Digital Commons Network^™

Dust Emissions From Undisturbed And Disturbed, Crusted Playa Surfaces: Cattle Trampling Effect, Ed Frederickson, Teddy Zobeck, Matthew Baddock, Robert Van Pelt

Ed L. Frederickson

Dry playa lake beds can be a significant source of fine dust emissions during high wind events in arid and semiarid landscapes. The physical and chemical properties of the playa surface control the amount and properties of the dust emitted. In this study, we use a field wind tunnel to quantify the dust emissions from a bare, fine-textured playa surface located in the Chihuahua Desert at the Jornada Experimental Range, near Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. We tested natural, undisturbed crusted surfaces and surfaces that had been subjected to two levels of domestic animal disturbance. The animal disturbance was provided …

Effect Of Superconsciousness External Energy On The Atomic, Crystalline And Powder Characterisitics Of “Carbon Allotrope Powders”, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Scientists are searching for eluding link between spirituality and science. Some believe fundamental essences of universe to be energy and information. As per current understanding energy and matter always co- existed and is considered one and the same. Energy is consideredas ‘matter-inperpetual-motion’and matter as ‘stationary-energy’.Inter conversion between matter and energy has been defined by Einstein’s famous energy-mass equation (E=mc2) which has been provedby nuclear physicists using complex nuclear reactions involving high energy particles. However, many spiritual masters have claimed to realize this energy-matter inter conversion using their spiritual powers/energy but scientifically unknown and unverified. It is the first time that …

Modeling The Effects Of Pelleting On The Logistics Of Distillers Grains Shipping, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Elif Kongar

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The energy security needs of energy importing nations continue to escalate. It is clear that biofuels can help meet some of the increasing need for energy. Theoretically, these can be produced from a variety of biological materials, including agricultural residues (such as corn stover and wheat straw), perennial grasses, legumes, algae, and other biological materials. Currently, however, the most heavily utilized material is corn starch. Industrial fuel ethanol production in the US primarily uses corn, because it is readily converted into fuel at a relatively low cost compared to other biomass sources. The production of corn-based ethanol in the US …

Costs Of Pelleting To Enhance The Logistics Of Distillers Grains Shipping, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Elif Kongar

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Biofuels, especially corn-based ethanol, can help meet some of the increasing demand for transportation fuels. Currently, the most heavily utilized substrate is corn grain, which is readily converted into ethanol at a relatively low cost compared to other biomass sources. The production of ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing during the last several years; so too has the quantity of manufacturing coproducts. These nonfermentable residues are most often dried and sold as distillers dried grains with solubles – DDGS. Even though these materials are used to feed livestock in local markets, as the size of the industry continues …

Effect Of External Energy On Atomic, Crystalline And Powder Characteristics Of Antimony And Bismuth Powders, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Vikram V. Dabhade, Rama Mohan Tallapragada

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

The Effects Of Extrusion Processing Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs)-Based Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) Feeds, Ferouz Y. Ayadi, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Michael L. Brown

Kurt A. Rosentrater

This study was conducted to investigate the production of balanced diets for juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) feeds. Six isocaloric (~ 3.21 kcal/g), isonitrogenous (31.5% db) ingredient blends were formulated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at a feed moisture content of 60-65% db, with appropriate amounts of soybean meal, fish meal, vitamin and mineral mix. Extrusion cooking was performed using a laboratory-scale single screw extruder at a constant barrel temperature profile of 40ºC-90ºC-100ºC, and a constant screw speed of 230 rpm (24.1 rad/s). During processing the mass flow rate was determined, …

Sensory Evaluation Of Barley Chocolate Chip Cookies By Consumers With Different Demographic Background And Eating Patterns, Maria Botero Omary, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Douglas L. Lewis, Elizabeth Arndt, Diana J. Frost, Lauren M. Winstone

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Health organizations have recommended an increase in consumption of whole grains, total dietary fiber, and soluble fiber to help reduce the potential risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, among others. The purpose of this project was to determine the sensory characteristics of chocolate chip (CC) cookies containing a high-soluble fiber whole barley flour (HSFWB). Cookies with 0, 30, 50, and 70% HSFWB were evaluated for appearance, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. Forty-nine students, faculty, and staff tested the cookies on three different days. Demographic and behavioral data on …

Measurement Of Sticky Point Temperature Of Coffee Powder With A Rheometer, Rumela Bhadra, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Sticky point temperature (Ts) measurement for hygroscopic food and biomaterial powders is traditionally performed with complex glass instruments. This property is used to characterize material stickiness, which substantially affects the flow and physical behavior of powders. In this research study we developed a new methodology to measure sticky point temperature using a rheometer, and validated our Ts data with previously published coffee powder data. Our Ts measurement using a rheometer was performed in two replications. The behavior of Ts as a function of moisture content (%, db) was observed to be non-linear. After 16% (db) moisture content, however, there were …

