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Articles 1 - 30 of 55
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When Dirty Data Leads To Dirty Policing, Madison Blevins
When Dirty Data Leads To Dirty Policing, Madison Blevins
Law Student Publications
"On May 25th, 2020, George Floyd was tragically killed by police officers in Minneapolis. While George Floyd’s death was the shock that catapulted the Black Lives Matter (“BLM”) movement to the center of international attention, it was also just the tip of the iceberg. Floyd’s death was not the first death of a black person at the hands of the police, nor would it be the last. “A black person is killed by a police officer in America at a rate of more than one [person] every other day.” These repeated incidents across the country have ignited a mass movement …
Excessive Force: A Feasible Proximate Cause Approach, Latasha M. James
Excessive Force: A Feasible Proximate Cause Approach, Latasha M. James
University of Richmond Law Review
Through an analysis of the statutory and case law surrounding the use of excessive force, this Comment will review how differentiating applications of the law have led to varying and sometimes unjust results. Jurisdictions differ regarding what pre-shooting conduct can be considered, what the “objective reasonableness” standard encompasses, and how tort law should impact this analysis. Therefore, this Comment works to provide a framework for the consistent application of the objective reasonableness standard. Part I reviews the proscribed levels of force, noting when the use of force becomes excessive, and discusses the tort concept of proximate cause and how the …
Katz V. United States: Back To The Future?, Michael Vitiello
Katz V. United States: Back To The Future?, Michael Vitiello
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Preventing An Air Panopticon: A Proposal For Reasonable Legal Restrictions On Aerial Surveillance, Jake Laperruque
Preventing An Air Panopticon: A Proposal For Reasonable Legal Restrictions On Aerial Surveillance, Jake Laperruque
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Digital Technology And Analog Law: Cellular Location Data, The Third-Party Doctrine, And The Law's Need To Evolve, Justin Hill
Digital Technology And Analog Law: Cellular Location Data, The Third-Party Doctrine, And The Law's Need To Evolve, Justin Hill
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
The 2016 Amendments To Criminal Rule 41: National Search Warrants To Seize Cyberspace, “Particularly” Speaking, Devin M. Adams
The 2016 Amendments To Criminal Rule 41: National Search Warrants To Seize Cyberspace, “Particularly” Speaking, Devin M. Adams
Law Student Publications
George Orwell's dystopia, with the ever-watchful Big Brother, has seemingly become a reality with the recently passed amendments to Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 41, governing searches and seizures, now permits magistrate judges to authorize agents- under a single warrant- to "remotely access," and simultaneously search, copy and seize information from an infinite number of unknown electronic devices in multiple districts anywhere in the country. The unlimited jurisdiction provision is triggered when a device's location is obscured through "technological means," or if agents are investigating computer crimes in five or more districts- regardless of whether …
Digital Technology And Analog Law: Cellular Location Data, The Third-Party Doctrine, And The Law‘S Need To Evolve, Justin Hill
Digital Technology And Analog Law: Cellular Location Data, The Third-Party Doctrine, And The Law‘S Need To Evolve, Justin Hill
Law Student Publications
This comment explores how broader shifts in Fourth Amendment doctrine may affect the government's collection of Cell Site Location Information (CSLI) moving forward. It consists of three parts. Part I examines the technological underpinnings of cellular networks. The issue is frequently litigated, but few in the legal community have a real grasp on the technology. A nuanced understanding of the technology is crucial when examining the accuracy of CSLI or how the third-party doctrine ought to apply. This comment consolidates and simplifies the technical workings of cellular networks to enable better and more informed answers. Last, drawing on this understanding, …
The Purpose Of The Fourth Amendment And Crafting Rules To Implement That Purpose, Thomas K. Clancy
The Purpose Of The Fourth Amendment And Crafting Rules To Implement That Purpose, Thomas K. Clancy
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
When Autonomous Vehicles Take Over The Road: Rethinking The Expansion Of The Fourth Amendment In A Technology-Driven World, Rachael Roseman
When Autonomous Vehicles Take Over The Road: Rethinking The Expansion Of The Fourth Amendment In A Technology-Driven World, Rachael Roseman
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
On a cool summer morning in upstate New York, a man sitting on his couch types in the coordinates to a warehouse in Virginia on his phone and presses “engage.” At that moment, the engine of a vehicle several miles away starts up, and the vehicle slowly backs out of the driveway. Without a driver or any occupants, the vehicle travels several hundred miles from the driveway in New York to the warehouse in Virginia. Meanwhile, the man who engaged the vehicle remains seated on his couch in upstate New York. The man has engaged an autonomous vehicle (AV), capable …
A Unified Theory For Seizures Of The Person, Ronald J. Bacigal
A Unified Theory For Seizures Of The Person, Ronald J. Bacigal
Law Faculty Publications
Perhaps there is something about the final stages of their careers that causes people to resolve conflicts by reconciling the seemingly irreconcilable. Albert Einstein spent the last days of his career searching for a unified field theory that would eliminate the contradictory laws governing relativity and quantum mechanics. Stephen Hawking has taken up this quest which has been renamed a search for the Theory of Everything. On a “slightly” more modest level, I find the later stages of my career drawing me toward formulating a unified theory governing seizures of the person. The challenge is to blend three different tests …
The Anatomy Of A Search: Intrusiveness And The Fourth Amendment, Renée Mcdonald Hutchins
The Anatomy Of A Search: Intrusiveness And The Fourth Amendment, Renée Mcdonald Hutchins
University of Richmond Law Review
In this essay, I contend that when evaluating the constitutionality of enhanced surveillance devices, the existing test for assessing the occurrence of a Fourth Amendment search should be modified. Specifically, I suggest that intrusiveness should be unambiguously adopted by the Court as the benchmark for assessing and defining the existence of a search under the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, intrusiveness should be clearly defined to require an examination of two factors: the functionality of a challenged form of surveillance and the potential for disclosure created by the device.
