Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 406

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Symbols For Schools: Types Of School Nicknames, How They Are Formed, And Implications For Leaders, Andrew Hudacs Jul 2024

Symbols For Schools: Types Of School Nicknames, How They Are Formed, And Implications For Leaders, Andrew Hudacs

Journal of Educational Leadership in Action

School nicknames are powerful symbols representing the shared values and culture of their respective communities. This descriptive mixed method-study attempts to illuminate patterns in current school nicknames and examine ways that school leaders and communities approach changes to their nicknames. Nicknames from 1108 postsecondary schools were identified and analyzed with mixed methods to form a classification system that was then used to measure relationships between nicknames and school characteristics. A thematic text analysis of institutional nickname descriptions shows that the origins of nicknames vary, both in their inspirations (from presidential committees to sports journalists) and their process of selection (from …


Effective Leadership And Its Impact On The Educational Community, Betti Shahin, Susan Rowan, Toleen Mazloum, Nadia Kawar Jul 2024

Effective Leadership And Its Impact On The Educational Community, Betti Shahin, Susan Rowan, Toleen Mazloum, Nadia Kawar

Journal of Educational Leadership in Action

Background: In the contemporary era characterized by globalization and rapid technological advancement, education is a paramount force driving human progress, with academic performance as an essential metric for its efficacy. Researchers have diligently investigated various factors affecting academic performance, encompassing environmental and student-centered variables. Objective: This paper undertakes a distinctive exploration, directing attention to the nuanced impact of the principal's leadership on the overall performance of the educational community, including educators and students. Delving into factors beyond conventional metrics, such as the principal's leadership style, classroom size, teacher's salary, and faculty development and mentoring, the study unravels the complex dynamics …


Assessing Extension Educators' Motivation For Program Evaluation Using Self Determination Theory, Adeola C. Ogunade, Megan Kruger, Oluwafunke Abeleje Jun 2024

Assessing Extension Educators' Motivation For Program Evaluation Using Self Determination Theory, Adeola C. Ogunade, Megan Kruger, Oluwafunke Abeleje

The Journal of Extension

Studies have shown the importance of program evaluation in Extension and its value in communicating Extension program successes. This current study was conducted to assess Extension educators’ motivation toward program evaluation using the self-determination theory. Respondents perceived that they were not competent enough to engage in program evaluation but greatly valued program evaluation. Further analysis of our theory-informed survey data revealed that perceived competence and value positively predicted interest in program evaluation. Our findings contribute to Extension professional development discourse.


The Impact Of Cognitive Coaching On Educator Identity And Teamwork Through Classroom Observation As Perceived By Teachers And Administrators., Carrie Elizabeth Wade May 2024

The Impact Of Cognitive Coaching On Educator Identity And Teamwork Through Classroom Observation As Perceived By Teachers And Administrators., Carrie Elizabeth Wade

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Classroom observations are meant to help teachers improve their instructional practice and improve learning outcomes for students. But for many educators, traditional, in-person classroom observations can not only be difficult to arrange but difficult to truly gain valuable feedback from when teachers can’t see what was happening in the moment (Drago-Severson & Blum-Stefano, 2017). Teaching and leading in an environment characterized by a constant state of change is more likely to cause stress and negative feelings when the employees care deeply about the outcome (Wisse & Sleebos, 2016). Cognitive Coaching methods, applied to classroom observations, aim to reduce focus on …


Perception Of Emotional Intelligence And Self Efficacy For School Business Officials At K-12 Districts, Agha Mirza Apr 2024

Perception Of Emotional Intelligence And Self Efficacy For School Business Officials At K-12 Districts, Agha Mirza

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in Chief Business Officials (CBOs) working in School Districts in the state of California.

