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Understanding The Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support And Psychological Well-Being: Perspectives Of Turkish Faculty Members, Ünal Deniz, Cihan Kocabaş Mar 2024

Understanding The Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support And Psychological Well-Being: Perspectives Of Turkish Faculty Members, Ünal Deniz, Cihan Kocabaş

Higher Learning Research Communications

Objective: The purpose of our quantitative correlational study is to investigate the relationship between the perceived organizational support of faculty members and their psychological well-being.

Methods: Our study included 450 faculty members from state universities in Istanbul who were selected using a simple random sampling method. We used descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and linear multiple regression analyses.

Results: We found that faculty perceptions of organizational support and psychological well-being vary according to academic title and tenure and are not different by gender. Perceived organizational support significantly predicted psychological well-being while controlling for gender, academic title, and tenure.

Conclusions: Ensuring …


A Systematic Overview Of Reviews Of The Use Of Immersive Virtual Reality In Higher Education, Chris D. Craig, Robin Kay Nov 2023

A Systematic Overview Of Reviews Of The Use Of Immersive Virtual Reality In Higher Education, Chris D. Craig, Robin Kay

Higher Learning Research Communications

Objectives: Immersive virtual reality (IVR) provides opportunities to learn within a nonphysical, digital world. The purpose of this critical review was to examine published systematic reviews regarding the benefits and challenges of IVR in higher education to inform best practices.

Method: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews (PRIOR) to ensure transparency and to afford an evidence-based approach for synthesizing insights from a broad range of research. We analyzed and synthesized 10 reviews that include 332 studies with over 9,878 participants, following an integrated synthesis design process using thematic analysis and emergent coding.

Results: Results confirmed the …


Black Women And Theoretical Frameworks, Laschanda Johnson Jul 2023

Black Women And Theoretical Frameworks, Laschanda Johnson

The Scholarship Without Borders Journal

Despite the upsurge in the number of woman students as well as novice faculty /administrators, there are still too few women leaders to inspire the shifting demographics. The growing number of female undergraduate students in most parts of the world has created the erroneous perception that gender equality in higher education has been attained. While women's contribution to higher education has increased, the attainment of leadership positions is practically unknown from the global perspective. Given that higher education is becoming a more complicated global enterprise, gender equality in leadership is not only an issue of impartiality but also a need …


The Strategies Of Post-Covid Age In Iranian Higher Education: A Qualitative Approach, Esmaiel Jafari Jul 2023

The Strategies Of Post-Covid Age In Iranian Higher Education: A Qualitative Approach, Esmaiel Jafari

The Qualitative Report

In the present study, the strategies of Iranian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the post-COVID era have been considered. The research approach is qualitative and phenomenological, and accordingly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 samples from two groups of chief executive officer and faculty members. Thematic content analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results showed that the strategies and guidelines of the higher education system in the post-COVID era include (1) Facilitate and promote domestic and international cooperation, (2) Attracting public support (3) Use of various teaching methods and (4) Develop the competencies of the faculty …


Elizabeth Boyd's Disappearing Act: Performing Literary Legacy On The Georgian Stage, Kristina Straub Jun 2023

Elizabeth Boyd's Disappearing Act: Performing Literary Legacy On The Georgian Stage, Kristina Straub

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830

How do we trace the historical processes that grant some writers visibility and, hence, legacy, while shoving others into the historical closet? This essay offers the case study of Elizabeth Boyd (1727-1745), a novelist, poet, and playwright who has received some attention from scholars interested in women’s contributions to the legacy of William Shakespeare in the second quarter of the eighteenth century. In particular, her unperformed play, Don Sancho: Or, the Students Whim, a Ballad Opera of Two Acts, with Minerva’s Triumph, a Masque (1739) dramatizes a woman writer’s reflections on the politics of legacy at this formative moment in …


A Pen, A Pencil, Or A Keyboard: Writing Center Tutors’ Perceptions, Mirta Ramirez-Espinola Mar 2023

A Pen, A Pencil, Or A Keyboard: Writing Center Tutors’ Perceptions, Mirta Ramirez-Espinola

