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Full Issue May 2024

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Scientists As Citizens: The Role Of The Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists In The Postwar Era, 1945-1949, Elizabeth Baker Given May 2024

Scientists As Citizens: The Role Of The Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists In The Postwar Era, 1945-1949, Elizabeth Baker Given

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In mid-August 1945 the dropping of the uranium and plutonium bombs devastated the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing Japanese leaders to surrender to the United States. World War II had finally come to a close. However, the manner in which the war ended also marked the beginning of a new age. The detonation of the atomic bomb prompted unprecedented challenges in controlling the destructive weapon. Manhattan Project scientists, who had created the bomb in the midst of wartime secrecy and understood its grave dangers, were deeply concerned about the future of their brainchild. In a world that had been …


The Coronation Of An Historic Process: Franco And Spanish History, 1937-1947, Patrick Moran May 2024

The Coronation Of An Historic Process: Franco And Spanish History, 1937-1947, Patrick Moran

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

History is not a whim, Francisco Franco declared to a youth group in January 1945. "It was not chance that many centuries before other nations Spain had forged its nationality and obtained its personality, nor that the undertakings of its sons had amazed the world with their heroic deeds." Six years had not yet passed since the end of the Spanish Civil War. World War II was drawing to a close, Spain faced an uncertain diplomatic and political future as one of the last of Europe's ultra-rightist political regimes, and the Spanish dictator was choosing to open his speech to …


Examining The Early Influences On England's First Female M.D.: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Audra Bollard May 2024

Examining The Early Influences On England's First Female M.D.: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Audra Bollard

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In 1859 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson returned home from a short vacation. At this time she made an announcement so shocking her mother cried for days in humiliation and her father declared it disgusting; she had simply informed them she was going to be a doctor. Victorian women of the upper-middle class were expected to prepare for domestic lives as wives and mothers. In mid-nineteenth century England, professional careers were unheard of for females. Although the British-born Elizabeth Blackwell had become the first female to earn an M. D. in America, where she set up a practice, measures were quickly taken …


Glasnost, Perestroika And Big Mac's: The Significance Of Mcdonald's In The Changing Face Of The Ussr, Theresa Bartholomew May 2024

Glasnost, Perestroika And Big Mac's: The Significance Of Mcdonald's In The Changing Face Of The Ussr, Theresa Bartholomew

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Early on the morning of 30 January 1990, George Cohon, president of McDonald'sCanada, left his hotel room and drove to Pushkin Square in Moscow. Nervous about the international press that would be covering the opening of the first McDonald's in this nation and anxious to make the opening perfect, he arrived to see the streets empty in front of the fast-food restaurant except for a lone policeman. Wondering where the anticipated crowds of Muscovites were, Cohon approached the officer, concerned by the apparent lack of interest in the first McDonald's opening in the Soviet Union. After a short conversation with …


Re-Defining Thainess: Negative Identification During The Franco-Thai Border Conflict, Shane Strate May 2024

Re-Defining Thainess: Negative Identification During The Franco-Thai Border Conflict, Shane Strate

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

On the night of 15 October 1940 over three thousand university students and city residents marched, torches in hand, through the streets of Bangkok to protest the latest incident in the long-standing border dispute with France. Local newspapers had organized the demonstration and a few journalists accompanied the demonstrators, standing in the back of trucks and making speeches designed to incite the crowd. The march was part of a newspaper campaign to convince the government to deliver an ultimatum to French Indochina: either return territories formerly belonging to Siam or face military retaliation. Among the banners carried by the students …


Preface, Rachel Cope May 2024

Preface, Rachel Cope

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

This year the production of The Thetean has undergone significant changes. For the first time we have obtained our own equipment and are solely responsible for the publication of the journal. Although exciting, producing this work has also been a long and often cumbersome process; if things could go awry, they did! Yet despite the difficulties encountered, we have met our goals and will always remember the moments of cooperation and success we shared.


