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Articles 1 - 30 of 332
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Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Angst Uber Alles: The Role Of Fear In Nazi German Governance, Jacob R. Mahlkuch
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Lasting from 1933 to 1945, the Third Reich governed not only Germany but vast sections of continental Europe. One of its principal tools in administering its “1,000-year Reich,” was the application of terror and fear to create a climate of paranoia, and obedience to the Nazi Party. To do this, the Party did everything that it could to take over national life and discourse, other its enemies, and maintain fear through an arbitrary and often changing system of enforcement. This essay utilizes a mix of sources from first person accounts to historical fiction to analyze the systems and applications of …
The Stained Portrait Of The Victor Of Verdun: Philippe PéTain's Controversial Legacy, Hamza Elshakankiri
The Stained Portrait Of The Victor Of Verdun: Philippe PéTain's Controversial Legacy, Hamza Elshakankiri
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The paper analyzes the public image of Marshal Philippe Petain during a critical point in French history—the year 1940. Beginning with Petain’s fame as the “Victor of Verdun” to his controversial role as the leader of Vichy France, the paper examines how Petain’s public image transformed from glowing into a tainted portrait.
Puros Técnicos And Luchadores Rudos: Debating The New Cultural History Among Latin Americanists, Carl Friesenhahn
Puros Técnicos And Luchadores Rudos: Debating The New Cultural History Among Latin Americanists, Carl Friesenhahn
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This essay dives into the debate and surrounding context of a special issue of the Hispanic American Historical Review. It was on the new cultural history—its usefulness, its methods, and its relation to truth. I argue that the new cultural historians eventually vanquished their critics and internalized their methods and epistemology within historians of Latin America at large. Stemming from earlier texts, the special issue of the HAHR is the most revealing collection of texts on the philosophical foundations of the new cultural history. It showcases scholarly activity from supporters and detractors of the novel movement with considerable focus on …
The Last True Roman: The Influence Of Justinian The Great On Early Medieval Byzantium, 527-1025, Reece P. Pockat
The Last True Roman: The Influence Of Justinian The Great On Early Medieval Byzantium, 527-1025, Reece P. Pockat
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper deals with the long-term impacts of the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great within the realms of military, political, and religious affairs. By utilizing the writings of the Byzantine historian Procopius, a contemporary of Justinian, as well as the writings of modern historians, the goal of the paper is to show the extent to which Justinian's influence is felt throughout the Early Middle Ages, defined in this essay as the period from 467 to 1100.
Motherhood Through The Lens Of Medieval Japanese Ghosts, Melina Olivas
Motherhood Through The Lens Of Medieval Japanese Ghosts, Melina Olivas
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the relationship between late-Heian and early-Kamakura Japanese motherhood and Buddhist gaki or hungry ghosts. It highlights the physical, emotional, and spiritual burdens faced by mothers, emphasizing their role in the cycle of rebirth. Drawing from the diaries of aristocratic women, the paper illuminates the emotional and societal challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society. It highlights how women were often seen as more likely to be reborn as gaki due to gendered stereotypes and how motherhood was revered while simultaneously being tarnished.
Review Of Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt And The Roots Of The Middle East Conflict, Chase Busby
Review Of Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt And The Roots Of The Middle East Conflict, Chase Busby
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Vietnam War Through The Lens, Caitlyn Mccranie, Abby Noonan, Sutton Patterson
Vietnam War Through The Lens, Caitlyn Mccranie, Abby Noonan, Sutton Patterson
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Practicing Hedonism In The Face Of Nihilism: Onfrayian Insights On Individualism And Autonomy, Scott Truesdale
Practicing Hedonism In The Face Of Nihilism: Onfrayian Insights On Individualism And Autonomy, Scott Truesdale
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
Where many define nihilism as the belief that life and all moral principles are meaningless, the French philosopher, Michel Onfray, expounds on this classic definition and argues that true nihilism is the refusal to accept the world as it is. Unlike monotheistic religions and totalitarian regimes that urge their followers to practice asceticism now to attain happiness in the future, Onfray believes that hedonistic pleasure can be found when the individual rediscovers autonomy and returns to an atomistic worldview that is immersed in the imminent.