Methodology: The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy characteristics, employing a quantitative, correlational research design. The study involved a non-experimental approach to establish correlations between the identified variables and an explanatory design to elucidate the relationship between variables. Correlational research has been established as the most effective approach for examining correlations between phenomena and distinct population samples, which made …


More Than Just Checking A Box: Teachers' Experiences Of Transformation In Equity-Focused Professional Learning, Melissa E. Moxley Mar 2024

More Than Just Checking A Box: Teachers' Experiences Of Transformation In Equity-Focused Professional Learning, Melissa E. Moxley

Education Doctorate Dissertations

Pennsylvania has the largest disparity between student and faculty demographics. In fact, over half of Pennsylvania schools employ zero teachers of color. As student demographics change and teacher demographics remain the same, there is an ever-increasing need to train in-service teachers on diversity, equity, and inclusion tenets. Training teachers to be culturally competent requires them to alter their understandings in a transformational way. Often, cash-strapped districts attempt to produce training sessions in-house, developed by administrators who may have little training in the area themselves. This leads to professional learning that is left in the conference room once teachers leave. Research …


Improving Nutrition Screening Practice In The Hospitalized Heart Failure Patient Population, Amanda J. Bourgeois Jan 2024

Improving Nutrition Screening Practice In The Hospitalized Heart Failure Patient Population, Amanda J. Bourgeois

DNP Projects

Background: Heart Failure is a disease known to affect nearly 6.5 million adults in the United States. Characterized by recurrent hospitalizations, heart failure significantly contributes to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in the United States and worldwide. Because malnutrition is prevalent in the heart failure population, healthcare providers must perform nutritional assessments on admission to intervene in the case of malnutrition, prevent deterioration, and improve patient prognosis. Without intervention and early identification of malnutrition, heart failure hospitalizations will remain a significant problem.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of an evidence-based educational program for cardiac …


Civil Society Contributions To Improving Learning Outcomes: An Education Out Loud Global Learning Partner Report, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, Desmond Bermingham, Jolanda Buter, Miriam Linder, Sam Boering Jan 2024

Civil Society Contributions To Improving Learning Outcomes: An Education Out Loud Global Learning Partner Report, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, Desmond Bermingham, Jolanda Buter, Miriam Linder, Sam Boering

International Education Research

This report shares the findings from an action research project conducted on behalf of Global Partnership for Education’s (GPE) Education Out Loud (EOL) programme by the Management for Development Foundation (MDF) and the Australian Council for Education Research (ACER) Consortium, in its capacity as global learning partner (GLP). The project involved working directly with three organisations (grantees) in receipts of EOL funds, across five GPE countries. The Consortium supported them to conduct action research projects, which tested the underlying assumptions of their programme’s theory of change, in order to validate their approaches to advocacy and policy influencing (API) and support …


Improving Teachers' Assessment Literacy: The Effects Of A Professional Learning Program, Susan Bishop Jan 2024

Improving Teachers' Assessment Literacy: The Effects Of A Professional Learning Program, Susan Bishop

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Teachers’ assessment practices greatly influence student learning. However, the level of assessment literacy among teachers is inadequate relative to classroom assessment standards and expectations. Assessment literacy includes interpreting results of various assessments, creating assessments that are aligned to learning targets, using assessment results to understand students’ gaps in learning, and adjusting instruction accordingly. This formative program evaluation used mixed methods to examine a professional learning program for teacher leaders in a public school district. Using Kirkpatrick’s model, participants’ reactions, knowledge and skill development, and changes in practice were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of professional learning and inform future professional …


Ready Or Not: A Program Evaluation To Determine The Readiness Of An Urban Title I Elementary School To Implement The Multi-Tiered System Of Supports In Reading (Mtss-R) Program, Carla Marie Gibson Jan 2024

Ready Or Not: A Program Evaluation To Determine The Readiness Of An Urban Title I Elementary School To Implement The Multi-Tiered System Of Supports In Reading (Mtss-R) Program, Carla Marie Gibson

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Attainment of grade-level reading proficiency by fourth grade is pivotal to student academic success. In fourth grade, students shift from learning to read to reading to learn where they gain the ability to use their reading skills to access knowledge. Despite the connection between fourth grade reading proficiency and future academic success, national reading assessments demonstrate that one-third of America’s fourth graders read below grade-level. Because reading proficiency scores at Southeast Elementary School are reflective of national statistics, the Multi-Tiered System of Supports in Reading (MTSS-R) program was initiated as a solution to mitigate the widening reading achievement gap at …


