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Dairying In W.A., Department Of Agriculture And Food, Western Australia

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Western Australia has a small dairy industry compared with its other rural production. However, the industry has consolidated over recent years.Tree clearing and pasture development on existing holdings and the amalgamation of small dairy farms has led to a rapid increase in the area of pasture per farm. The trend in Western Australia is towards bigger herds, more efficient dairies, more fodder conservation and increasing production per cow and per hectare. Commercial dairy farming in Western Australia is confined to the south-western corner of the State, south of Perth, extending in a 50-kilometre-wide strip along the coast to 50 kilometres …

Annual ('Wimmera') Ryegrass Toxicity, Geoffrey A. Pearce, O. M. Goss, P. H. Berry, J. L. Wise

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Because annual ryegrass is one of the most widespread pasture plants in Western Australia, annual ryegrass toxicity is a threat to livestock in many agricultural areas—even though the area now affected is small.

The problem is being intensively studied by the Department of Agriculture and a working group has been set up to investigate potential control measures.

In this article the group reviews the problem and reports progress in its investigations to the end of 1973.

The Effects Of Changing Flock Structure On The Amount And Type Of Turn-Off From Sheep Flocks, T Marshall

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

In the past the proportion of mated ewes in Western Australia's sheep flocks carried through summer has averaged about 40 per cent and sheep meat production has been basically lamb and old mutton.

If the proportion of mated ewes was lifted to an average of around 50 per cent and wethers were sold off at an average of about 2 1\ 2 years old, there would be substantial increases in sheep meat production. The extra meat produced would be young sheep meat ideally suited for table meats for consumers in W.A. and in many overseas countries.

As a result of …

Lysine Supplemented Rations For Boars, Barrows And Gilts (1974), K C. Ferrell, G L. Allee, B A. Koch, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feeding trials involving each sex (boars, barrows and gilts) of finishing-weight pigs were conducted to determine the value of adding lysine to the rations. Rations containing 0.55% lysine were adequate for performance (rate of gain and feed/gain ratio) and carcass parameters (loin eye area, backfat thickness, length, and percentage of lean cuts) in all sexes.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Environmental Control And Waste Disposal (1974), B A. Koch, G L. Allee, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A system for aerobic oxidation of waste has been used continuously since 1968 and is now functioning successfully. Figure 11.1 shows general design of the units. Originally "paddle wheels" were used to circulate liquid waste, keep solids in suspension, and mix oxygen into the liquid. Their performance, however, was less than desirable. Excessive foaming of liquid in the pits kept recurring, and maintenance of "paddle wheels" was expensive and time consuming.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Nutritive Value Of Sunflower Seed For Swine (1974), S Laudert, G L. Allee

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sunflower seed (SFS) was evaluated as a feedstuff for growing and finishing swine. In all trials, SFS was added on an isolysine basis: 10 parts SFS replacing 8 parts corn and 2 parts soybean meal. Replacement levels were 20, 40, and 60% in the growth and the digestion trials, 25 and 50% in the finishing trial. Feed intake of growing pigs decreased linearly as the level of SFS in their diets increased. At 20 and 60% levels, effect on daily gain was not significant, but at 40% replacement weight gain decreased. Ether extract digestibility increased and energy digestibility decreased as …

Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement Of The Growing Pig (1974), M Trotter, G L. Allee

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A growth trial and a nitrogen retention trial were conducted to determine the sulfur amino acid requirement of the growing pig. Adding 0.10% DL-methionine to a 14.1% protein basal diet containing 0.21% sulfur amino acids significantly (P<.05) increased daily gain and nitrogen retention. Further additions gave no beneficial effect, indicating that the sulfur amino acid requirement had been met by the initial addition of DL-methionine. Thus, the sulfur amino acid requirement of the growing pig fed a 14.1% protein diet does not exceed 0.31% of the diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Sprouted Sorghum Grain For Finishing Swine (1974), G L. Allee, B A. Koch, R Knake, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In a three-week feeding trial for 30 growing pigs (70 lbs.), we compared diets formulated by using 1973 sprout damaged sorghum grain from two Kansas areas. No palatability problems were noted, weight gains were similar to those of pigs fed undamaged 1972 sorghum. Feed consumption of diets based on sprout damaged sorghum grain was higher, consequently, resulted in poorer feed conversion. Though the data may indicate slightly higher feed requirements, they should be considered only as preliminary, because results were based on only a short feeding period and few animals.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Selection For Muscling In Swine And Its Effect On Carcass Traits (1974), J D. Wheat, Donald H. Kropf, C H. Chang, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Line differences in weight, litter size at different ages, and in age, loin eye area, and backfat thickness of pigs (adjusted to 200 pounds live weight) were not significant. Sex differences in weight and backfat thickness were significant. Dam groups of progeny differed significantly (P<.0l) in-weights at birth and at 14 and 28 days old and in age, loin eye area, and backfat thickness adjusted to 220 pounds live weight. Hams produced by barrows in the select line were significantly (P<.0l) darker and firmer than those from barrows in the control line.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Effect Of Slatted Floor Type On Performance Of Swine Grown During Cold (1974), D Ames, D Brink

