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Resurrecting The Promise Of Brown: Understanding And Remedying How The Supreme Court Reconstitutionalized Segregated Schools, Kimberly J. Robinson
Resurrecting The Promise Of Brown: Understanding And Remedying How The Supreme Court Reconstitutionalized Segregated Schools, Kimberly J. Robinson
Law Faculty Publications
The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education held that separate educational facilities were "inherently unequal." After tolerating substantial delay and evasion of the requirements of Brown, the Court eventually required school districts to dismantle the dual systems by eliminating all traces of separate schools and creating integrated schools. In contrast to numerous scholars that have contended that many of the Court's later school desegregation decisions withdrew from or grew weary of school desegregation, this Article argues that the effect of many of the Court's leading school desegregation decisions was to reconstitutionalize segregated schools. Furthermore, the Court's …
Brown And The Desegregation Of Virginia Law Schools, Carl W. Tobias
Brown And The Desegregation Of Virginia Law Schools, Carl W. Tobias
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Reflections On Brown And The Future, Oliver W. Hill Sr.
Reflections On Brown And The Future, Oliver W. Hill Sr.
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Promise Of Equality: Reflections On The Post-Brown Era In Virginia, Robert R. Mehrige Jr.
The Promise Of Equality: Reflections On The Post-Brown Era In Virginia, Robert R. Mehrige Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
A Call To Leadership: The Future Of Race Relations In Virginia, Rodney A. Smolla
A Call To Leadership: The Future Of Race Relations In Virginia, Rodney A. Smolla
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
Virginia's Next Challenge: Economic And Educational Opportunity, Mark R. Warner
Virginia's Next Challenge: Economic And Educational Opportunity, Mark R. Warner
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
A Matter Of Normative Judgment: Brentwood And The Emergence Of The "Pervasive Entwinement" Test, Michael A. Culpepper
A Matter Of Normative Judgment: Brentwood And The Emergence Of The "Pervasive Entwinement" Test, Michael A. Culpepper
University of Richmond Law Review
The Fourteenth Amendment remains the great Rorschach test of one's underlying jurisprudential beliefs. For those of a "progressive" bent, the amendment is a "sweeping mandate," while those more inclined toward powdered wigs and judicial formalism criticize the amendment as an instrument of "freewheeling judicial] lawmaking." It is a philosophical impasse, one that centers around the apparently ambiguous prohibition against deprivations of due process and denials of equal protection. Unfortunately, the strictures from the high court and Congress remain equally ambiguous-particularly in the realm of state action. Metaphors, such as "winks and nods," "sifting facts and weighing circumstances " and "under …
Looking Sideways, Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards: Judicial Review Vs. Democracy In Comparative Perspective, Ran Hirschl
Looking Sideways, Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards: Judicial Review Vs. Democracy In Comparative Perspective, Ran Hirschl
University of Richmond Law Review
For the [past] two centuries, the Constitution [has been] as central to American political culture as the New Testament was to medieval Europe. Just as Milton believed that "all wisdom is enfolded" within the pages of the Bible, all good Americans, from the National Rifle Association to the ACLU, have believed no less of this singular document.
Reanimator: Mark Tushnet And The Second Coming Of The Imperial Presidency, Neal Devins
Reanimator: Mark Tushnet And The Second Coming Of The Imperial Presidency, Neal Devins
University of Richmond Law Review
A world without judicial review? Not that long ago-when the Left fought tooth and nail to defend the legacy ofthe Warren and (much of the) Burger Courts-the thought of taking the Constitution away from the courts would have been horrific. Witness, for example, Edward Kennedy's depiction of "Robert Bork's America!' as "a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, [and] rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids." Bork's sin, of course, was embracing a kind of populist constitutional discourse, that is, the notion that the founders "banked …
Populist Natural Law (Reflections On Tushnet's "Thin Constitution"), Frank I. Michelman
Populist Natural Law (Reflections On Tushnet's "Thin Constitution"), Frank I. Michelman
University of Richmond Law Review
Constitutional review is the activity of measuring action choices of governments against a pre-existing set of publicly known or ascertainable, "higher" norms for the conduct of government. Anyone can do it: chief executives pondering vetoes or preparing state messages; legislators contemplating legal change; police chiefs reviewing department manuals; school board members debating curriculum guides; city planners routing highway expansions; citizens lobbying and pundits castigating any or all of the above; dinner partners talking politics; candidates running for office; voters turning out rascals. "American-style judicial review," let us say, is constitutional review conducted by a nonpopular, unelected, life-tenured body, whose decisions, …
Herbert Wechsler's Complaint And The Revival Of Grand Constitutional Theory, Keith E. Whittington
Herbert Wechsler's Complaint And The Revival Of Grand Constitutional Theory, Keith E. Whittington
University of Richmond Law Review