Front Matter May 2024

Front Matter

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Full Issue May 2024

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


A Rifle Totin' Cartoonist: In Memory Of Bill Mauldin, 1921-2003, Casey Sullivan May 2024

A Rifle Totin' Cartoonist: In Memory Of Bill Mauldin, 1921-2003, Casey Sullivan

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In late 2002, Jay Gruenfeld, a veteran of the Pacific Theater of World War II, set out on a mission to give comfort to a man who unknowingly had done the same for him many years before. During the war, Gruenfeld was an infantryman in the Philippines. In the ensuing battles, his squad was decimated with close to one hundred percent American casualties. Gruenfeld was injured and sent to a hospital to recover, where he felt alone. While there, his father sent him a copy of Up Front, a collection of cartoons by Bill Mauldin. This was the first contact …


The Myth Of An Easy Passage To The Far East, Brenden Rensink May 2024

The Myth Of An Easy Passage To The Far East, Brenden Rensink

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

The tales of North American exploration and westward expansion have often been painted in tones of manifest destiny, heroic bravery, and divine providence. While such portrayals surely prove insightful in some cases, they do not paint the whole picture. A more accurate depiction of American exploration would include the driving forces of economic gain, naive optimism, overeagerness, and the hasty acceptance of geographical misinformation. The strength of these motives and forces was so strong that for centuries adventurers continued to explore the continent despite constant disappointment and financial loss. In particular, the closely related myths of the Strait of Anian …


Changing Of The Guard In Imperial Ideology Clement Attlee Vs. Winston Churchill, Charles C. Olson May 2024

Changing Of The Guard In Imperial Ideology Clement Attlee Vs. Winston Churchill, Charles C. Olson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

On 2 February 1927, the young Labour Representative and future Prime Minister Clement Attlee found himself, much to his own surprise, on the shores of Bombay, sent to find solutions to a problem he later termed "virtually insoluble. " His ship arrived to a confused reception of both noisy protesters, waving banners of "Go Back," juxtaposed by a welcoming rain of flowers and leaves by supporters of the visit.' These polar reactions to perceived British intent in India during the late 1920s no doubt showed Attlee the energy of the debate surrounding Indian independence, which only intensified through the coming …


"Watchman Over The Gate" Fort Snelling' S Role In Transforming Minnesota From Territory To State, 1819-1858, Nicholas Gentile May 2024

"Watchman Over The Gate" Fort Snelling' S Role In Transforming Minnesota From Territory To State, 1819-1858, Nicholas Gentile

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

For nearly a century, scholars of Minnesota's history have told the story of Fort Snelling and its causal relationship with the expansion of Minnesota from a territory to a state. In 1918, Marcus L. Hansen wrote an important monograph on the outpost, entitled Old Fort Snelling: 1819-1858. His claims focused on the protection and opportunities for social interaction provided by the fort during the period of its use as the northwesternmost garrison of America's frontier defense program. Hansen's thorough work stood as an unapproachable milestone in the literature on the post for almost half a century. Evan Jones wrote the …


Freedom: The Temporary Gift Of Christmas, Suzy Bills May 2024

Freedom: The Temporary Gift Of Christmas, Suzy Bills

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In Solomon Northup's account of his years as a slave, he described "the happiest day in the whole year for the slave. . . . Happiness sparkled in the eyes and overspread the countenances of all." What was the day that caused so much delight for slaves, and what were the reasons for this joy? It was Christmas Day and, more broadly, the larger Christmas holiday that often lasted many days. Northup continued to explain that these feelings resulted because "it was to be a day of liberty among the children of Slavery. Wherefore they were happy and rejoiced." In …


Preface, Julie Harris May 2024

Preface, Julie Harris

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Historian Charles Beard aptly described writing history as an "act of faith." In preparing the following articles, each author has selected facts and chosen frameworks to describe their topics with the hope that we all can better understand some aspect of the movement of history. The Beta Iota Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, an international honors society of history, has also acted on the faith in ilie quality of its members by entrusting a small group of students, mostly undergraduates, to produce the 2004 volume of the Thetean. We as a staff hope that our final selection of articles, …