Bending Broken Rules: The Fourth Amendment Implications Of Full-Body Scanners In Preflight Screening, M. Madison Taylor
Bending Broken Rules: The Fourth Amendment Implications Of Full-Body Scanners In Preflight Screening, M. Madison Taylor
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
In the face of emerging technology, the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee of protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is especially susceptible to erosion. As Justice Scalia wrote in Kyllo v. United States, “[i]t would be foolish to contend that the degree of privacy secured to citizens by the Fourth Amendment has been entirely unaffected by the advance of technology.” In Katz v. United States, technology compelled a dramatic shift in the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Fourth Amendment. Prior to Katz, the Court generally interpreted the Fourth Amendment to prevent only the search and seizure of tangible things, and looked to …
Warrantless Arrests In Police Standoffs: A Common Sense Approach To The Exigency Exception, Elizabeth E. Forbes
Warrantless Arrests In Police Standoffs: A Common Sense Approach To The Exigency Exception, Elizabeth E. Forbes
Law Student Publications
In the discussion that follows, I argue that exigency in police standoff situations should be governed by the clearer, more common sense rule adopted by the Sixth Circuit - namely that exigency exists due to the inherent danger of a police standoff, and is not negated by the mere passage of time. Part I provides a backdrop for the discussion, presenting an overview of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on exigency cases. Part II discusses the differing Sixth Circuit and Ninth Circuit approaches to exigency in police standoffs. Part III argues that the better position on exigency in police standoff situations …
Doctrinal Feedback And (Un)Reasonable Care, James Gibson
Doctrinal Feedback And (Un)Reasonable Care, James Gibson
Law Faculty Publications
The law frequently derives its content from the practices of the community it regulates. Examples are legion: Tort's reasonable care standard demands that we all exercise the prudence of an "ordinary" person. Ambiguous contracts find meaning in custom and usage of trade. The Fourth Amendment examines our collective expectations of privacy. And so on. This recourse to real-world circumstance has in-tuitive appeal, in that it helps courts resolve fact-dependent disputes and lends legitimacy to their judgments. Yet real-world practice can depart from that which the law expects. For example, suppose a physician provides more than reasonable care - extra tests, …
Fourth Amendment Challenges To Camping Ordinances: A Legal Strategy To Force Legislative Solutions To Homelessness, Nicholas May
Fourth Amendment Challenges To Camping Ordinances: A Legal Strategy To Force Legislative Solutions To Homelessness, Nicholas May
Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
This Article argues that Fourth Amendment challenges to camping ordinances can prompt legislative efforts to solve the problem of homelessness in U.S. cities. By properly employing the Supreme Court of the United States' judicial standard for privacy rights, courts should consider the efforts of individual cities' efforts to curb poverty when asking the following question: does society view a homeless person's expectation of privacy as reasonable?
Fourth Amendment Challenges To Camping Ordinances: A Legal Strategy To Force Legislative Solutions To Homelessness, Nicholas May
Fourth Amendment Challenges To Camping Ordinances: A Legal Strategy To Force Legislative Solutions To Homelessness, Nicholas May
Richmond Public Interest Law Review
This Article argues that Fourth Amendment challenges to camping ordinances can prompt legislative efforts to solve the problem of homelessness in U.S. cities. By properly employing the Supreme Court of the United States' judicial standard for privacy rights, courts should consider the efforts of individual cities' efforts to curb poverty when asking the following question: does society view a homeless person's expectation of privacy as reasonable?