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Average daily weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency were determined for growing finishing swine reared on metal (aluminum) as opposed to plastic, slatted floor at ambient temperatures of 17, 32, 41 and 46 ÌŠ F. Performance was significantly (P<.05) improved with plastic slats at 17 and 32 F.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement Of The Finishing Pig (1974), M Trotter, G L. Allee

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A growth and two nitrogen retention studies were conducted to determine the sulfur amino acid requirement of the finishing pig. Adding 0.10% DL-methionine to a 9.0% protein semi-purified basal diet containing 0.14% total sulfur amino acids significantly (P<.05) increased nitrogen retention, but further additions of DL-methionine had no beneficial effect. Daily gain was not significantly affected by adding DL-methionine to the basal diet, suggesting that the finishing pig has a lower sulfur amino acid requirement for daily gain than is essential for maximum nitrogen retention. These results suggest that the sulfur amino acid requirement of the finishing pig fed a 9.0% protein diet does not exceed 0.24% of the diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 1974

Protein Sequence For Finishing Swine (1974), B A. Koch, G L. Allee, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Using. sixty barrows and gilts, we evaluated five protein sequences for finishing swine. Pigs fed rations containing 16% protein until they weighed 140 lbs., then 12% protein until they weighed 190 lbs., and there after 10% protein (ABC) until market weight gained significantly slower and at a greater cost per lb. of gain than did pigs in any of the other sequences. The cheapest cost per lb. of gain was observed for those pigs fed a 16% protein diet until they weighed 140 lbs. and then a 12% protein diet (ABB) until marketed at 240 lbs. Pigs with the leanest …

An Introduction To The Ethology Of Citellus Variegatus, John W. Bell

Masters Theses

The above ground activity of the rock squirrel Citellus variegatus between November 6, 1972 and May 1, 1973, is described. This is a non-colonial species. Recognition was established between siblings by a nose to nose contact. In foraging they utilize almost any edible material available and during this time of year foraging is most intense between 11:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Vocalization was limited to alarm calls, which brought the other squirrels to the top of the rocks to become alert, and squeals. Hibernation varied in length depending in part on the elevation and in some did not occur at …

Effects Of Roughage And Protein Levels On Performance Of Finishing Steers And Heifers, K.F. Harrison, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A 142-day trial used 36 Angus steers and 63 mixed-breed heifers to study the effects of roughage and protein levels in beef cattle finishing rations. Results from a 13% crude protein ration the first 70 days or a ration with supplemental protein removed the final 30 days did not differ significantly from results with an 11% crude protein ration. Rations containing 10.0, 17.5 or 25.0% roughage (dry matter basis) made no significant difference in performances by steers or heifers.

Beef Cattle Commercial Feedlot Studies Trial 2--Effects On Steer Performance Of Variable Protein Levels, Implanting And Worming, K.F. Harrison, D.L. Good, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A 189-day trial used 280 mixed-breed steers to study effects of various protein levels in finishing steer rations. Rations containing 15.4 or 13.4% crude protein significantly improved rate of gain during the first 42 days compared with an 11.4% crude protein ration. Rates of gain after 91 or 189 days did not differ significantly indicating that steers make compensatory gains. Removing supplemental protein from the ration of 140 steers the final 28 days did not adversely affect rate or efficiency of gain. One hundred forty steers implanted with 36 mg. zeranol and 140 with 36 mg. stilbestrol gained similarly, however, …

Influence Of Rumen Fluid Inoculation On Incidence Of Sickness In Newly Arrived Feeder Calves, K.K. Bolsen, S. Armbruster, Homer K. Caley -1922, G. Fink, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Inoculating newly arrived feeder calves with 250 ml. rumen fluid did not stimulate weight gain or decrease sickness. One hundred seventy steer calves were used in the 31 day study.