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

A Pen, A Pencil, or a Keyboard: Online Writing Center Tutors’ Perceptions

Author, Adjunct Faculty, Grand Canyon University

Abstract

Writing can be challenging for some students, even those who have graduated high school and are moving forward to higher learning. Thus, an idea about students and writing support led to a study about writing centers and the individuals responsible for supporting struggling writers. This qualitative case study explored the tutors’ perceptions of online writing tutoring and investigated how tutors perceive their work using both asynchronous and synchronous online tutoring modes at a 4-year university. Though the writing center participating in …


Increasing Collaboration Between Extension And University Faculty: The Value Of A Dedicated Faculty Liaison, Heidi L. Radunovich, Nick T. Place Mar 2023

Increasing Collaboration Between Extension And University Faculty: The Value Of A Dedicated Faculty Liaison, Heidi L. Radunovich, Nick T. Place

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

This paper describes the development of a faculty liaison position created to increase collaboration between Extension and other university units and provides original research assessing the programmatic outcome. An assessment of initial collaborations was done, and a survey was given to university faculty to assess their impressions of Extension at the start of the position and after four years. The position provided a significant increase in collaborative projects and reported collaboration, and reported perceptions of Extension improved, while the ability to define the terms Extension and land-grant did not change. Suggestions for improving upon such a position are made.


Using A Mobile Food Pantry To Address The Food Insecurity Needs Of College Students, Madison Lapke, Barbara Stoecker, M. Craig Edwards, Janice Hermann Mar 2023

Using A Mobile Food Pantry To Address The Food Insecurity Needs Of College Students, Madison Lapke, Barbara Stoecker, M. Craig Edwards, Janice Hermann

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Food insecurity is a prevalent issue throughout the United States, the state of Oklahoma, and on Oklahoma State University’s (OSU) Stillwater campus. Research has shown that college and university students tend to be more food insecure than national population averages and Stillwater’s food insecurity rates have been even higher. Mobile food pantries (MFP) generally have been effective in addressing food insecurity, but few studies have investigated their use to alleviate food insecurity among college students. Our Daily Bread Food and Resource Center (ODB) in Stillwater implemented an MFP on OSU’s campus. The present study surveyed students who utilized the MFP …


Medical Professors’ Perception Of E-Learning During Covid19 Period, Mounia Bendari, Hanane Delsa, Fadila Guessous, Said Benchekroun Jan 2023

Medical Professors’ Perception Of E-Learning During Covid19 Period, Mounia Bendari, Hanane Delsa, Fadila Guessous, Said Benchekroun

Health Sciences

Over the past few years, our lives have been deeply impacted by technological innovations. Educational programs have also integrated a technological method for learning. This new entity has been called electronic learning (E-learning).

At Mohammed VI University of Health and Sciences, students benefitted from the E-learning for quite a few years now, but the pandemic of Sars-CoV2 was an opportunity for our university to apply increased optimization in the use of the technological methods that we have to make it possible for staff to quickly and efficiently implement tools for adaptation to the circumstances of Sars-Cov2. These adaptations also assured …


International Comparative Education: A Case For Russia, Kirill A. Strakhov Dec 2022

International Comparative Education: A Case For Russia, Kirill A. Strakhov

Pepperdine Policy Review

Moscow State University (MSU) in Russia does not have an adequate general education curriculum as part of the undergraduate requirements. The curriculum does not cover classical topics such as the exploration of human nature. At the college level, Russian students are not able to change their specialization even as freshmen. The policy recommendations are going to be grounded on the various philosophical understanding of education and its role in our society. MSU should include more open discussion seminars in order to develop crucial virtues of character. At the same time, MSU should implement a general education curriculum, which would keep …


The Impact Of Grade Inflation On Teachers’ Evaluation: A Quantitative Study Conducted In The Context Of Five Lebanese Universities, Bassem E. Maamari, Hiba S. Naccache Dec 2022

The Impact Of Grade Inflation On Teachers’ Evaluation: A Quantitative Study Conducted In The Context Of Five Lebanese Universities, Bassem E. Maamari, Hiba S. Naccache

