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Additionality Of Debt Relief And Debt Forgiveness, And Implications For Future Volumes Of Official Assistance, Léonce Ndikumana
Additionality Of Debt Relief And Debt Forgiveness, And Implications For Future Volumes Of Official Assistance, Léonce Ndikumana
Léonce Ndikumana
This paper examines the impact of debt forgiveness and debt relief on official development assistance. From the recipient side, the econometric analysis suggests that countries that received debt relief also received more aid compared to those that did not qualify for debt relief. From the donor side, while the data indicate a decline in aid disbursement since the early 1990s, there is no econometric evidence for any direct causal relationship between the decline in aid and debt relief/forgiveness. Nonetheless, the decline in aid raises serious concerns given that developing countries’ need in external resources cannot be met by debt relief …
Variation In Organic Standards Prior To The National Organic Program, Julie Caswell
Variation In Organic Standards Prior To The National Organic Program, Julie Caswell
Julie Caswell
Interest in establishing nationally uniform certification, labeling, and management standards for organic products grew out of concern that the existence of multiple standards led to consumer and supply chain confusion about, and lack of confidence in, these products. The National Organic Program Final Rule, issued in December 2000, is the result of this interest. We analyze the certification system that was in place prior to the new national rule to evaluate the extent of differences between certification standards and how the national rule is likely to impact the market for organic products. Our analysis suggests that most differences among US …