Horror Stories: Oblivious Women In Luis Puenzo’S La Historia Oficial (1985) And Santiago Mitre’S Argentina 1985 (2022), Stephanie R. Orozco
Horror Stories: Oblivious Women In Luis Puenzo’S La Historia Oficial (1985) And Santiago Mitre’S Argentina 1985 (2022), Stephanie R. Orozco
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
Adriana Cavarero's conceptualization of Medusa serves as a potent metaphor for the subtle redirection of violence of oblivious women who ignored the brutalization of pregnant victims during Argentina’s military dictatorship (1976-83). In Luis Puenzo’s La historia oficial (1985) and Santiago Mitre’s Argentina 1985 (2022), skillfully unveil the ghastly practice of torturing pregnant women, unraveling the vulnerability of both mothers and their infants, evoking a sense of disgust and repugnance that is eventually shared by oblivious women. Beyond mere storytelling, these films challenge prevailing power dynamics and discourses, shedding light on the complicit ignorance of elite women during an era marked …
Between Pain And Glory: Memory Disputes Of The Brazilian Dictatorship In Retrato Calado And O Que É Isso, Companheiro?, Angela R. Mooney
Between Pain And Glory: Memory Disputes Of The Brazilian Dictatorship In Retrato Calado And O Que É Isso, Companheiro?, Angela R. Mooney
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
This article analyzes Luiz Roberto Salinas Fortes’ Retrato calado (Silent Portrait) published in 1988, considering the theoretical discussions on testimonio's epistemology—addressing the challenge of narrating trauma and the risk of stylization. It compares Fortes' memoir with Fernando Gabeira's O que é isso, companheiro? (What's This, Comrade?) from 1979, examining diverse approaches to capturing historical trauma through literature and its impact on collective memory about Brazilian Dictatorship (1964-1985).
Learning Chinese Vocabulary: Understanding Students' Perspectives, Austin Gasiecki, Zuotang Zhang
Learning Chinese Vocabulary: Understanding Students' Perspectives, Austin Gasiecki, Zuotang Zhang
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
This study used a survey to investigate self-study and university-enrolled Chinese learners’ habits in studying Chinese vocabulary in order to determine what study methods influence a.) learners’ confidence in learning Chinese vocabulary and b.) what aspects of Chinese vocabulary they consider easy or difficult. We were particularly interested in seeing what the data had to say about students’ attitudes towards characters and the written language, given that the field of Chinese language pedagogy is known for a stronger focus on the written language as opposed to the spoken language. We found that aspects of Chinese vocabulary associated with the spoken …
Decolonizing French: Afrophonics In Ken Bugul’S Aller Et Retour (2013), Hapsatou Wane
Decolonizing French: Afrophonics In Ken Bugul’S Aller Et Retour (2013), Hapsatou Wane
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
This article explores the innovative language strategies employed by Senegalese writer Ken Bugul in her novel Aller et retour to construct a dynamic and interconnected linguistic landscape that challenges fixed language boundaries. Ken Bugul's "langue fabriquée" combines elements of French, Wolof, and English, reflecting a transglocal dimension that embodies the essence of afrophonics—a poetics of resistance that empowers local cultures in a globalized context. Through a detailed analysis of Ken Bugul's linguistic choices, including the use of quotation marks, footnotes, and arbitrary transcription, the study reveals how she creates a language that defies categorization and decolonizes French without resorting to …
The Darien Insurrection Of 1899 And The Origins Of The Mcintosh Militia, Elliot Ferro
The Darien Insurrection Of 1899 And The Origins Of The Mcintosh Militia, Elliot Ferro
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The Darien insurrection has been portrayed in historical literature as a lone victory of African American self-defense against racist violence in the Jim Crow south. This portrayal ignores the observable cause of the insurrection as a natural extension of decades of black political organizing in McIntosh County. In beginning to center the story of the Darien insurrection in Darien's home of McIntosh county it becomes clear how the insurrection was not a spontaneous event but a planned protest organized by a long surviving political machine. In recognizing the long history of political organizing by Tunis Campbell, a case can then …
Up The Social Ladder: How Chinese Merchants Excelled Under The New Values Of Ming-Qing China, James B. Townsend
Up The Social Ladder: How Chinese Merchants Excelled Under The New Values Of Ming-Qing China, James B. Townsend
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Ming China was a socially volatile period of Chinese history. Social distinctions were blurred as the merchant class rose to power to challenge old Confucian ideals in a commerce-based society. This paper examines what paved the road for the merchant class to rise, and how the non-elite empowerment shifted China's attitudes towards consumption and commerce.
From Thermopylae To Leuctra: The Evolution Of The Spartan Military Ethos, Evan M. Smith
From Thermopylae To Leuctra: The Evolution Of The Spartan Military Ethos, Evan M. Smith
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the transformation of the Spartan military tradition from the Persian Wars to the Theban Ascendency. The Battle of Thermopylae marked the height of the Spartan military ethos. However, the strain of their military culture forced the Spartans to dilute their old mores over time. Their old cultural and military practices became unsustainable as military innovation increased. The Battle of Sphacteria clearly illustrated the deterioration of Spartan military ethos and the need for innovation. Straddling the line between tradition and innovation, Spartan military ethos received its death blow at the Battle of Leuctra.