Survey Of Us Fuel Ethanol Plants, Jessica A. Saunders, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The ethanol industry is growing in response to increased consumer demands for fuel as well as the renewable fuel standard. Corn ethanol processing creates the following products: 1/3 ethanol, 1/3 distillers grains, and 1/3 carbon dioxide. As the production of ethanol increases so does the generation of its coproducts, and viable uses continually need to be developed. A survey was mailed to operational US ethanol plants to determine current practices. It inquired about processes, equipment used, end products, and desired future directions for coproducts. Results indicated that approximately one-third of plant managers surveyed expressed a willingness to alter current drying …

Energy, Agriculture, And Food: National, County, City Considerations, Gigi Berardi

Gigi Berardi

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the available information, assess the specific situation in Whatcom County, and make recommendations on reducing vulnerability to peak oil. The paper includes a discussion of energy use in agriculture, identification of particularly vulnerable areas, and suggestion of ways to reduce the vulnerability of the county‘s agriculture and, indeed, the entire food system to peak oil and volatile energy prices.

A Comparison Of Measurement Procedures Used To Determine The Bulk Density Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Clairmont L. Clementson, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Klein E. Heleji

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of co-product, distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) generated from this processing sector. DDGS is sold as a commodity for animal feed and like corn; its bulk physical and chemical properties are quality attributes normally used in trading by merchandisers. Consistency in product quality have been cause for concern in the industry and the lack of standard methods for physical and chemical property determination does potentially confound the issue, especially when results of attributes measured by different methods have …

Physical And Flow Properties Of Regular And Reduced Fat Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Vykundeshwari Ganesan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

With the remarkable growth of the US fuel ethanol industry in the past decade, large quantities of corn-based distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are now being produced. Flowability of DDGS has become a problem throughout the industry, as it is often restricted by caking and bridging during storage and transport. The objective of this study was to quantify physical and flow properties of commercially produced unmodified (9.3% db fat) and reduced fat (2.1% db) DDGS to determine if fat level affects flowability. The compressive modulus of reduced fat DDGS was 28.2% higher than unmodified DDGS, but shear stress resistance …

Extrusion Studies Of Aquaculture Feed Using Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Whey, Nehru Chevanan, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Three isocaloric (3.5 kcal/g) ingredient blends containing 20, 30, and 40% distiller-dried grains with solubles (DDGS) along with 5% whey were prepared with a net protein content adjusted to 28% (wet basis [wb]). Other ingredients in the blends included soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, vitamin, and mineral mix. These blends were extruded in a single-screw extruder at 15, 20, and 25% (wb) moisture content and at 130 and 160 rpm screw speeds. Compared to previous research, the durability and unit density of the extrudates in this study were found to increase substantially by the addition of whey to the …

A Treatise On The Application Of Lifecycle Management Principles In Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Israel S. Dunmade, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Life Cycle Management (LCM) is a systematic approach, mindset and culture that considers economic, social, and environmental factors among other factors in the decision making process throughout various business or organizational decisions that affect both inputs and outputs of a product or service life cycle. It is a product, process, or activity management system aimed at minimizing environmental and socio-economic burdens associated with an organization’s product or process during its entire life cycle and value chain. LCM’s application is gaining wider acceptance both in the corporate and governmental organizations as an approach to reduce ecological footprints and to improve the …

Effect Of Elusieve Fractionation On Physical Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Kurt A. Rosentrater, Radhakrishnan Srinivasan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of coproduct materials generated from this processing sector. These streams are primarily utilized as livestock feed, and can partially offset the need for corn in feed rations. As the industry evolves, new technologies are being developed to improve the value proposition of the coproducts, especially distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). One of these is the Elusieve process, which combines sieving and air classification to accomplish fractionation of the DDGS into component-rich (i.e., protein, lipid, fiber) streams. Previous studies …

Cross-Sectional Staining And Surface Properties Of Ddgs Particles And Their Influence On Flowability, Rumela Bhadra, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

Kurt A. Rosentrater

With the U.S. fuel ethanol industry projected to grow during the next several years, supplies of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are anticipated to continue to grow as well. DDGS is used primarily as livestock feed. Much of the DDGS must be shipped, often over large distances, outside the Corn Belt (which is where most of the corn-based ethanol plants are currently located). Stickiness and caking among particles is a common issue for DDGS, and it often leads to flowability problems. To address this, the objective of this study was to understand the cross-sectional and surface natures of DDGS …

Tillage And Cropping Sequence Impacts On Nitrogen Cycling In Dryland Farming In Eastern Montana, Usa, Upendra M. Sainju, Thecan Caesar-Tonthat, Andrew W. Lenssen, Robert G. Evans, Robert Kolberg

Andrew W. Lenssen

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), …

Examining The Effects Of Ethanol Processing And Drying Conditions On The Physical Properties Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Kurt A. Rosentrater, Brian A. Wrenn

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has been dramatically increasing in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of coproduct materials generated from this processing sector. These streams are primarily utilized as livestock feed, which partially offsets the need for corn in feed rations. Because of its use as an animal feed, considerable research has been conducted into the nutritional properties, and to some extent the physical properties, of commerciallyavailable distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). There are, however, occasions when the quality of coproducts is not consistent. Thus questions regarding the influence of production operations on …