Effects On Cows, Calves, And Vegetation Of Nitrogen Fertilization And Burning Bluestem Pastures Annually, L.L. Berger, R.R. Schalles, L.H. Harbers, E.F. Smith, Clenton E. Owensby

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Burning and fertilizing pastures were evaluated on six Bluestem pastures by comparing performances by spring-calving cows and calves. Two control pastures were not burned or fertilized, two pastures were burned, and two were burned and fertilized with 40 pounds of nitrogen an acre applied aerially. Average daily gains of the calves did not differ significantly among treatments. The burned, fertilized, pastures produced significantly higher gains per acre, as their increased forage supported heavier stocking rates.

Influence Of Winter Nutrition On Production And Reproduction In Spring-Calving Cows, Duane L. Davis, R.R. Schalles, G. Kiracofe, D.L. Good

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Winter nutrition requirements for beef cows grazing native tallgrass range in the Flint Hills were studied from 1968 through 1973. Three lb. milo was a better supplement to the basic ration of 3 lb. alfalfa hay than 1 1/2 lb. of soybean meal was. Younger cows performed better when 6 lb. milo was fed with the 3 lb. alfalfa hay. Feeding 3 lb. alfalfa hay or the equivalent until approximately 100 days before the breeding season and 3 lb. alfalfa hay, 6 lb. milo the remainder of the winter did not reduce performance of cows 3 years old or older. …

Response Of Yearling Steers On Bluestem Pastures That Were Intensively Stocked Early In Season, L.L. Berger, L.H. Harbers, R.R. Schalles, E.F. Smith, Clenton E. Owensby

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Nine pastures of 492 acres were summer grazed by yearling steers. Five were burned April 24, 1973; four were not burned. Burned and nonburned pastures had 0, 40, or 80 lbs. of nitrogen per acre applied aerially. Stocking rates were determined with herbage production data from experimental plots under similar treatments. Under the same fertilization and stocking rates, average daily gain and gain per acre were higher for burned pastures than nonburned pastures. Fertilizing bluestem tended to reduce daily gains but increased gain per acre. Steers on the early-season, intensively grazed pasture, gained the most per day (1.51 lbs) and …

Soybean Meal And Starea (R) Blocks Compared By Wintering Cows On Bluestem Pasture: Effects On Birth And Weaning Weights Of Calves, L.H. Harbers, E.L. Shiawoya, K. Conway, R.M. Mckee

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Similar gains and adjusted weaning weights can be expected from calves whose dams are wintered on soybean meal or Starea protein blocks. Rebreeding time is expected to be similar for both groups of dams.

Corn Silage, Wheat Head Silage And Milage For Finishing Cattle, K.K. Bolsen, K.L. Conway, P. Henry, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Six finishing rations were compared: (1) 10% corn silage, (2) 20% corn silage, (3) 10% wheat head silage, (4) 20% wheat head silage, (5) unprocessed (whole) milage and (6) processed (rolled) milage. Each ration was fed to 18 yearling steers for 123 days. Rate of gain was not affected by ration. Feed consumption and feed required per lb. of gain were higher for steers receiving whole milage than for steers receiving any of the other five rations. Although steers fed rolled milage consumed less feed, they were 11.4 percent more efficient than steers fed whole milage.

Influence Of Alfalfa Harvesting And Storing Methods On Steer Performance, K.K. Bolsen, L.L. Berger, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Three alfalfa treatments were evaluated in a steer performance trial: (1) direct-cut and ensiled with dry milo, (2) field-wilted and ensiled, with milo added at feeding and (3) baled, with milo added at feeding. The rations contained 45.4, 50.9 and 48.1 percent milo, respectively. During the 84-day trial, yearling steers made similar gains on the three rations. Direct-cut and ensiled alfalfa produced the most efficient gain; hay the least efficient. Potential beef gain per acre of alfalfa was lowest from baled hay.