Forging Connections In A Digital World: Are Educational Organizations Maximizing Their Position In The Twittersphere?, Ruoxi Qi, Ana-Paula Correia, Chenxi Liu Dr., Fan Xu Dr., Tianqi Li Jan 2024

Forging Connections In A Digital World: Are Educational Organizations Maximizing Their Position In The Twittersphere?, Ruoxi Qi, Ana-Paula Correia, Chenxi Liu Dr., Fan Xu Dr., Tianqi Li

Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE)

This study aims to investigate how educational organizations utilize social media, specifically Twitter, to interact and communicate with their audiences. Using text mining techniques, the researchers analyzed messages from top Twitter accounts of educational organizations in the U.S. The study sheds light on which types of messages receive more engagement on Twitter, such as likes, comments, and retweets. Furthermore, the study examines the characteristics of the most popular tweets. The findings of this research provide insights to educational organizations on how to improve their social media strategy for effective communication and audience engagement.


Re-Thinking Education For Sustainable Development: Key Learning Insights From The Sdsn Usa Transformative Education Summit 2023, Radhika Iyengar, Sumie Song, Deepak Sridhar, Wendy M. Purcell, Ann Nielsen, Iveta Silova, Matthew A. Witenstein, Wen-Wen Tung Dec 2023

Re-Thinking Education For Sustainable Development: Key Learning Insights From The Sdsn Usa Transformative Education Summit 2023, Radhika Iyengar, Sumie Song, Deepak Sridhar, Wendy M. Purcell, Ann Nielsen, Iveta Silova, Matthew A. Witenstein, Wen-Wen Tung

Educational Leadership Faculty Publications

This paper summarizes key learning insights from the 2023 U.S. Summit on Transformative Education organized by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network USA. Over 400 members from higher education institutions, non-governmental organizations, think tanks, students, and teachers, joined the online event held February 23-25. The Summit created a bridge between social justice issues with an historical lens and sustainable development. Learning insights include those shared by session speakers, dialogue among participants during thematic conversations and regional networking forums, comments made by attendees on session Jamboards and the Zoom Chat function, and post-Summit feedback. A high-level thematic review was undertaken to cluster …


A Mixed Methods Design Exploring Factors And Experiences Of Ed.D. Graduates And Time To Degree, Brian Willess Dec 2023

A Mixed Methods Design Exploring Factors And Experiences Of Ed.D. Graduates And Time To Degree, Brian Willess

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

In higher education, the extended time-to-degree of doctoral students creates a gap between those who graduate on time and those who do not. This delay is due to program structures, relationships, and dissertation writing. Academic success requires timely program completion and increases career opportunities for graduates. A long time to degree increases the risk of non-completion, especially during dissertations. Attrition, persistence, and dropping out have been studied, but why students graduate on time needs more examination. Most studies focus on Ph.D. students and programs with different requirements and time-to-degree, so new research must include Ed.D. students and examine doctoral graduates' …


Intercultural Competency Development Model For Extension Professionals: Expert Consensus Using The Delphi Technique, John M. Diaz, Cody Gusto, K.S.U Jayaratne, Lendel Narine, Colby Silvert, Cecilia Suarez, Celina Wille Dec 2023

Intercultural Competency Development Model For Extension Professionals: Expert Consensus Using The Delphi Technique, John M. Diaz, Cody Gusto, K.S.U Jayaratne, Lendel Narine, Colby Silvert, Cecilia Suarez, Celina Wille

The Journal of Extension

To address concerns about the applicability of existing intercultural competence models to the Extension context, we aimed to develop a systematic intercultural competence framework tailored for Extension professionals through a collaborative and consensual process. A three-phased Delphi approach was utilized with a panel of 36 intercultural competence experts in Extension across academic disciplines to identify and finalize competencies thought to be necessary across career phases. The panel agreed upon 54 competencies in total with 13 competencies to develop in the first year, 37 competencies to develop in the first three years and four competencies in years two through seven.


