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Book Review: Christopher F. Rufo. America's Cultural Revolution: How The Radical Left Conquered Everything. New York: Broadside Books, 2023., Alexander Robbin Marks-Katz May 2024

Book Review: Christopher F. Rufo. America's Cultural Revolution: How The Radical Left Conquered Everything. New York: Broadside Books, 2023., Alexander Robbin Marks-Katz

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Neo-Marxism. Critical Race Theory (CRT). Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI). All of these ideas are conventional wisdom today, yet until the presidential election of 2016, they were well outside the public sphere. Christopher Rufo explains in America's Cultural Revolution the mechanisms through which American culture reached its present state. While there are many reviews of his book, this one is unique because it considers his scholarship from a religious history perspective.


Daniel G. Hummel's The Rise And Fall Of Dispensationalism: How The Evangelical Battle Over The End Times Shaped A Nation: A Review, Michael A. Smith May 2024

Daniel G. Hummel's The Rise And Fall Of Dispensationalism: How The Evangelical Battle Over The End Times Shaped A Nation: A Review, Michael A. Smith

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

This review examines Daniel G. Hummel's The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism, a comprehensive intellectual and cultural history tracing the origin and evolution of dispensationalist theology within Anglo-American Evangelicalism. Despite its dismissal as fringe eschatology, Hummel argues that Dispensationalism significantly shaped the Evangelical imagination and broader American culture. The review summarizes the book's key themes and highlights strengths such as scope and balance while suggesting areas for further consideration regarding transatlantic origins and minor factual errors. It concludes that Hummel provides an insightful, measured analysis of this resilient and controversial belief system but dismisses the theological movement as dead …


“My Kingdom For A Horse!” The Development Of Equestrian Influence In Early Modern Europe, Jane Goode May 2024

“My Kingdom For A Horse!” The Development Of Equestrian Influence In Early Modern Europe, Jane Goode

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Humanity has always had a close relationship with horses, from using them for work to warfare to recreation. The era of early modern Europe is especially telling because of the transition of horsemanship underwent during that period. The horse has been used as a symbol of status and power that can be seen strongly throughout the culture of the 17th and 18th centuries with the development in breeding, the impact on different courts throughout Europe, and their elevation in art.


Samovars In The Snow: The Rise Of A Distinctively Russian Tea Culture, Abigail Coker May 2024

Samovars In The Snow: The Rise Of A Distinctively Russian Tea Culture, Abigail Coker

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

In the 18th Century, tea culture emerged in the Russia of Catherine the Great. Following the lead of the westernizing empress, Russians of the aristocracy adopted the refinement, which the spread across the empire. By the mid-19th Century, Russians from all social classes enjoyed tea not just as a drink but as a means of socializing and extending hospitality. Tea culture also manifested itself in new types of foods as well as cups and plates, as well other elements of broader Russian culture.


Cuba And The United States In The Platt Amendment Period: Perception And Intent, Lee Carter May 2024

Cuba And The United States In The Platt Amendment Period: Perception And Intent, Lee Carter

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The relationship between Cuba and the United States continues to perplex many Americans in the twenty-first century. How can a nation so nearby, that was once so closely tied to the United States, be so antagonistic towards the United States? This study will trace the perceptions, over time, of the United States-Cuba relationship during the early Cuban Republic (1902-1934), a time period in which the United States maintained a controlling relationship defined under the Platt Amendment. In this process, the Cuban perceptions of the relationship will be considered, specifically noting differences of views among different social statuses and perspectives. Then, …


Legal Slavery In America: A Precedent Set By A Black Plaintiff, Edwin Vazquez May 2024

Legal Slavery In America: A Precedent Set By A Black Plaintiff, Edwin Vazquez

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The legal precedent for slavery in America was set by a free black in a case decided by a seventeenth-century court granting the ownership of a black defendant to a black plaintiff. Slavery was not introduced by the arrival of the first Africans at Point Comfort in 1619. Ironically, it was introduced by precisely one of these first African arrivals to the New World. From this point, it developed into the known institution of slavery that later had to be quelled by a Civil War.