Journal of Global Education and Research

Asking students to evaluate teaching faculty by every ending semester in modern education is an established trend. In the higher education circles, it is validated based on a large body of research showing a relationship between these evaluations and students’ achievement. The arising problem is whether this relation is positively associated or not, and the presence of a growing debate pertaining to the many factors influencing this correlation. Most of the cited research shows a link between the attitude of students and their achievement. This research studies the effect of students’ grade point average (GPA), together with the type of …


An Assessment Of Students’ Enrolment Rate In University Of Ilorin, Nigeria From 2019-2021: Implications For Management, Yusuf Suleiman, Salami Tunde Adeniyi, Obalasiki Kamal, Lawal Saheed Oluwaseun, Oladejo Misbau Abiodun Nov 2022

An Assessment Of Students’ Enrolment Rate In University Of Ilorin, Nigeria From 2019-2021: Implications For Management, Yusuf Suleiman, Salami Tunde Adeniyi, Obalasiki Kamal, Lawal Saheed Oluwaseun, Oladejo Misbau Abiodun

Journal of Educational Leadership in Action

Enrolment at all levels of education is regarded as one of the indices of measuring the growth and development of education system. It is against this backdrop that the study assesses the enrolments of students in the University of Ilorin and its implications for the management. In order to get data for the study, annual report of the university from 2019-2021 were used to provide answers to the two research questions that were formulated to guide the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive method of analysis. The findings of the study revealed that females were more enrolled than males …


The Passive Approach: How Academically Motivated Students Approach Their Mental Health., Megan E. Mccoy Jun 2022

The Passive Approach: How Academically Motivated Students Approach Their Mental Health., Megan E. Mccoy

Anthós

The research utilizes qualitative interviews and focus groups to understand how academically motivated students approach their mental health. Mental health is defined as “emotional, psychological, and social well-being,” by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and is becoming a more significant concern in collegiate student populations. At Portland State University, the effects of mental health concerns on students are nearly double that of students around the U.S (Community Commons, n.d.). Academically motivated students are a group who seemingly strive for success and likely experience high levels of stress daily. The study found that students often take a passive approach …


A Self-Study Of Frn Olivet: A Student-Led Food Recovery Model On A University Campus, Madeira Sherwood May 2022

A Self-Study Of Frn Olivet: A Student-Led Food Recovery Model On A University Campus, Madeira Sherwood

ELAIA

An alarming amount of unserved food, which emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, is thrown away daily on university campuses. In those same college communities, there is likely a large food insecure population that is going to bed hungry every night. The Food Recovery Network (FRN) is a network of colleges and universities across the United States that seeks to bridge this gap. The FRN chapter at Olivet Nazarene University, established in October 2017, encountered challenges in its first couple years of operation because there were not yet many resources that laid out best practices for a food recovery program …


Investigation Of The Relationship Between Smart Phone Addiction And Physical Activity In University Students, Ayşe Numanoğlu-Akbaş, Sinem Suner-Keklik, Hatice Yakut Mar 2022

Investigation Of The Relationship Between Smart Phone Addiction And Physical Activity In University Students, Ayşe Numanoğlu-Akbaş, Sinem Suner-Keklik, Hatice Yakut

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this research was to determine the university students’ characteristics regarding smartphone usage and physical activity and to investigate the relationship between smart phone addiction and the physical activity levels. Methods: A total of 288 (female=159 and male=129) students were involved in this observational study. Smartphone usage characteristics of the participants were recorded. The short form of the Smartphone Addiction Scale was used to assess their smartphone addiction, and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess their physical activity levels. Results: It was found that 37.7% of the females and …


On A Small Glossary Of Academic Anti-Intellectualism, William Díaz Villarreal Mar 2022

On A Small Glossary Of Academic Anti-Intellectualism, William Díaz Villarreal

CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture

This article presents the Small Glossary of Anti-intellectualism, where the most common rhetorical strategies and themes of contemporary academic anti-intellectualism are commented on. Anti-intellectualism is as old as intellectual life itself. However, its contemporary version is historically and sociologically rooted in the very structure of modern culture industry. It is a manifestation of a now universal pseudo-culture (Halbbildung) which, according to Adorno, has become the “dominant form of contemporary consciousness.” Arthur Schlesinger said that anti-intellectualism has long been the anti-Semitism of the businessman; today, anti-intellectualism is certainly the antisemitism of several social and political groups, including academia …