Georgia V. Randolph: Whose Castle Is It, Anyway?, Lesley Mccall
Georgia V. Randolph: Whose Castle Is It, Anyway?, Lesley Mccall
University of Richmond Law Review
The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. Generally, a warrant is required to conduct a lawful search of a person's home, and a warrantless search is unreasonable per se. However, there are some exceptions to this requirement. A warrantless search is reasonable if police obtain voluntary consent from a person to search their home or effects. The Supreme Court has also recognized that a third party with common authority over a household may consent to a police search affecting an absent co-occupant. The Supreme Court of the United States recently addressed whether third party consent was effective …
Double-Trouble: The Underregulation Of Surreptitious Video Surveillance In Conjunction With The Use Of Snitches In Domestic Government Investigations, Mona R. Shokrai
Double-Trouble: The Underregulation Of Surreptitious Video Surveillance In Conjunction With The Use Of Snitches In Domestic Government Investigations, Mona R. Shokrai
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Technological advancements in digital imagery and visual recordings have all but vitiated any expectation of privacy in public places. Yet this Orwellian state of constant governmental surveillance has extended beyond the scope of public observation. Closely-held expectations of privacy in the most intimate locations have also become subject to government observation. The means by which the government is able to garner such detailed information concerning the minutiae of our private lives is in need of assessment.
Police Shootings Under The Fourth Amendment, Wayne C. Beyer
Police Shootings Under The Fourth Amendment, Wayne C. Beyer
Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
The Fourth Amendment permits police to use deadly force when there is an imminent threat of serious bodily harm or death to themselves or others. Although the governing standard is well established in a general way, its application to particular facts and circumstances may not be clear to officers on the street. Unless a reasonable police officer would have understood that his/her decision to shoot was clearly constitutionally prohibited, the officer may be entitled to qualified immunity, a decision that the court can make on summary judgment before trial. Discussed first are shootings that are not subject to Fourth Amendment …
Groh V. Ramirez: Strengthening The Fourth Amendment Particularity Requirement, Weakening Qualified Immunity, C. Brandon Rash
Groh V. Ramirez: Strengthening The Fourth Amendment Particularity Requirement, Weakening Qualified Immunity, C. Brandon Rash
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Police Shootings Under The Fourth Amendment, Wayne C. Beyer
Police Shootings Under The Fourth Amendment, Wayne C. Beyer
Richmond Public Interest Law Review
The Fourth Amendment permits police to use deadly force when there is an imminent threat of serious bodily harm or death to themselves or others. Although the governing standard is well established in a general way, its application to particular facts and circumstances may not be clear to officers on the street. Unless a reasonable police officer would have understood that his/her decision to shoot was clearly constitutionally prohibited, the officer may be entitled to qualified immunity, a decision that the court can make on summary judgment before trial. Discussed first are shootings that are not subject to Fourth Amendment …
Tip-Based Warrantless Searches And Seizures Under The Rubric Of The Investigativedetention Exception To The Warrant Requirement: What Law Enforcementpersonnel Must Understand About Exclusion And Training, Brian Decker
Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Making The Right Gamble: The Odds On Probable Cause, Ronald J. Bacigal
Making The Right Gamble: The Odds On Probable Cause, Ronald J. Bacigal
Law Faculty Publications
Again, is there probable cause to detain, arrest or search each passenger? Is there probable cause to search each passenger's luggage, their autos parked at the airport and their residences? This article seeks the answer to the hypotheticals in sources ranging from the judiciary's own pronouncements on probable cause to linguistics, history mathematics and cognitive psychology.
Raiding Islam: Searches That Target Religious Institutions, John G. Douglass
Raiding Islam: Searches That Target Religious Institutions, John G. Douglass
Law Faculty Publications
On the morning of March 20, 2002, while television cameras recorded the events for the evening news, dozens of federal agents entered and searched the offices of several Islamic educational and religious organizations in Northern Virginia. The agents were searching, it appears, for evidence that those organizations contributed money to international groups known to have sponsored terrorist acts. By most public accounts, the targeted institutions were regarded as moderate and progressive voices in American Islam. For that reason, the searches sent shock waves through the American Muslim community. Muslims who had supported the Administration's domestic war on terrorism began to …
Tip-Based Warrantless Searches And Seizures Under The Rubric Of The Investigativedetention Exception To The Warrant Requirement: What Law Enforcementpersonnel Must Understand About Exclusion And Training, Brian Decker
Richmond Public Interest Law Review
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Criminal Law, Marla Graff Decker, Stephen R. Mccullough
Criminal Law, Marla Graff Decker, Stephen R. Mccullough
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Criminal Law And Procedure, Julie E. Mcconnell, Gregory Franklin, Craig Winston Stallard
Criminal Law And Procedure, Julie E. Mcconnell, Gregory Franklin, Craig Winston Stallard
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Fbi Internet Surveillance: The Need For A Natural Rights Application Of The Fourth Amendment To Insure Internet Privacy, Catherine M. Barrett
Fbi Internet Surveillance: The Need For A Natural Rights Application Of The Fourth Amendment To Insure Internet Privacy, Catherine M. Barrett
Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
Last year, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) acknowledged that it used an Internet electronic surveillance system called Carnivore to investigate and prosecute criminal suspects in more than two dozen cases. Carnivore is a software program developed by the FBI that can be installed on the network of an Internet Service Provider (“ISP”), such as America Online, to monitor, intercept and collect e-mail messages and other Internet activity made and received by individuals suspected of criminal activity. To date, the full capability of Carnivore remains a secret—the FBI refuses to disclose the source code (computer language) that would reveal how …