Dangerous Ambition: Character Analysis Of Major General Horatio Gates, Harold Allen Skinner Jr. May 2024

Dangerous Ambition: Character Analysis Of Major General Horatio Gates, Harold Allen Skinner Jr.

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Historian Robert Middlekauff describes Revolutionary War-era America as a society of the twice-born, people profoundly influenced by both radical English Whig ideology and the reformed Protestantism of the Great Awakening.[1] Historians have studied the influence of Christianity on many of the leading figures of the American Revolution, with the notable exception of Major General Horatio Gates. Gates’ military career presents a paradox to military historians: how could the victor at Saratoga in 1778 suffer ignominious defeat at Camden in August 1780? This paper will argue that Horatio Gates’ misfortunes during the American Revolution were due principally to his unregenerate …


"The Last King Of America" By Andrew Roberts- A Review, Michael A. Smith Nov 2023

"The Last King Of America" By Andrew Roberts- A Review, Michael A. Smith

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

"The Last King of America" by Andrew Roberts is a meticulously researched and engaging account of King George III's reign over the American colonies. Roberts dispels myths surrounding George III and explores his efforts to maintain control over the colonies, the tensions that led to the Revolutionary War, and the eventual loss of American territories. This thought-provoking book delves into the more significant themes of monarchy, colonialism, and revolution while offering fresh insights into a pivotal historical moment. Roberts' narrative skill and thorough research make "The Last King of America" an essential read for history enthusiasts and general readers.


State Power And Control: Core Elements Of Fascism In Fdr's Regime, Edwin Vazquez Nov 2023

State Power And Control: Core Elements Of Fascism In Fdr's Regime, Edwin Vazquez

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the hero of the Great Depression and WWII, employed fascist elements into American society. The term fascist is used as a mere epithet today, just as it was in the 1940s. Some argue it is a phenomenon of the political Right, others of the political Left. Notwithstanding, a definition, or a detailed description for the meaning of the term is hardly ever undertaken. The meaning of a term is essential if one hopes to find where it exists. Part of the task in this work is to attempt to define or describe the term fascism with …


Catholic Identity And Allegiance To The Patriot Cause In The American Revolution, David Gray Nov 2023

Catholic Identity And Allegiance To The Patriot Cause In The American Revolution, David Gray

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Abstract

Always a minute and persecuted minority in British America, most Catholics by the time of the American Revolution flocked to the Patriot cause for independence, and greater liberty for themselves. This paper explores the historical basis for Protestant prejudice toward Catholics, and reveals that Protestant Patriots in America accepted Catholics in the ranks of the Continental Army and Navy in the common struggle to achieve American independence.


Reverend Gideon Blackburn, Alice Jacobson Nov 2023

Reverend Gideon Blackburn, Alice Jacobson

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Gideon Blackburn (1772-1838) was a Presbyterian minister, missionary to the Cherokees, church planter, college president, and anti-slavery leader. His career in the ministry was not static, owing to his drive to evangelize as well as his pioneer restlessness to move further west into the frontier. Born in Virginia, Blackburn and his family moved into the area of east Tennessee while he was still a youth and where he converted at age 15. Following his theological education, in 1792 Blackburn moved to the Maryville, TN, area and served as an itinerant chaplain to Tennessee militia while pastoring two churches and planting …


Keepers Of The Peace Or Soldiers: An Analysis Of The 1983 Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing And The Rationale Behind Deploying Troops In A Peacekeeping Capacity, Brock Bellinger Nov 2023

Keepers Of The Peace Or Soldiers: An Analysis Of The 1983 Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing And The Rationale Behind Deploying Troops In A Peacekeeping Capacity, Brock Bellinger

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Despite President Reagan’s historic foreign policy success in ushering in the collapse of the Soviet Union and liberation of Eastern Europe, the loss of life during the Beirut Marine barracks bombing marks a substantial failure in Reagan’s foreign policy record. Reagan’s foreign policy failure in Beirut that resulted in the deaths of 241 Americans merits further examination amongst students of international relations as this peacekeeping mission illustrates the dangers of sending American troops into harm’s way without a clear and decisive goal and exit strategy. By evaluating the 1983 Beirut Marine barracks bombing, the hindsight and judgment of history allows …


Taking Dominion To End Dominion: The Mennonite Influence On The End Of Russian Serfdom, H. Michael Shultz Jr. Nov 2023

Taking Dominion To End Dominion: The Mennonite Influence On The End Of Russian Serfdom, H. Michael Shultz Jr.