‘Public Enemy Number One’: The Resistance Of Japanese Americans In Concentration Camps, 1942-1946, Robert K. Coleman
‘Public Enemy Number One’: The Resistance Of Japanese Americans In Concentration Camps, 1942-1946, Robert K. Coleman
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper explores the defiance of Japanese Americans who were unlawfully imprisoned in concentration camps during World War II, challenging the Model Minority Myth that portrayed them as docile and silent actors. Using court cases, personal stories, newspaper articles, and film analysis, the paper shows how Japanese Americans actively defied their unlawful situation and resisted their oppressors.
The Lost Fortune Of The Virginiaman: Analyzing The History Of The Beale Ciphers Using Historical Land Grants, Simon E. Rosenbaum
The Lost Fortune Of The Virginiaman: Analyzing The History Of The Beale Ciphers Using Historical Land Grants, Simon E. Rosenbaum
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Since the mid-19th century, the mystery of the Beale ciphers has confounded cryptanalysts, intelligence agencies, historians, and treasure hunters alike. Countless works of scholarship have analyzed the story, the ciphers, and possible locations for the massive buried treasure allegedly in rural Bedford County, Virginia. However, prior methodology applied to historiography on the subject has been unsuccessful in making headway in an understanding of the history and location of the Beale treasure. In examining prior scholarship in conjunction with recorded land grants and associated archaeological scholarship, this paper proposes a new direction for research into the Beale cipher mystery and new …
‘Following The Line Of Least Resistance’: African American Women In Domestic Work, 1899–1940, Taylor Simsovic
‘Following The Line Of Least Resistance’: African American Women In Domestic Work, 1899–1940, Taylor Simsovic
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper examines the challenges faced by African American women employed in domestic service between 1899 and 1940, with a focus on how race, class, and gender intersected to shape their experiences. Specifically, the study investigates how these women continued to perform reproductive labor as they migrated from the South to Northern states during the Great Migration. Drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources, the analysis argues that Black women's persistent employment in undervalued labor within white American homes was driven by the mutually constitutive systems of capitalism, white supremacy, and patriarchy. These systems channeled Black women into …
Who Is The “Superior Man”? The Ideal Of Junzi In The Analects Of Confucius, Elijah Vincent, Tyler Colopy, Stephen Hall
Who Is The “Superior Man”? The Ideal Of Junzi In The Analects Of Confucius, Elijah Vincent, Tyler Colopy, Stephen Hall
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
One of the central concepts in The Analects is junzi or "superior man,” namely a person who possesses moral and ethical qualities such as wisdom, integrity, and courage. The essays in this group aim to explore the authentic meaning of junzi and its modern relevance.
Review Of Crucible: The Year That Forged Our World, Timothy Li
Review Of Crucible: The Year That Forged Our World, Timothy Li
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
The months between June 1947-1948, as Jonathan Fenby argues, was a pivotal moment in world history. This review will evaluate Fenby's work in 'Crucible' to conclude that Fenby is correct in this assessment. Moreover, this review will argue that 'Crucible' acts as a uniquely reactive portrait of international affairs between June 1947-1948, giving the post-revisionist school on the origins of the Cold War more credibility.
By The Word Of God Alone: Sola Scriptura And The Leaders Of The Reformation, Ning Xi
By The Word Of God Alone: Sola Scriptura And The Leaders Of The Reformation, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Prominent Reformers, such as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and Thomas Müntzer, had sharp disagreements on what parts of the Bible were the most important, what worship should look like, what is allowed and forbidden for Christians, the meaning of the most sacred rituals, whether there is any other source of communication between God and mortals besides the Scripture, and the relationship between believers and temporal rulers. By analyzing their commentaries and treatises on theological matters, one concludes that sola scriptura did more to divide the reformers than to unite them since anyone could find some part of the Bible to …
Review Of Women And China's Revolutions, Tony Yingchong Li
Review Of Women And China's Revolutions, Tony Yingchong Li
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Surviving A Bloodbath: Immaculée Ilibagiza’S Life During The Rwandan Genocide, Eleanor G. Strickland
Surviving A Bloodbath: Immaculée Ilibagiza’S Life During The Rwandan Genocide, Eleanor G. Strickland
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
No abstract provided.