Developing Research Culture Among Staff Under Conditions Of Organizational Change, Mariia Perelygina, Denise O'Leary Oct 2023

Developing Research Culture Among Staff Under Conditions Of Organizational Change, Mariia Perelygina, Denise O'Leary

Conference papers

This paper focuses on encouraging the growth of a research culture within a school of hospitality and tourism in one third-level institution in Ireland. The aim of the initiative is to increase engagement of staff members in impactful research, leading to benefits for individual staff members and a greater research profile for the school. Taking an action research approach, a plan of initiatives was designed and implemented to develop research culture. The paper examines the phenomenon of changing the organizational culture at the department level in a higher education institution undergoing a large amount of organisational change. The initiative is …


Library Transformation: The Futures School Experience Applied To Practice, Gloria F. Creed-Dikeogu Oct 2023

Library Transformation: The Futures School Experience Applied To Practice, Gloria F. Creed-Dikeogu

Kansas Library Association College and University Libraries Section Proceedings

Attendance as a member of the Plains Cohort at a three-day Futures Foundations in Natural Foresight Workshop taught by the Kedge Futures School (TFSX), provided the researcher with the opportunity to explore the theoretical ropes of library futurism alongside the natural foresight framework and the many futurist tools, like futures wheels and scenario building, that are so vital when participating in library futures strategic planning. This paper explains trend patterns and analyses and the importance of sensemaking to futures scenarios creation and how each connects to library transformation.


Biology Teachers’ Perspective On Change Of Curriculum Policy: A Case For Implementation Of “Independent” Curriculum, Kintan Limiansi, Suranto Aw, Paidi Paidi, Caly Setiawan Sep 2023

Biology Teachers’ Perspective On Change Of Curriculum Policy: A Case For Implementation Of “Independent” Curriculum, Kintan Limiansi, Suranto Aw, Paidi Paidi, Caly Setiawan

The Qualitative Report

Curriculum change is one way of adapting education in the face of various scientific and technological developments. These changes lead to different views from numerous educational actors, one of which is teachers. This study aims to explore biology teachers' perspectives on curriculum change in Indonesia. A qualitative phenomenological study with semi-structured interviews explored the biology teachers' perspectives. The interview results were analyzed using the thematic analysis method with ATLAS.ti 22 software to determine themes. The results showed four themes from biology teachers' perspectives on curriculum change, which are (1) the factors affecting independent curriculum implementation; (2) the teachers' concerns; (3) …


Hidden In Plain Sight: Finding A Balance Between Assessment And Learning In Competency-Based Education In Canadian Health Care, Scott Murray Aug 2023

Hidden In Plain Sight: Finding A Balance Between Assessment And Learning In Competency-Based Education In Canadian Health Care, Scott Murray

The Dissertation in Practice at Western University

Due to its emphasis on skill development and alignment with workforce demands, competency-based education (CBE) has garnered considerable attention in recent years. My organizational improvement plan (OIP) focuses on the potential benefits of incorporating learners’ voices into CBE in Canadian medical education and proposes a corresponding implementation framework. The traditional CBE model often lacks a critical component: the learner’s voice. My OIP reviews the literature and outlines its theoretical underpinnings (e.g., systems theory, adult education theory) within the scope of authentic leadership. The findings suggest incorporating learners’ voices into CBE to boost engagement, motivation, and agency. In response to such …


Vamos A Pláticar: The Sense-Making Process Of Career Services Practitioners At California Community Colleges In A Guided Pathways Epoch, Claudia Estrada-Howell Aug 2023

Vamos A Pláticar: The Sense-Making Process Of Career Services Practitioners At California Community Colleges In A Guided Pathways Epoch, Claudia Estrada-Howell

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The California Community College system and its vision for success, which includes a focus on increasing students' degree and certificate completion, as well as increasing the percentage of existing Career and Technical Education students who report being employed in their field of study is highlighted. To help support these goals, the California Community College System has adopted the Guided Pathways framework. This framework requires all campuses to fundamentally redesign their programs and support services to ensure they are clear, more educationally coherent pathways to credentials that in turn prepare students for success in the workforce and further education. To do …


