings Against General Augusto Pinochet: Is Justice Being Met Under International Law?, Anita C. Johnson
The Extradition Proceedings Against General Augusto Pinochet: Is Justice Being Met Under International Law?, Anita C. Johnson
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
The Case Of Wang Zong Xiao V. Reno: The International Implications Of Prosecutorial Misconduct, William W. Tanner
The Case Of Wang Zong Xiao V. Reno: The International Implications Of Prosecutorial Misconduct, William W. Tanner
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Refusal To Extradite: An Examination Of Canada's Indictment Of The American Legal System, Jami Leeson
Refusal To Extradite: An Examination Of Canada's Indictment Of The American Legal System, Jami Leeson
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Human Rights As Part Of Customary International Law: A Plea For Change Of Paradigms, Anthony D'Amato
Human Rights As Part Of Customary International Law: A Plea For Change Of Paradigms, Anthony D'Amato
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
A Child Rights Framework For Addressing Trafficking Of Children, Jonathan Todres
A Child Rights Framework For Addressing Trafficking Of Children, Jonathan Todres
Jonathan Todres
No abstract provided.
The U.S. View Of The Convention On The Rights Of The Child - Time For Reconsideration, Jonathan Todres, Howard Davidson
The U.S. View Of The Convention On The Rights Of The Child - Time For Reconsideration, Jonathan Todres, Howard Davidson
Jonathan Todres
No abstract provided.
Widening Our Lens: Incorporating Essential Perspectives In The Fight Against Human Trafficking, Jonathan Todres
Widening Our Lens: Incorporating Essential Perspectives In The Fight Against Human Trafficking, Jonathan Todres
Jonathan Todres
In 2000, the international community formally launched the modern movement to combat human trafficking with the United Nations' adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol). With the Trafficking Protocol, the international community created a new cornerstone upon which to build a global initiative to combat this modem form of slavery. As the first major international treaty on human trafficking in half a century, the Trafficking Protocol represented a significant step forward. One hundred forty-seven countries are now party to the …
Colonial Presumptions: The War On Terror And The Roots Of American Exceptionalism, Natsu Taylor Saito
Colonial Presumptions: The War On Terror And The Roots Of American Exceptionalism, Natsu Taylor Saito
Natsu Taylor Saito
The United States' current "war on terror" has been framed as a struggle for "civilization"; one which requires a "new paradigm of international law." The rationale for the United States' selective self-exemption from otherwise applicable international law in conducting this war has been that new and imminent threats require the re-shaping of legal doctrines. This essay considers this rationale against the backdrop of three centuries of American visions and policies, and the legal justifications put forth to justify Euroamerican expansion. It concludes that the justifications for American exceptionalism have been remarkably consistent throughout its history and that, as a result, …