Digital Commons Network^™

The Transatlantic Gmo Dispute Against The European Communities: Some Preliminary Thoughts, David A. Wirth

David A. Wirth

Any day now, a World Trade Organization panel is expected to rule in a dispute between the U.S. and the EU concerning market access for genetically-engineered foods and crops. This piece, written before the release of the WTO panel's report, analyzes novel systemic issues concerning the impact of WTO law on regulatory design, at both the national and international levels, that are raised by this dispute. These include (1) the application of WTO disciplines to regulatory schemes that require prior governmental approval to protect the environment and public health from newly-introduced products and substances; (2) the role of precaution as …

Drugs In Sport: A Study Of The Origins, Rights And Outcomes, Annette Greenhow

Annette Greenhow

Extract: This paper will examine the origins of the use of drugs in sport, dating back to ancient times through to modern evidence in the broader context of recreational and performance enhancing drug use. It will also consider the rights of the athlete involved in an anti-doping offence and examine whether the protection of the legitimate interests of the sport is still sufficient to justify the imposition of the strict liability principles applicable today. One perspective that requires further examination is whether the ‘one rule fits all’ approach to the application of the sanctions under the WADA Code is reasonable …

Drug Policy In Context: Rhetoric And Practice In The United States And The United Kingdom, Richard C. Boldt

Richard C. Boldt

The history of narcotics use and drug control in the U.S. before passage of the Harrison Act in 1914 is similar in important respects to that in the U.K. during the same period. Although the two countries’ paths diverged significantly over the ensuing decades, there has been a convergence of sorts in recent years. In the United States, the trend lines have moved from an active “war on drugs” in which criminal enforcement and punishment have been the primary rhetorical and practical instruments of policy to an evolving approach, at least at the federal level, characterized by a somewhat more …

Spatial Distribution Of Commercial Banks In Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria, I B. Abdullahi, M A. Ijaiya, A Abdulraheem, R I. Abdulkadir, R O. Ibrahim

Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

The spatial distribution of banks in any geographic entity determines the level of accessibility to its services by the public. This study examined the pattern of banks distribution in Ilorin metropolis. Field survey was employed in determining the number of available commercial banks and their respective distances between each other. The spatial analysis technique such as the nearest neighbour analysis as used ascertain the degree of clustering, density and the average distance taken to access these services. The study revealed that about 96% of the total number of banks are situated in the Central Business District which exhibited a very …

Short Summaries Of Two Main Speeches, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

This paper contains short summaries of two main speeches made during the NELN+ Conference in Lund in October 2011. The first speaker, Nicolas de Sadeleer from Belgium, talked about the issues of precautionary measures in situations of scientific uncertainty. He presented an overview of the relevant EU case-law from the General Court and the Court of Justice. The central question that was highlighted concerned the space left to the EU Commission and Council to determine how “safe is safe”. The second speaker, Hillevi Eriksson from Sweden, reflected on the results of her research within the topic “Knowledge Needed for Climate …

Requirements Of A Valid Islamic Marriage Vis-À-Vis Requirements Of A Valid Customary Marriage In Nigeria, Olanike Sekinat Odewale Mrs

Olanike Sekinat Adelakun

The Rise Of U.S. Food Sustainability Litigation, Stephanie Tai

Stephanie Tai

This article provides one of the first critical looks at the interface between the values of the sustainable food movement and its rising use of litigation. In particular, it focuses on two growing areas of food sustainability litigation: challenges to CAFOs and challenges to the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the food system. These areas were chosen because they involve growing sectors of U.S. agriculture over which members of the sustainable food movement have raised significant concerns.

The article begins by describing the sustainable food movement, including how the movement fits in with factors that sociologists use to …