Yield And Composition Of Grain Sorghum Stover, R. L. Vanderlip, L.R. Schneider, K.K. Bolsen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Last year in Kansas approximately 3.8 million acres produced 243 million bushels of grain sorghum plus a large amount of forage left in the field as a potential source of feed for livestock. The objective of this report is to indicate the quantity of forage available after normal and early (high-moisture) harvest of sorghum grain.

Milo Stover For Growing Heifers, K.K. Bolsen, G. Boyett, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Five rations (involving 4 forage treatments) were compared: (1) forage sorghum silage, (2) forage sorghum silage ensiled with organic acids , (3) milo stover pellets, (4) milo stover silage and (5) milo stover silage plus rolled milo. Each ration was fed to 13 heifer calves for 114 days. No differences were observed in gain, intake or feed efficiency between heifers fed untreated and organic acid-treated forage sorghum silage. Pelleting milo stover increased dry matter consumption over milo stover silage but resulted in a poorer feed conversion. Adding rolled milo to stover silage improved gain and feed conversion compared to stover …

Weaning Calves Early, M. Mckee, K.K. Bolsen, K.L. Conway, G. Fink, Jack G. Riley

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An 85-day, post weaning growth rate for 30 calves weaned at an average age of 110.5 days was compared with the growth rate of 30 calves nursing their mothers the same period. Average age of the nursing calves at the start of the test was 106.2 days. All calves received creep feed free-choice. The early weaned calves were divided into two groups; one group (A) received direct-cut alfalfa wilted with rolled milo free-choice; the other (B), field-wilted haylage plus rolled milo free-choice. Twenty-four of the later weaned calves were confined to dry lot with their mothers, and 6 (D) nursed …

Protein Levels For Bulls On 140-Day, Gain Test, M. Mckee, R.R. Schalles, K.O. Zoellner

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Three trials with Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn bulls produced in the University teaching herd were conducted to determine effects of 10, 12, or 14% calculated crude protein levels in grain rations. In trial 1, the 10% crude protein grain rations resulted in significantly (P<.0l) lower gains than did either 12 or 14% crude protein grain rations. The 10% ration was not tested in trials 2 and 3. Rates of gain and feed per pound of gain did not differ significantly between bulls fed 12% or 14% protein rations.

Synchronizing Estrus In Heifers With Prostaglandin And Syncro-Mate B, G. Jr. Heersche, G. Kiracofe, M. Mckee, Duane L. Davis, G.R. Brower

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Forty-seven of 50 heifers were in estrus 1 to 5 days after an injection of prostaglandin given when an ear implant of Synchro-mate B was removed. The implant had been in place one week. Thirty of the 47 (63.8%) heifers with synchronized estrus conceived on first artificial insemination. Twenty untreated heifers were in estrus in 27 days; 13 (65%) conceived on first artificial insemination.

Life History, Ecology And Behavior Of Two New Liparis (Pisces: Cyclopteridae) From The Western North Atlantic, Kenneth W. Able

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Effort And Day Of Exposure On Imprinting, Jean Elizabeth Van Dyke

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

24 pairs of newly-hatched Leghorn chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups. Ss in one group followed a moving object for 30 min on Day 1 of life; Ss in another group followed for 30 min on Day 2; Ss in the remaining group followed for 15 min on Day 1 and 15 min on Day 2. One S in each pair followed by his own effort, while the other S rode behind the object in a transparent box. On Day 4, Ss were tested for the duration of following of the object. No important differences among groups were observed. …

A Preliminary Report To The Virginia Department Of Highways On Hard Clam (Mercenaria Mercenaria) Populations In The Vicinity Of The Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (I-64) (Segment 268-135d), Dexter S. Haven, Paul Kendall, Reinaldo Morales-Alamo

Reports

1-664 will be constructed in Hampton Roads in an area where the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria is fished commercially. Because of this c.lam's economic value and because Hampton Roads is the major producing region for this species, it is worthwhile that every precaution be taken during construction of I-664 to minimize the possibility of .damage to this resource. ·To achieve this objective, we are evaluating the possible impact of construction activities around I-64 and adjacent areas on populations of the hard clam. The aim is that if damage or potential damage. is noted around I-64, then construction techniques may be …