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Biological Remediation Of Fragipan, Corey Hale

Honors College Theses

The fragipan layer in the soil is a naturally occurring subsurface layer that restricts water percolation as well as inhibits root growth. A fragipan layer can be found almost ubiquitously across Southwestern Kentucky. This limits how agriculturalists manage soils in this area. It has been recently discovered by the University of Kentucky that Annual Ryegrass roots produce 3,4 dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (DHPPA) that reacts with this hardpan to weaken the layer. Certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria can also synthesize DHPPA through a breakdown process of chlorogenic acid. This reaction typically happens in the human digestive tract. …

Degradation Of Organic Pollutants Using A Photo-Enzymatic Cascade Process, Yu Xiao-Min, Pan Dai-Qing, Long Qing-Yun, Chen Xiao-Yang

Food and Machinery

Objective:A strategy of degrading organic pollutants using a photo-enzymatic cascade process was established, to avoid the problem caused by the use of H2O2 as oxidant in peroxidase-catalyzed reaction.Methods:After screening of photosensitizer, reaction pH and temperature, phenols and azo dyes can be degraded efficiently herein, by a combination of photo-catalytic H2O2 generation in situ and peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation.Results: 8 organic pollutions in different structure can be degraded with good to excellent degradation rate within 40 minutes. Moreover, the mechanism of this degradation process was proposed.Conclusion: Compared with classic methods of degrading organic pollutants, this photo-enzymatic cascade process …

Transformation Of Major Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Stilbenoid Phytoalexins Caused By Selected Microorganisms, Victor S. Sobolev, Travis E. Walk, Renee S. Arias, Alicia N. Massa, Valerie A. Orner, Marshall C. Lamb

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The peanut plant accumulates defensive stilbenoid phytoalexins in response to the presence of soil fungi, which in turn produce phytoalexin-detoxifying enzymes for successfully invading the plant host. Aspergillus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that invade peanut seeds; most common fungal species often produce highly carcinogenic aflatoxins. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the in vitro dynamics of peanut phytoalexin transformation/detoxification by important fungal species. This work revealed that in feeding experiments, Aspergillus spp. from section Flavi were capable of degrading the major peanut phytoalexin, arachidin-3, into its hydroxylated homolog, arachidin-1, and a benzenoid, SB-1. However, Aspergillus niger from …

Arkansas Bulletin Of Water Research - Issue 2021-2022, Erin Grantz, Lillie Haddock, Brian E. Haggard

Arkansas Bulletin of Water Research

The Arkansas Bulletin of Water Research (Bulletin) is a publication of the Arkansas Water Resources Center (AWRC). We publish the Bulletin to communicate the major findings of research funded by the Water Resources Research Act Section 104(b) in Arkansas. This research is relevant to Arkansas water stakeholders, and the Bulletin provides an easily searchable and aesthetically engaging access option.

This is the fourth publication of the Bulletin. This issue contains final reports from research projects that were funded by the 104(b) program in fiscal years 2019 and 2020. The articles in this issue can be cited as an AWRC publication. …

Screening And Identification Of Biogenic Amine Degrading Strains, Du Xue, You Yan-Feng

Food and Machinery

Strains with biodegradability of biogenic amines were screened from lactic acid bacteria strains from different sources preserved in the laboratory, and their growth ability at different salt concentrations and pH values were determined. The results showed that three strains with the capability of degrading biogenic amines were screened out. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, strain HM22 was identified as Lactobacillus fermentum, strain HM24 as Lactobacillus plantarum, and strain YF10042 as Enterococcus faecalis. Among them, Lactobacillus plantarum HM24 has the best degradation ability. The degradation rates of tryptamine, phenethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine are …

Research Progress On Degradation Technology Of Harmful Gases In Granary, Pan Di, Ma Ting-Jun, Kang Kai, Bai Shu-Pei

Food and Machinery

There were many harmful gases in the process of storing grain in large granaries, which can not only cause environmental pollutions, but also endanger people's health. Reducing harmful gases in granaries and ensuring grain quality had become the focus of food storage industry. In this paper, the sources, types and harms of harmful gases produced in the process of grain storage were briefly described, and the relative degradation methods, principles, advantages and disadvantages of phosphine, were also introduced in detail. Furthermore, the feasibility of degradation of harmful gases in granary by plasma technology was emphasized, and the problems to be …