Learning: What Counts And Who Decides?, Reginald Jjw Lavergne Jul 2023

Learning: What Counts And Who Decides?, Reginald Jjw Lavergne

The Dissertation in Practice at Western University

Educators, educational leaders, and policymakers continue to develop academic interventions for secondary school students who experience ongoing struggles. This approach is understandable given the neoliberal educational goal to support students’ becoming contributing members of society. However, time spent responding to symptoms (i.e., students failing courses) merely maintains the status quo. It negates the exploration of a deeper cause of these struggles. This organizational improvement plan (OIP) explores and initiates a change to respond to a cause of these challenges: lack of student voice in learning environments resulting in diminished student achievement and limited awareness of postsecondary pathway possibilities. Although mentioned …


Accreditation As A Framework For School Improvement: A Quantitavite Study, Michael A. Burroughs Jul 2023

Accreditation As A Framework For School Improvement: A Quantitavite Study, Michael A. Burroughs

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

This study investigated the perceptions of heads of schools from accredited schools concerning whether the accreditation process, as prescribed by the League of Christian Schools (LCS), leads to improvement in leadership capacity and the impact of instruction on the learning environment. The League of Christian Schools has developed an accreditation process that is based in systems theory as espoused by Senge (2006), which contributed to the theoretical framework for this study. Administrators in LCS member K12 schools provided 25 responses to an anonymous online survey. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed to determine perceptions regarding increased organizational capacities in the …


Measuring The Learning Effectiveness Of Two Courses In A Program In Accounting Data And Analytics, Clarence Goh, Duan Ning, Magdeleine Lew, Gary Pan, Poh Sun Seow Jun 2023

Measuring The Learning Effectiveness Of Two Courses In A Program In Accounting Data And Analytics, Clarence Goh, Duan Ning, Magdeleine Lew, Gary Pan, Poh Sun Seow

Research Collection School Of Accountancy

Driven by rapid technological innovation, information technology (IT) is expected to significantly alter the way that accountants work. However, both accounting researchers and practitioners have observed a shortage of accounting professionals who currently possess the relevant technology skillsets to exploit technological advances. In response, the School of Accountancy of a Singapore-based university launched a second major program in Accounting Data and Analytics in 2018. In this study, we examine the learning effectiveness of two courses – Business Data Management and Data Modelling & Visualization – offered as part of the program. Overall, our results suggest that the courses are effective …


Closing Reading Achievement Gaps For Middle School Students, Michael D. Daugherty Apr 2023

Closing Reading Achievement Gaps For Middle School Students, Michael D. Daugherty

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

This research examined how self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and professional development compared between core content and special education middle school teachers working with middle school students in reading comprehension and fluency. Accordingly, no statistically significant difference in teacher self-efficacy between core content and special education teachers was discovered based on the ANOVA analysis results. An analysis of professional development and collective teacher efficacy showed mixed results with a negative relationship predicted between increased professional development hours for core content teachers. A predicted positive relationship existed with the number of professional development hours increasing for special education teachers. There was no statistically …


A Par Reflection: The Power Of Teacher Voice, Anna Marie Warren Apr 2023

A Par Reflection: The Power Of Teacher Voice, Anna Marie Warren

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Teacher voice is missing in systemic change. This PAR study explored some of the barriers in education today that prevent teachers from using their voices and the leadership skills needed to empower teachers to use their voices in change processes. The study was implemented on two secondary school campuses with two teams of PAR researchers. Data were collected using a triangulation of PAR forms, journal reflections, and Likert surveys. While identifying barriers hindering teachers from using their voice, the qualitative study also aimed to provide a platform where teachers could express and use their voice to cause change in their …


Leading The Initial Implementation Phase Of Tandemed In Relationship With The Pittsburgh Public Schools, Brian C B Barnes Feb 2023

Leading The Initial Implementation Phase Of Tandemed In Relationship With The Pittsburgh Public Schools, Brian C B Barnes