Front Matter May 2024

Front Matter

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Full Issue May 2024

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Debunking 'Pfeiffer' S Bacillus': Twentieth Century Germ Theory And The 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Conor Tyson May 2024

Debunking 'Pfeiffer' S Bacillus': Twentieth Century Germ Theory And The 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Conor Tyson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In the midst of World War I, a scourge swept the world that proved more deadly than any military battle. Between June 1918 and May 1919, three waves of influenza struck in a worldwide pandemic. The origins of this particular influenza strain remain mysterious even today, but it spread so far and fast that only St. Helena in the Atlantic and several south Pacific islands avoided any infection of this flu. The rest of the globe witnessed a deadly killer. Scientists estimate that 50 to 100 million people died from this pandemic, far more deaths than from the five years …


To Boldly Go Where No President Has Gone Before: Why Nixon Went To China, Aaron Anderson May 2024

To Boldly Go Where No President Has Gone Before: Why Nixon Went To China, Aaron Anderson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

President Nixon himself dubbed it "the week that changed the world." Minutes after he strode from steps to tarmac, hand outstretched to grasp Premier Chou's hand, Chou, also realizing the magnitude of the occasion, turned to him and remarked, "your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world-twenty-five years of no communication." If we take the chief players at their word-and the chroniclers of history have done so-it is no exaggeration to say that President Richard Nixon's historic visit to the People's Republic of China in February of 1972 was one of the most significant events of the Cold …


Eisenhower, Kennedy, And America's Covert Military Operations In Laos, Russell Stevenson May 2024

Eisenhower, Kennedy, And America's Covert Military Operations In Laos, Russell Stevenson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Summer 1963: Roger Hilsman's plane pierced the clouds to reveal the Plaines des Jarres, a flat area strewn with the remains of age-old rock jars. The plains below showed signs of the batterings of war: slit trenches, bunkers, and a network of roads. The weather was dry and arid, and the terrain resembled a ghost town in the American West more than the "land of a million elephants"-an allusion to the tremendous war machine of a medieval Lao king.


A Historiographical Look At The New Soviet Woman, Liberty Sproat May 2024

A Historiographical Look At The New Soviet Woman, Liberty Sproat

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Prior to 1917, the character of the ideal woman throughout Russian history was that of wife and mother. This cultural image for women had been upheld by centuries of legislation and tradition. During and immediately after the Bolshevik Revolution, though, the relegation of women to the home began to be considered bourgeois. Consequently, from the revolutionary era to the rise of Stalinism, the Soviets sought to drastically transform gender roles in Russia. Establishing equality between economic classes, the Bolsheviks believed, would likewise establish equality between genders. Thus, they began to promote a new image of Soviet womanhood. The New Soviet …


The Logic Of Toleration: Pierre Bayle' S Christianity And Religious Tolerance, Michael J. Walker May 2024

The Logic Of Toleration: Pierre Bayle' S Christianity And Religious Tolerance, Michael J. Walker

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In 1598, after the pronouncement of the Edict of Nantes by French king Henry lV, some French Catholics obeyed the edict and afforded religious tolerance to Huguenots (French Protestants} in parts of France. For the most part, ruling elites tolerated small Protestant communities that did not challenge their authority. However, as the seventeenth century progressed, issues of religious tolerance, concord and persecution became increasingly pertinent. Catholic communities often ignored many of the concessions afforded to religious minonttes by the Edict. Protestants throughout Europe had experienced varying degrees of tolerance and persecution during the sixteenth century, but by the seventeenth century …


Satanic Verses?: An Analysis Of The Explanations For The Return Of The Muslim Community From Abyssinia, Andrew D. Magnusson May 2024

Satanic Verses?: An Analysis Of The Explanations For The Return Of The Muslim Community From Abyssinia, Andrew D. Magnusson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