أثر برنامج رياضي في الحد من أعراض الاكتئاب وتحسين الرفاهية النفسية (دراسة شبه تجريبية لدى عينة من طلبة الجامعة). The Effect Of Sport Program In Reducing Light And Moderate Depressive Symptoms And Improving Psychological Well-Being (Experiment Study On Sample Of University Students), سعاد محمد اللواتية, كاشف نايف زايد, مها عبد المجيد العاني Feb 2022

أثر برنامج رياضي في الحد من أعراض الاكتئاب وتحسين الرفاهية النفسية (دراسة شبه تجريبية لدى عينة من طلبة الجامعة). The Effect Of Sport Program In Reducing Light And Moderate Depressive Symptoms And Improving Psychological Well-Being (Experiment Study On Sample Of University Students), سعاد محمد اللواتية, كاشف نايف زايد, مها عبد المجيد العاني

Association of Arab Universities Journal for Education and Psychology

هدفت الدراسة شبه التجريبية التحقق عن مدى تأثير الأنشطة الرياضية المعتدلة للحد من أعراض الاكتئاب وتحسين الرفاهية النفسية لدى طالبات جامعة السلطان قابوس وذلك من خلال تطبيق برنامج رياضي تم تصميمه لهدف الدراسة. تكونت عينة الدراسة من 33 طالبة ممن يعانين من مستويات مختلفة من الضغوط النفسية بما في ذلك أعراض الاكتئاب (متوسط أعمارهن 21.2 ± 2.8) وقد تم تقسيمهن إلى مجموعتين: التجريبية (ن = 18)، والضابطة (ن = 13) وقد قد أخضعت المجموعة التجريبية لبرنامج رياضي من النشاط البدني المكثف 3 مرات أسبوعيًا ولمدة 8 أسابيع، في حين أن نظرائهن في المجموعة الضابطة لم يخضعن لأي نوع من التدخلات. …


Analysis And Evaluation Of Law Number 12 Of 2012 Concerning Higher Education Based On Sports Needs For Students, Sandey Tantra Paramitha, Muhamad Fahmi Hasan, Leni Anggraeni, Marisa Noviyanti Fajrah Ilsya, Muhamad Gilang Ramadhan, Apriya Maharani Rustandi, Hikmat Kodrat Dec 2021

Analysis And Evaluation Of Law Number 12 Of 2012 Concerning Higher Education Based On Sports Needs For Students, Sandey Tantra Paramitha, Muhamad Fahmi Hasan, Leni Anggraeni, Marisa Noviyanti Fajrah Ilsya, Muhamad Gilang Ramadhan, Apriya Maharani Rustandi, Hikmat Kodrat

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

The sense of responsibility to educate students as "whole people" which lies on the shoulders of all higher education managers, sports programs will continue to have strategic programs in the higher education system in Indonesia. Therefore, researchers conducted a normative and juridical literature review to examine sports in higher education. The results of this review indicate that Article 35 (3) of the Higher Education Curriculum Law No. 12 of 2012 concerning sports higher education is needed to be used as a compulsory subject in higher education. Overall, this review provides an appropriate reference point for further research by identifying the …


(De)Glossing Financial Aid: Do Colleges And Universities Actually Use Financial Student Aid Jargon?, Zachary W. Taylor, Laura Manor Jun 2021

(De)Glossing Financial Aid: Do Colleges And Universities Actually Use Financial Student Aid Jargon?, Zachary W. Taylor, Laura Manor

Journal of Student Financial Aid

Decades of research has suggested that completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) can be a complex, difficult process for postsecondary students and their support networks. However, no extant research has informed federal student aid practitioners and researchers as to what federal student aid jargon terms institutions of higher education actually use in their application instructions to complete the FAFSA. To fill this gap in the research, this study adopts a distributional linguistic approach to analyze a random sample of federal student aid application instructions published on institutional websites (.edu) over three years (2017, 2018, and 2019) to …