Journal of Research Initiatives

TandemEd facilitates Black communities to create campaigns that highlight their positive racial identity and self-defined educational purpose. This article examines leadership of the initial implementation phase of the TandemEd community initiative in relationship with the Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS) focusing primarily on the interactions with the superintendent and executive director of the superintendent’s office. The results included ongoing support from PPS as TandemEd formed a citywide steering committee of highly community legitimated persons, executed a leadership and campaign academy for thirty-five Pittsburgh youth, and facilitated design and delivery of various cable television commercials on identity and purpose in the Greater …


Examining The Self-Reported Ace Scores And Anxiety Levels In Student Teachers: An Action Based Pilot Study, Alicia K. Green Jan 2023

Examining The Self-Reported Ace Scores And Anxiety Levels In Student Teachers: An Action Based Pilot Study, Alicia K. Green

2023 Projects

This mixed-methods pilot study examined Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and anxiety in student teachers. Data were collected electronically using the ACE questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS21), and six open-ended questions. Results indicate that participants report anxiety and ACEs. This study implies further research is needed on student teachers.


Prácticas De Liderazgo De Los Equipos Directivos De Las Escuelas Normales Superiores Para El Mejoramiento Institucional, Fanny Zambrano Orjuela Jan 2023

Prácticas De Liderazgo De Los Equipos Directivos De Las Escuelas Normales Superiores Para El Mejoramiento Institucional, Fanny Zambrano Orjuela

Doctorado en Educación y Sociedad

La investigación aquí expuesta se inscribe en la línea de Políticas públicas, calidad de la educación y territorio, del Doctorado en Educación y Sociedad de la Universidad de La Salle, se centró en el análisis y comprensión del discurso de directivos de las Escuelas Normales Superiores (ENS) sobre las prácticas de liderazgo directivo escolar y en la identificación de posibles estrategias para la cualificación de sus procesos pedagógicos, organizacionales y direccionales. El desarrollo metodológico cualitativo descriptivo sobre el campo de conocimiento del liderazgo directivo escolar, el pensamiento complejo y la planificación estratégica convergieron para alcanzar los propósitos planteados. Desde estas …


The Perspectives Of Saudi Arabian Professionals Regarding The Most Important Soft Skills For Leaders To Possess In Telecommuting Environments During Crisis: A Q Methodology Study, Shatha Abdulghani Khalifah Jan 2023

The Perspectives Of Saudi Arabian Professionals Regarding The Most Important Soft Skills For Leaders To Possess In Telecommuting Environments During Crisis: A Q Methodology Study, Shatha Abdulghani Khalifah

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this Q methodology study was to explore Saudi Arabian professionals’ perspectives regarding the soft skills they considered most important for leaders to possess in telecommuting environments during crises.

Q methodology was developed to study human subjectivity and uses both quantitative and qualitative procedures to do so. As is the convention for a Q methodology study, a single question guided the research: What are the perspectives collectively held among Saudi Arabian professionals regarding the soft skills they consider most important for leaders to possess in telecommuting environments during crises?

The researcher developed a 44-item Q sample of opinion …


The House Of Seminar Needs Overhaul: The General Education Seminar In Theory And Practice, Matthew J. Park Dec 2022

The House Of Seminar Needs Overhaul: The General Education Seminar In Theory And Practice, Matthew J. Park

Early College Folio

Matthew Park's intellectual and institutional history of the General Education Seminars at Bard College at Simon’s Rock. This historical analysis, which the author revolves around a discussion of the genealogy and philosophy of Seminar more broadly, serves as a multidisciplinary lens through which teachers and students of Seminar across the Bard Early Colleges may center current and future discussions of the course(s).


An Examination Of University Employees' Green Workplace Behaviors, Stephanie Nicole Jones Dec 2022

An Examination Of University Employees' Green Workplace Behaviors, Stephanie Nicole Jones

Doctoral Dissertations

As colleges and universities implement or enhance campus sustainability programs and administrators seek to understand the impact of such programs on their campuses, much effort has focused on understanding the green behavior of students enrolled at these institutions. However, given that universities employ large numbers of faculty and staff, it is also important to understand employees’ green behaviors. This descriptive survey research study sought to better understand the green behaviors of employees at a research university in the southeastern part of the United States. Potential participants were emailed a link to an online Qualtrics survey consisting of 31 closed and …