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Serfdom in Russia was abolished in 1861, only 76 years after the first Mennonites were invited into Russia by Catherine II. By examining the lifestyle of the Mennonites who settled in the agriculturally productive “New Russia” (modern-day Ukraine), as well as the impact that the Mennonites had on the Imperial family, peasantry, and government, it is evident that the Mennonites played a recognizable role in bringing about the abolition of serfdom across the empire.


The 1776 Report And The Historical Establishment: A Review, Joseph E. Esparza Mar 2023

The 1776 Report And The Historical Establishment: A Review, Joseph E. Esparza

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The Trump Administration’s 1776 Final Report was instantly condemned by nearly all professional historical organizations in the United States upon its public release. This review of the 1776 Final Report seeks to understand why the historical establishment so quickly dismissed it as irrelevant and dangerous. It sheds light on the academic context behind the report, and comments on the state of the historical establishment in the United States. This article also gives an honest review of the final report from an historical perspective. This review demonstrates that the 1776 Report was never intended as a comprehensive narrative of American history …


The Historical Significance Of St. David’S Church In Colonial America, Maximus E. Marlowe Mar 2023

The Historical Significance Of St. David’S Church In Colonial America, Maximus E. Marlowe

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Located approximately twenty miles west of Philadelphia St. David’s Episcopal Church in Wayne/Radnor, Pennsylvania is one of the oldest churches in southeastern Pennsylvania. This paper started out as an extra-credit assignment for a Colonial American History course offered last fall. However, through Dr. Sam Smith’s passion for colonial church history, I became passionate about sharing the history of St. David’s as it is located only two miles from my home. This paper discusses the foundations of this important church highlighting the history and growth of Episcopal churches throughout the colonial period in Pennsylvania. This paper also discusses how St. David’s …


To Be Necessary: The Remarkable Life Of Mary Wollstonecraft, Elisabeth Phillips Mar 2023

To Be Necessary: The Remarkable Life Of Mary Wollstonecraft, Elisabeth Phillips

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Although overshadowed by her daughter, Mary Shelley, in the public imagination, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) stands as a significant figure in her time who left a significant legacy. Her writings advocating for women’s education, equal rights, and career opportunities established her as the progenitor of the modern women’s rights movement. Wollstonecraft’s ideas resonated in the era of the Atlantic world revolutions and laid the foundation for later advances of women in the Western world; therefore, it is important to study her contributions in the present.


Kowtowing And Paying Tribute To China: How China’S Self-Perception And The Mandate Of Heaven Shapes China’S Foreign Policy, Brock Bellinger Mar 2023

Kowtowing And Paying Tribute To China: How China’S Self-Perception And The Mandate Of Heaven Shapes China’S Foreign Policy, Brock Bellinger

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Throughout the course of history, the ancient Chinese notion of the Mandate of Heaven has played a fundamental role in guiding China’s foreign relations. The Mandate of Heaven is based upon the idea that the ruler of China has the authority to reign from Heaven. However, the Mandate of Heaven could be revoked if the Chinese leader did not adhere to strict moral guidelines, as evidenced by the fall of numerous dynasties throughout China's history. To better understand 21st century foreign relations with China, it is instructive to explore and recognize how China views itself historically. Through an improved …


Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The Continuation Of The American Revoulution, Robert A. Tober Mar 2023

Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The Continuation Of The American Revoulution, Robert A. Tober

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

This Article deals with the Lincoln-Douglas Debate and how Abraham Lincoln articulated the meaning of American Nationalism and the true meaning of the Revolution and how the advocates of slavery and those who would form "The Confederate States of America" betrayed the Revolution and committed treason. The article address scholarship such as how Lincoln used his arguments based on the words of the founding fathers and how neo-Confederate groups such as the Abbeville Institute and neo-Confederate scholars/apologists such as Donald W.Livingston are the anti-thesis of what it means to be an American.