Linguistic Hurdles Faced By English L2 Speakers Pursuing U.S. Higher Education: What The Research Tells Us And Pathways Forward, Z W. Taylor Jun 2021

Linguistic Hurdles Faced By English L2 Speakers Pursuing U.S. Higher Education: What The Research Tells Us And Pathways Forward, Z W. Taylor

Essays in Education

Decades of extant research has suggested English learners (ELs or English L2 students) and their support networks do not access United States (U.S.) higher education at the same level as their English-fluent (or English L1 peers). Similarly, decades of research have suggested U.S. higher education ought to adopt a polylingual approach to postsecondary access, yet little has changed since the work began in the early 1980s. This critical review synthesizes this work, includes recent work, and criticizes a stubborn U.S. higher education system for failing to embrace linguistic minorities and improve access to the U.S. higher education system for minoritized …


School Finance, Race, And Reparations, Preston C. Green Iii, Bruce D. Baker, Joseph O. Oluwole Apr 2021

School Finance, Race, And Reparations, Preston C. Green Iii, Bruce D. Baker, Joseph O. Oluwole

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

In this article, we explain why and how school finance reform should be a part of a reparations program for Black Americans. This article proceeds in six parts. Part I explains how Black-white school funding disparities occurred during the separate-but-equal era. Part II discusses how these funding disparities have occurred in the aftermath of the Brown decision. Parts III and IV explore why school desegregation and school finance litigation, respectively, have failed to remedy these gaps. Part V lays out a reparations framework that state legislatures could adopt to provide restitution to schools and taxpayers harmed by state policies creating …


U.S. Faculty Salary & Satisfaction Report, Prof Cihan Cobanoglu, Khuraman Shahtakhtinskaya, Luana Nanu, Faizan Ali, Trishna Mistry, Anudari Munkhtuya Jan 2021

U.S. Faculty Salary & Satisfaction Report, Prof Cihan Cobanoglu, Khuraman Shahtakhtinskaya, Luana Nanu, Faizan Ali, Trishna Mistry, Anudari Munkhtuya

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

This survey was conducted to analyze the general job satisfaction and compensation trend and create a national benchmarking report for salary and other benefits that faculty members receive in the U.S. Some may say job satisfaction is an elusive, even mythical concept, and an abundance of research has been dedicated towards it. The current report mainly focused on job satisfaction amongst academic staff in the U.S. We were particularly interested in understanding both the general level of satisfaction and different factors that seemed to account for satisfaction and dissatisfaction. In addition, we were interested to see if there was any …


Postgraduate University Students’ Experiences And Attitudes Toward Culturally Diverse Learning Environments, Orhan Sahin, Louise Jenkins Jan 2021

Postgraduate University Students’ Experiences And Attitudes Toward Culturally Diverse Learning Environments, Orhan Sahin, Louise Jenkins

The Qualitative Report

In this paper we investigate the attitudes that Australian domestic university students hold toward cultural diversity on a large, metropolitan university campus. We employed a qualitative approach incorporating five individual semistructured interviews, and a focus group in order to gather data on the participants’ attitudes toward cultural diversity, and the contributing influences on these attitudes. The findings of this study indicate that the participants’ attitudes were impacted significantly by past and present experiences of cultural diversity, and the immersion in a culturally diverse university campus. The research contextualizes how these life experiences are responsible for shaping attitudes toward cultural diversity …


Online Education Practices And Teaching Team Compositions In Australian Preservice Primary Science Education, James Deehan Jan 2021

Online Education Practices And Teaching Team Compositions In Australian Preservice Primary Science Education, James Deehan

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Australian Initial Teacher Education (ITE) has long been marred by instability, scrutiny and high academic workloads. University wide workforce changes and the proliferation of online education require ongoing consideration as these factors have the potential to both enrich ITE and exacerbate existing issues. As subsect of ITE, preservice primary science education faces unique hurdles as establish student-centred, authentic practices have historically been delivered by tenured staff in traditional face-to-face settings. This paper aims to explore online teaching practices and teaching team composition in Australian preservice primary science education via interview and survey data collected from 17 academics in a Type …