When Muhammad began preaching publicly in 613 CE, he encountered little opposition from local Arabian tribes. It was not until the Prophet began to denigrate the tribal deities-al-Lat, al-'Uzza, and Manat-that opinion turned against him. Meccan leaders from the influential Quraysh tribe worried that Muhammad's vociferous call for monotheism would decrease the number of travelers making the lucrative pilgrimage to pagan shrines at the sacred sanctuary of Ka'ba. They gave the Prophet several chances to recant or make peace, but he obstinately refused and their persecution of him continued. Although Muhammad's clan protected him, some of his followers were not …


Preface, Jaime Alley May 2024

Preface, Jaime Alley

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Each year, the staff of The Thetean faces the challenge of narrowing down the dozens of excellent paper submissions we receive to a small group of those most worthy of publication. During this process, we evaluate each paper on its own merits, while aiming to represent a diversity of topics, periods, and cultures in the entries we ultimately choose. It surprised me, then, as editor-in-chief, to see how naturally the final candidates seemed to clump together into a few general categories. This year, our selections fall mainly under the broad themes of religious history, women's history, and twentieth-century international relations. …


Front Matter May 2024

Front Matter

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Full Issue May 2024

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Covered Wagons To Ski Slopes: State Promoting Tourism During The 1947 Utah Prioneer Centennial, Jenny Showalter May 2024

Covered Wagons To Ski Slopes: State Promoting Tourism During The 1947 Utah Prioneer Centennial, Jenny Showalter

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Crowds of skiers and ski enthusiasts gathered at a Utah resort on March 2, 1947. Excitement filled the brisk air as spectators watched professionals cut through the lingering winter snow to compete in the U.S. Slalom Ski Championships. Skiers from all over the nation were a blur as they expertly weaved between the gates. "Romantic Alta" provided the perfect spot for the championships with her "great white blankets" of "lavish and dependable" snow nestled in the heights of the Utah mountains. The Slalom Ski Championships were only one of several athletic events held as part of the Pioneer Centennial celebrations …


Bernadotte: Behind His Decisions And Their Timing, 1810-1812, Timothy Wright May 2024

Bernadotte: Behind His Decisions And Their Timing, 1810-1812, Timothy Wright

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In politics, sire, there is no friendship or hate-there are only duties to fulfill towards those people Providence has called upon us to rule." For Swedish Crown Prince Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, this constituted his public reason for joining the Fifth Coalition against his former master as he marched against the French Army in 1813. Bernadotte needed to meet the requirements of his adopted country, untainted by his personal opinions. However, in addition to public considerations, friendship and hate play an important role in politics.


German Speakers In America During The Revolutionary War: Action, Assimilation, And Liberty, Heather Fife May 2024

German Speakers In America During The Revolutionary War: Action, Assimilation, And Liberty, Heather Fife

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In 1768, Joseph II, afraid oflosing manpower and wealth within his own country, issued a decree forbidding his people to immigrate to lands outside the Holy Roman Empire. This effort to stem the tide of the American Auswanderung showed little result, as the annual number of German speaking emigrants to the New World remained in the thousands until 1775. At this time, the relationship between Great Britain and her subjects across the Atlantic was rapidly deteriorating. Although the reasons for this decay are numerous and varied, many British colonists resented the actions of the mother country. The end result, of …


No Dog In The Fight: East Tennessee And Its Response To The Succession Crisis, Douglas Marsh May 2024

No Dog In The Fight: East Tennessee And Its Response To The Succession Crisis, Douglas Marsh

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Despite arguments that the South fought in the 'War Of Northern Aggression' to protect the rights of the states, or to defend their homes and their freedom from a foreign power, it is clear slavery was the central issue of the American Civil War. Even the Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens declared that the inferiority of the Negro was the "immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution" and the "cornerstone" of the Confederacy. The centrality of the slave issue becomes even clearer when noting that where slavery was not so engrained in the socioeconomic system, Confederate sympathy diminished.