A Matter Of Accountability: Communication And Coordination Failures Proceeding Pearl Harbor, Marc C. Jeter Mar 2023

A Matter Of Accountability: Communication And Coordination Failures Proceeding Pearl Harbor, Marc C. Jeter

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Abstract

Save for September 11, 2001, arguably no other incident in American history generates persistent and impassioned debate associated with the questions of why and on whom to affix responsibility than does the Pearl Harbor raid. For both Japan and the United States the road to December 7 (or 8th in Japan), was long and complex. Ensconced within the context of what was underway in Europe, there existed little room for diplomatic miscalculations or missteps. Thus for American civil, military, naval, and diplomatic leaders in Washington, D.C. and throughout the world, that American installations were attacked should not have …


Prisoners Or Pawns?, Marybeth Allison Mar 2023

Prisoners Or Pawns?, Marybeth Allison

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Civil War prisoners of war suffered extreme cruelty from a combined effort of failures throughout the Civil War. Their suffering occurred not from one person or one event, but a combination of people and events. It was not about the North or the South, Union or Confederate, as both sides face blame and fault for the dreadful conditions of Civil War prisoner of war camps.


Religion And Morality: The Forgotten Lesson Of George Washington's Farewell Address, Kenneth P. Schell Mar 2023

Religion And Morality: The Forgotten Lesson Of George Washington's Farewell Address, Kenneth P. Schell

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

This paper attempts to show that there is a forgotten lesson of religion and morality found in Washington’s Farewell Address. Like many of the Founders, George Washington believed that a government established as a republic could only stand if the people were virtuous. The works of many modern historians use a traditional two lesson narrative to explain the significance of Washington’s Farewell Address. The lesson is that the nation should be wary of entangling political alliances and the growing spirit of political factions. However, Washington put forth a third lesson that should be included when discussing Washington’s Farwell Address, that …


The Ambush At Saint Marys River, Micah P. Bellamy Mar 2023

The Ambush At Saint Marys River, Micah P. Bellamy

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

At a critical time in the American Civil War, President Lincoln was up for re-election, concerned that he might lose re-election, President Lincoln desired the Union to secure Florida. As Col. Guy Henry led an advancement from Jacksonville, Florida, across the northwest, there came word that the Confederate Army had a significant number of soldiers stationed at Lake City. Col. Henry and his men began to make their way towards Lake City, but on February 10, 1964, they were caught in an ambush as they attempted to cross the St. Marys River. This paper seeks to provide an examination of …


Review Of George Marsden, A Short Life Of Jonathan Edwards, Matthew C. Mccracken Sep 2022

Review Of George Marsden, A Short Life Of Jonathan Edwards, Matthew C. Mccracken

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Historian George M. Marsden's piece on the life of American preacher and theologian Jonathan Edwards offers a biographical account as rich in insight as it is convenient in succinctness. The biography explores religion in colonial America up to the eve of revolution, as well as social and political developments surrounding the First Great Awakening, all through the lens of the Edwards' experience and prolific influence.


"Cry Aloud And Spare Not": William G. Brownlow, The "Fighting Parson" And His Cantankerous Spirit, Melanie Storie Sep 2022

"Cry Aloud And Spare Not": William G. Brownlow, The "Fighting Parson" And His Cantankerous Spirit, Melanie Storie

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Best known as the “Fighting Parson,” William G. Brownlow earned his sobriquet during his years as an early 19th century, circuit-riding Methodist preacher in the southern Appalachians. E. Merton Coulter, renowned historian and Brownlow biographer, explained the “frontier man of God was a hard rider, a hard preacher, and a hard liver.” Thus, Brownlow learned very quickly how antagonizing his rivals served as a powerful tool in the contest of soul-winning on the frontier. This practice of verbally attacking his enemies was also used during his long public career in both journalism and politics. Consequently, for Brownlow, religion and …