In 1988, Mark Tushnet noted the "revival of grand theory in constitutional law." Tushnet was somewhat unusual in specifying the object of contemporary constitutional theory so precisely. As he noted, what had been revived in the late twentieth century was an "interest in comprehensive normative theories of constitutional law." There was relatively little broad concern with constitutionalism in this revival, but quite a lot of concern with justifying and elaborating the preferred constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court in specific cases. Having "just published a book on constitutional theory that I unsurprisingly but undoubtedly erroneously regard as the last word …
The Constitution As A Whole: A Partial Political Science Perspective, Mark A. Graber
The Constitution As A Whole: A Partial Political Science Perspective, Mark A. Graber
University of Richmond Law Review
The Bill of Rights: Creationand Reconstruction ("The Bill of Rights")' is a professionally rewarding and disturbing masterpiece. The work is professionally rewarding because Professor Akhil Amar develops a meticulously detailed, historically sophisticated, and largely persuasive account of how the liberties set out in the Bill of Rights were originally understood and the original relationship between the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment. This is state of the art legal scholarship that will no doubt influence the way the next generation of constitutional lawyers and historians study fundamental constitutional rights. Professor Amar's book is professionally disturbing in part because, having …
Response: Continuing The Conversation, Akhil Reed Amar
Response: Continuing The Conversation, Akhil Reed Amar
University of Richmond Law Review
In The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction, I aimed to start a conversation, not end one. I am thus grateful for the generosity of the many fine scholars who in the preceding pages have graciously accepted the invitation to converse. And I am especially grateful for the extraordinary hospitality of the University of Richmond Law Review, which has kindly given a home to this conversation.
The Role Of State Constitutions In An Era Of Big Government, Stanley Mosk
The Role Of State Constitutions In An Era Of Big Government, Stanley Mosk
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a speech delivered by The Honorable Stanley Mosk, Justice of the Supreme Court of California,at the T.C. Williams School of Law's eighth annual Emroch Lecture. Among his many achievements, Justice Mosk has authored some of California's most constructive legislative proposals in the crime and law enforcement fields, including the measure creating the Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training.
Balanced Justice: Mr. Justice Powell And The Constitution, Randolph C. Duvall, John E. Ely, Mark S. Gardner, William C. Goodwin, H. P. Williams
Balanced Justice: Mr. Justice Powell And The Constitution, Randolph C. Duvall, John E. Ely, Mark S. Gardner, William C. Goodwin, H. P. Williams
University of Richmond Law Review
In his first five years on the United States Supreme Court, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. has become and will most likely continue to be a leading force in shaping the direction of the Court. In many areas, Justice Powell's desire for judicial flexibility as well as judicial restraint has made him a leader in turning the Burger Court away from the bright-line tests enunciated by the Warren Court. However, where the Warren Court had been flexible, Justice Powell has usually preserved this flexibility and expanded it if possible. The tool consistently utilized to achieve this flexibility has been a …
Constitutional Law-Equal Protection-Federal Court Cannot Order Multi-School District Remedy For Single District De Jure Segregation Absent An Interdistrict Violation
University of Richmond Law Review
The landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education held that the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment prohibited a state from maintaining racially segregated public schools. After years of attempted but ineffective implementation of the mandate of Brown I, the Supreme Court attacked the issue with vigor in the late 1960's. State and local authorities-were placed under an affirmative duty to convert to a unitary school system which promised to work immediately towards the elimination of the discrimination inherent in state compelled dual school systems.
School Desegregation In Richmoad: A Case History, Gary C. Leedes, James M. O'Fallon
School Desegregation In Richmoad: A Case History, Gary C. Leedes, James M. O'Fallon
University of Richmond Law Review
The story of judicially administered school desegregation in Richmond is the story of Bradley v. School Board of the City of Richmond. It began modestly with a district court decree which granted the individual claims of ten named plaintiffs but denied injunctive relief to the class. Eleven years later it approached landmark status, with a district court decree directing consolidation of the Richmond schools with those of surrounding Henrico and Chesterfield counties. However, the landmark was not to be. The Fourth Circuit reversed the district court's decree, and an evenly divided Supreme Court affirmed by default. Richmond was left in …
Busing To Desegregate Schools: The Perspective From Congress, Hugh Scott
Busing To Desegregate Schools: The Perspective From Congress, Hugh Scott
University of Richmond Law Review
The controversy over transporting pupils to desegregate schools or "busing" as the issue popularly is known, is the narrowest and perhaps most limited aspect of school desegregation. Yet, it threatens to undo school desegregation completely unless the issue is re- solved in a way which will permit continued desegregation of schools accompanied by the understanding and support of the majority of people of all races.