Development Of An Unorthodox Support Model To Mentor Undocumented Immigrant Students, Keisha Chin Goosby Jan 2021

Development Of An Unorthodox Support Model To Mentor Undocumented Immigrant Students, Keisha Chin Goosby

Journal of College Access

This article addresses the need to better understand impactful mentoring models for undocumented immigrant students (UIS). Based on interviews of 18 mentors of UIS who were college graduates, findings include diverse effective mentoring models, specific mentoring styles and strategies, how mentors identified and leveraged the community cultural wealth of UIS, and the forms of support that mentors used which highlight an unorthodox approach to mentoring UIS. A new model for mentoring UIS is presented with a framework on how to engage in new research. Recommendations are provided for schools, districts, colleges, and universities.


Internationalization Of Higher Education: Definition And Description, Furkat Sharipov Dec 2020

Internationalization Of Higher Education: Definition And Description, Furkat Sharipov

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

Higher education has now become a part of the wider globalization process. Due to globalization, the internationalization of higher education is regarded as one of the leading trends that determine the value foundations of the functioning of modern universities. The internationalization activities of a university in modern conditions can be perceived as a value that requires its introduction into the general system of norms that form the academic culture of an educational institution. This article investigates the concept of higher education internationalization, which has become common practice for almost all higher education institutions all over the world. It discusses …


Standardizing Multi Cognitive Abilities Test Of Gifted College Students (Gcat), Yusra Aboud Nov 2020

Standardizing Multi Cognitive Abilities Test Of Gifted College Students (Gcat), Yusra Aboud

Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث

This study aimed to standardize and develop the multiple cognitive abilities tests of the gifted students in the university and to study its psychometric characteristics. To achieve the goal, the test was applied to a sample of 714 students; (male =264) and (female= 450); they were drawn from some theoretical and applied colleges, age ranged between 18-25 years. The results showed that the test had a strong factor analysis structure, with all items under the component factors; the test showed high consistency coefficients ranging from (0.69 to 0.89). The results also showed that the test achieved high correlation coefficients with …


Factors In The Probability Of Covid-19 Transmission In University Classrooms, Charles Connor Jul 2020

Factors In The Probability Of Covid-19 Transmission In University Classrooms, Charles Connor

Numeracy

University students and faculty members need an effective strategy to evaluate and reduce the probability that an individual will become infected with COVID-19 as a result of classroom interactions. Models are developed here that consider the probability an individual will become infected as a function of: prevalence of the disease in the university community, number of students in class, number of class meetings, and transmission rate in the classroom given the presence of an infected individual. Absolute probabilities that an individual will become infected in a classroom environment cannot be calculated because some of these factors have unknown values. Nevertheless, …


Q&A: A Career In Christian Higher Education: An Interview, Linda Gray May 2020

Q&A: A Career In Christian Higher Education: An Interview, Linda Gray

Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning for Christians in Higher Education

Much has changed in U.S. culture since the 1970s, requiring teachers to adjust their methods of reaching students who are markedly different from their parents’ generation. But through the decades, Christian educators have tried to demonstrate God’s love through caring, patience, knowledge, and commitment, and in a Christian institution, they also seek to bring a Christian worldview to their students. But if some students at Christian universities are not believers nor seekers and when students lack basic biblical knowledge, teachers in Christian institutions must adjust their teaching methods. Online teaching creates even more challenges as students and teachers can see …


Teaching Excellence: The Core Of The Land-Grant Mission, Stephen M. Gavazzi Apr 2020

Teaching Excellence: The Core Of The Land-Grant Mission, Stephen M. Gavazzi

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

The tripartite mission of the land-grant university – teaching, research, and community engagement – has evolved over the course of the past 150 years. The intensified concentration on empirical activities in the last half century, however, is thought to have created a mission-related imbalance that often has relegated teaching and community engagement activities to second-tier status within the academy. In tandem, there have been several unforced errors on the part of universities that have diminished the public’s belief in the return on investment associated with a college degree. The argument is made for an increased emphasis on teaching and learning …