“Started By A Mouse” An Examination Into The Character Of Walt Disney, And The Company That He Built., Micah P. Bellamy Sep 2022

“Started By A Mouse” An Examination Into The Character Of Walt Disney, And The Company That He Built., Micah P. Bellamy

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Walt Disney's legacy reaches all over the world, which is a far stretch from his humble beginning delivering newspapers in Kansas City. This study will examine Walt Disney's life, starting with his humble beginnings on the farm, his early days as a cartoonist, to the rise of the Walt Disney Corporation. The examination will look at the man, Walt Disney, focusing on his upbringing and the various challenges that he faced throughout his life that shaped the leader that he would later become, and will reveal how, despite the adversities, obstacles, and challenges that Walt faced, and how they shaped …


An Alternate Route: How Ronald Reagan Defied Expectations With His Approach To The Crosswinds Of The Patco Strike, Brock Bellinger Sep 2022

An Alternate Route: How Ronald Reagan Defied Expectations With His Approach To The Crosswinds Of The Patco Strike, Brock Bellinger

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

One challenge which reveals an executive’s leadership ability involves making the decision to fire an employee. President Ronald Reagan did not enjoy firing employees, due in part to his own father struggling to maintain employment. When the 1981 PATCO strike occurred, several obstacles arose which tested Reagan’s ability to act. The Professional Air Traffic Controller’s Organization (PATCO) had publicly supported Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign when other unions did not. Additionally, Reagan was sympathetic to unions, even serving as President of the Screen Actor’s Guild. These potential obstacles proved challenging from a political and personal perspective. However, when the …


Jane Austen: A Study On The Influences, World, And Character Of An Eighteenth-Century Novelist, Elisabeth Phillips Sep 2022

Jane Austen: A Study On The Influences, World, And Character Of An Eighteenth-Century Novelist, Elisabeth Phillips

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Jane Austen is one of the most influential authors in history and her works are regarded as timeless classics. Her ability to harness the motif of the strong, independent woman in a time when society wanted women to have neither attribute is incomparable in contemporary works. This article examines Austen's life and the variety of factors (family, religious, intellectual, historical) that molded her mind and character and thus informed the characters she created and the stories she crafted.


Book Review: Lori D. Ginzberg. Women And The Work Of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, And Class In The Nineteenth-Century United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990., Merritt A. Morgan Feb 2021

Book Review: Lori D. Ginzberg. Women And The Work Of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, And Class In The Nineteenth-Century United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990., Merritt A. Morgan

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Lori D. Ginzberg's 1990 work, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States, focuses on the ideas and socially benevolent practices of Protestant women of the prosperous middle and upper-middle-class during the 1820s to the 1880s in the northeast region of the United States. The author analyzes how contemporaries affirmed these values in women's benevolent work, which also promoted their status and brought about significant social changes in American culture.


Sowing The Seeds Of Texas Nationalism, Frances Watson Feb 2021

Sowing The Seeds Of Texas Nationalism, Frances Watson

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The period of Texas independence (1836-1845) provided rich ground for a strong sense of Texan nationalism to grow, with the seeds sown much earlier. To this day, Texans still exhibit characteristics common with nationalism, due to a long history of coping with life on the frontier, the Scotch-Irish heritage of fighting in defense of individual rights, winning an armed struggle for independence from Mexico, and dominant Southern traditions of Protestant evangelical religion and military pride.


John Eliot: A Successful Application Of Missiological Methodology, Brent Meyers Feb 2021

John Eliot: A Successful Application Of Missiological Methodology, Brent Meyers

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

For many seventeenth-century explorers and settlers arriving in the “New World,” new and exciting opportunities arose not only for building new lives for themselves, but also to spread their Christian faith. John Eliot, a Puritan missionary from Widford, Hertfordshire, England, engaged in conversion efforts among the Amerindians of New England, employing "missiological methodology," or proselytizing the natives while simultaneously subjugating them to European cultural norms. His work, while mixed in its effects, anticipated many aspects of modern missionary movements.