Distribution Of Quercus Spp. And Pinus Nigra Mixed Standsin Semiarid Northern Central Anatolia, Gülzade Kahveci̇

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Central Anatolia has semiarid ecological conditions that limit tree growth. In addition, long-term human activity has resulted in degradation of existing forests lands. Current forest cover mainly includes oak, juniper, and pine species. In this study, the distribution and present state of Pinus nigra L. and Quercus spp. (Quercus cerris L. and Quercus pubescens L.) mixed stands, and the relationship between different environmental factors and abundance of oaks and pines were analyzed. The results indicate that interactions of environmental variables and human disturbance may have influenced the frequency and abundance of species in the region.

Persistence Of Trace Organic Contaminants From A Commercial Biosolids-Based Fertilizer In Aerobic Soils, Travis A. Banet, Jihyun R. Kim, Michael L. Mashtare

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

Municipal biosolids are recycled as agricultural fertilizers. Recent studies have raised concerns due to the presence of emerging contaminants in municipal biosolids. Previous research suggests that these contaminants have the potential to reside in biosolids-based fertilizers that are commercially distributed. Use of these products in urban/suburban areas may provide a pathway for these contaminants to enter ecosystems and impact human and environmental health. Soils from Purdue University’s community garden and MiracleGro Potting Mix were chosen to represent commonly used urban/suburban growth media. Triclosan, triclocarban, and methyl parabens were selected as compounds of interest for this study. A heat treated commercial …

Comparison Study Of Different Ionic Liquid Pretreatments In Maximizing Total Reducing Sugars Recovery, Kiat Moon Lee, Gek Cheng Ngoh Dr, Adeline Seak May Chua Dr, Li Wan Yoon, Teck Nam Ang Dr., Min Gyu Lee Prof

Teck Nam Ang Dr.

A process scheme combining the most suitable ionic liquid pretreatment, followed by solid acid and enzymatic saccharification was used to maximize the reducing sugars recovery from sago waste. Three types of ionic liquids, i.e. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate ([EMIM][(EtO)2PO2]) were evaluated based on their performance in terms of the total reducing sugars recovery, chemical cost, and pretreatment energy requirement. The results showed that all the ionic liquids assisted the saccharification processes by dissolving and depolymerizing the carbohydrates of the sago waste into shorter chain soluble oligosaccharides, as well as disrupting the biomass structure …

Comparative Study Of Various Pretreatment Reagents On Rice Husk And Structural Changes Assessment Of The Optimised Pretreated Rice Husk, Teck Nam Ang Dr., Gek Cheng Ngoh Dr, Adeline Seak May Chua Dr

Teck Nam Ang Dr.

The performance of alkalis (NaOH and Ca(OH)2) and acids (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, and HNO3) in the pretreatment of rice husk was screened, and a suitable reagent was assessed for subsequent optimisation using response surface methodology. From the assessment, HCl that hydrolysed rice husk well was optimised with three parameters (HCl loading, pretreatment duration, and temperature) using Box-Behnken Design. The optimised condition (0.5% (w/v) HCl loading, 125oC, 1.5 hours) is relatively mild, and resulted in ~22.3 mg TRS/ml hydrolysate. The reduced model developed has good predictability, where the predicted and experimental results differ by only 2%. The comprehensive structural characterization …

Effects Of Microbial Inoculants Enterococcus Faecium Ef2/3s And Ef26/42 On Microbial, Chemical, And Fermentation Parameters In Grass Silage, Zora Varadyova, Dusan Jalc, Andrea Laukova, Katarina Mihalikova, Petr Homolka

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Survival of inoculants in grass silages may enable them to improve the quality of silages through enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The effects of 2 inoculants, Enterococcus faecium 2/3s (EF2/3s) and E. faecium 26/42 (EF26/42), on nutrient composition, fermentation parameters, and fatty acid content in grass silages during ensiling (111 days) of fresh grass (G) were examined under laboratory conditions. The G [285 g of dry matter (DM) kg^{-1}] was ensiled in 36 polyethylene jars (1 L) divided into 3 × 12 sets per treatment and ensiled at 21 °C for 111 days. The 3 silage treatments used were: …

Regression Analysis On Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Of Sugarcane Bagasse And Assessment Of Structural Changes, Li Wan Yoon, Teck Nam Ang Dr., Gek Cheng Ngoh Dr, Adeline Seak May Chua Dr

Teck Nam Ang Dr.