Living With The Stasi: Experiences And Opinions Of East Germans, 1945-90, Thomas M C Roberts
Living With The Stasi: Experiences And Opinions Of East Germans, 1945-90, Thomas M C Roberts
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper discusses how East German citizens felt about the East German Secret Police (Stasi). It focuses on German sentiment and everyday life during East German rule, rather than how Germans retrospectively reacted once the Berlin Wall fell and the true extent of Stasi surveillance had been discovered. It also attempts to disaggregate different demographics of East German society – artists, doctors, the clergy, etc. – and posits that there was no universal ‘East German experience’ of the Stasi. It further explores equally wide range of reasons why an East German citizen might become an ‘inoffizielle mitarbeiter’ – …
Lafayette, The Thinker, Anna Trull
Lafayette, The Thinker, Anna Trull
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Between 1775 and 1834, the Marquis de Lafayette played a role in the ongoing development of both the American and French Revolutions. Most previous scholarship about Lafayette highlights his military activities as a major-general in the American Revolution and as General of the National Guard of Paris in the French Revolution. This paper examines Lafayette’s draft of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, a list of enslaved peoples that were chosen for Lafayette’s experimental plantation in French Guiana, Lafayette’s membership in the Society of the Friends of Blacks, and letters between Lafayette and America’s …
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
The Sharpeville Massacre, Violence, And The Struggles Of The African National Congress, 1960-1990, Reese W. Hollister
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
During the long process of decolonization in South Africa, the Sharpeville Massacre was a turning point for the African National Congress' decision to begin using violence for the internal resistance to apartheid. Nelson Mandela and the ANC reacted to the Sharpeville Massacre by shifting their methods to incorporate the practicality of anti-colonial violence. In his 1964 "I Am Prepared to Die" speech, Mandela acknowledged that peaceful resistance was met with brutal force, and this could not go on. The ANC continued its strong non-violent resistance while also developing a military wing and conducting sabotage. This essay brings into question the …
Time To Face The Music: Shostakovich’S 7th Symphony And The Siege Of Leningrad, Muhanna Al Lawati
Time To Face The Music: Shostakovich’S 7th Symphony And The Siege Of Leningrad, Muhanna Al Lawati
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
It was in his music that Shostakovich expressed his thoughts and feelings about the radically evolving political landscape of the 20th century. Bolshevism and Stalin’s subsequent inheritance of the USSR promulgated a refashion of the arts, forcing Shostakovich to be an instrument of the state in order to avoid being a victim. It was during Hitler’s Siege of Leningrad where Shostakovich, ironically, did not feel like a victim, but the custodian of a powerful weapon that dared to defy forces beyond his comprehension. In response to Hitler’s Bolshevik crusade, Shostakovich would launch an ideological crusade of his own, composed …
Between Censure And Liberalization: The Press And Publishing In Second Empire France, Oana M. Iancau
Between Censure And Liberalization: The Press And Publishing In Second Empire France, Oana M. Iancau
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
Napoleon III's ambition to construct a paradoxical liberal empire encountered a major obstacle in the realm of the press, which chafed under censure and forced the Emperor to consider the ramifications that absolutism would have for his reign, given France's revolutionary history. The article traces the history of censure under the Second Empire, to identify Napoleon III's motivations for liberalization and its consequences for his regime.
Compassion And National Interest: Race, Culture, And Politics Behind The Reception Of Refugees Of The Ukraine War, Ning Xi
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History
This paper aims to analyze the response to and representations of Ukrainian refugees in European countries such as Poland and the reasoning behind it. Generally, Ukrainian refugees have received a very warm and generous welcome, from both the political leaders and ordinary citizens. However, it stands in stark contrast to the way the same countries reacted to refugees fleeing places like Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan. The primary reasons for the differing attitudes are the perception of Ukraine as a fellow civilized Christian and European nation with strong cultural and historical ties to countries such as Poland, women and children making …
Fostering Engagement With Voicethread In Online Intermediate Spanish Language Classes, Karen Acosta, Ericka H. Parra Dr
Fostering Engagement With Voicethread In Online Intermediate Spanish Language Classes, Karen Acosta, Ericka H. Parra Dr
The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal
It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion students have been affected during the course of the global coronavirus pandemic by school and university closures. As a way to navigate this new instructional landscape, the researchers aimed to find a tool that would allow students to develop and practice communicative language skills in their online Spanish classes. In this research study, participants used VoiceThread over the course of a semester and then reflected on their comfort level using communicative skills in Spanish before and after using the tool, as well as whether they perceived that using the platform in their …