This study aims to perform a regression analysis which leads to the optimization on the operating conditions of ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]oAc) pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The structural changes on SCB during pretreatment were also examined. The effects of temperature, time and solid loading on reducing sugar (RS) yield obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SCB were investigated by applying Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results from CCD were modeled into a second order polynomial equation and the model shows a good correlation between predicted and experimental values. The optimized condition for [EMIM]oAc …

Elucidation Of The Effect Of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment On Rice Husk Via Structural Analyses, Teck Nam Ang Dr., Gek Cheng Ngoh Dr, Adeline Seak May Chua Dr, Min Gyu Lee Prof

Teck Nam Ang Dr.

Background: In the present study, three ionic liquids, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate ([EMIM]DEP), were used to partially dissolve rice husk, after which the cellulose were regenerated by the addition of water. The aim of the investigation is to examine the implications of the ionic liquid pretreatments on rice husk composition and structure. Results: From the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results, the regenerated cellulose were more amorphous, less crystalline, and possessed higher structural disruption compared with untreated rice husk. The major component …

Environmental Problems Of Industrialization And Sustainable Development In Nigeria - A Review, Adejoh Iyaji

Confluence Journal Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi State University, Nigeria

The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the quest for industrialization on the environment in Nigeria; others include, the identification of the objectives of sustainable development as well as making recommendations that will lead to the much needed sustainable environment both for the present generation and generations yet unborn. The researcher relied principally on secondary sources of data for this paper which is theoretical in approach. Findings revealed the emergence of a host of environmental problems such as air pollution, deforestation, desertification, solid and hazardous waste problems in the wake of the quest for industrialization. …

A Quantitative Method For Fungal Ligninolytic Enzyme, Teck Nam Ang Dr., Gek Cheng Ngoh Dr, Adeline Seak May Chua Dr

Teck Nam Ang Dr.

Screening is conducted to select a fungus with desired characteristics intended for various applications, e.g. bioremediation and enzyme production. A qualitative method was used in this study for screening of fungal ligninolytic enzymes activities. The fungal ligninolytic activity was correlated with its growth from the screenings to identify a suitable fungus for solid substrate fermentation. Four strains of fungi, namely Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata and Pleurotus sajor-caju, were screened for their ligninolytic enzymes activities using guaiacol and Remazol Brilliant Blue-R (RBB-R) as screening reagents. The screenings were conducted at both the optimal growth temperature of each fungus and …

Atrazine And Alachlor Dissipation Rates From Field Experiments, Stephen R. Workman, Andrew D. Ward, Norman R. Fausey, Sue E. Nokes

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Chemical transport is being monitored in the root zone of three agricultural management systems at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (OMSEA). Atrazine and alachlor concentration data from soil cores taken to a depth of 0.9 m and partitioned into the increments of 0.0 to 0.15, 0.15 to 0.3, 0.45 to 0.6, and 0.75 to 0.9 m show the herbicides remained in the top 0.15 m of the profile during the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. The slow movement of herbicides was partly due to below normal rainfall during the period. Since the herbicides have not been transported out of …

G95-1260 Fate Of Insecticides Used For Termite Control In Soil, Shripat T. Kamble

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide provides information on effects of soil and chemical properties affecting behavior of termiticides in soil.

Termites cause substantial damage to residential and commercial buildings in the United States. It has been estimated that the annual cost for controlling termites and repairing their damage in the United States exceeds $1.7 billion. Subterranean termites, the most destructive of all termites, account for 95 percent of this damage.

G93-1182 Best Management Practices For Agricultural Pesticides To Protect Water Resources, Robert J. Wright, J. F. Witkowski, Larry D. Schulze

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses what happens to pesticides after application, factors affecting pesticide movement, and best management practices to minimize the potential for pesticide contamination of ground and surface water.

Users of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals must take appropriate precautions to reduce the risks of moving these materials into ground or surface water. The primary consideration should be whether the chemical is needed. If pesticides are needed, then the characteristics of the chemical, the sensitivity of the application site and the method of application should be considered.