Children's Acceptance, Nutritional, And Instrumental Evaluations Of Whole Grain And Soluble Fiber Enriched Foods, A. Toma, M. B. Omary, L. F. Marquart, E. A. Arndt, Kurt A. Rosentrater, B. Burns-Whitmore, L. Kessler, K. Hwan, A. Sandoval, A. Sung

Kurt A. Rosentrater

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 report recommends 3 or more daily ounce-equivalents of whole grains (WG), and the FDA suggests consumption of 25 g of total dietary fiber (TDF) and 6 g of soluble fiber (SF) for a 2000-calorie diet. Efforts to increase the consumption of WG and SF among elementary school-aged children are needed. The objectives of this study were to examine the consumption of WG- and SF-enriched burritos and cookies among elementary school-aged children and to perform a quality evaluation of all products. Children in grades K to 6 from a local elementary school consumed control (CTR) …

Dryland Crop Yields And Soil Organic Matter As Influenced By Long-Term Tillage And Cropping Sequence, Upendra M. Sainju, Andrew W. Lenssen, Thecan Caesar-Tonthat, Robert G. Evans

Andrew W. Lenssen

Novel management practices are needed to improve the declining dryland crop yields and soil organic matter contents using conventional farming practices in the northern Great Plains. We evaluated the 21-yr effect of tillage and cropping sequence on dryland grain and biomass (stems + leaves) yields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soil organic matter at the 0- to 20-cm depth in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat-barley (1984–1999) followed …

Flowability Properties Of Commercial Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs), Rumela Bhadra, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Kurt A. Rosentrater

Kurt A. Rosentrater

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), the major coproduct from the corn-based fuel ethanol industry, is primarily used as livestock feed. Due to high protein, fiber, and energy contents, there is a high demand for DDGS. Flowability of DDGS is often hindered due the phenomenon of caking. Shipping and handling of DDGS has thus become a major issue due to bridge formation between the DDGS particles. The objective of this investigation was to measure flowability characteristics of DDGS samples from five ethanol plants in the north central region of the United States. Carr and Jenike tests were performed and the …

Fisher Management Regimes And Fisheries Governance In Floodplain Wetland Of Assam, Ganesh Chandra

Ganesh Chandra

Assam is endowed with copious aquatic wealth in the form of beels, swamps, ponds and rivers. The floodplain wetlands (beels) extending over one lakh hectare, constitute the most important fishery resource of the state. The beels are considered as one of the most productive ecosystems owing to their characteristic interactions between land and water system. These wetlands are the common property resource and under different management regimes. Livelihood of fishers’ family from time immemorial is dependent upon fishing in floodplain wetlands. Fishers include the actual fishermen belonging to the Schedule castes and the Maimal community of the district of Cachar. …

Behavioral Explanations Underlying The Lack Of Trap Effectiveness For Small-Scale Management Of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Paul V. Switzer, Patrick C. Enstrom, Carissa A. Schoenick

Paul V. Switzer

Traps containing a combination floral and synthetic pheromone lure are used to monitor and manage Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). One key factor limiting trap effectiveness for beetle control is the "trap spillover" phenomenon, in which the trap attracts beetles without capturing them, resulting in increased damage to surrounding host plants. We investigated the mechanisms underlying trap spillover by conducting two studies in a soybean field in east central Illinois. In the first study, we set up trap stations for 1 d and compared the sex, size, and egg load (for females) of beetles caught in the traps …

Impact Of An External Energy On Enterococcus Faecalis [Atcc – 51299] In Relation To Antibiotic Susceptibility And Biochemical Reactions – An Experimental Study, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

Background:

While spiritual and mental energies are known to man, their impact has never been scientifically measurable in the material world and they remain outside the domain of science. The present experiments on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC –51299], report the effects of such energy transmitted through a person, Mahendra Trivedi, which has produced an impact measurable in scientifically rigorous manner.

Methods:

Enterococcus faecalis strains in revived and lyophilized state were subjected to spiritual energy transmitted through thought intervention and/or physical touch of Mr. Trivedi to the sealed tubes containing strain, the process taking about 3 minutes and were analyzed within 10 …

New Models Of Emergence Traps For Endophytic Egg Parasitoids Capture, Rodrigo Souza Santos Rss

Rodrigo Souza Santos RSS

For strain selection studies of natural enemies from the field, studies of behavior or even of taxonomy, capture of alive insects are of great importance. One alternative for obtaining adult parasitoids (Hymenoptera) is the use of emergency traps. Therefore, the objective of this work was to propose two models of emergency traps (traps like “box” and “bottle”), for obtaining alive endophytic egg parasitoids. The two models proposed were efficient in the capture of alive parasitoids, however a larger capture of specimens was observed in the “box” trap in relation to the e “bottle”, due to larger folioles storage inside the …

Diversity And Spatial Distribution Of Ground Arthropods In Agroecosystems, Rodrigo Souza Santos Rss

Rodrigo Souza Santos RSS

The knowledge of the diversity and distribution of ground arthropods contributes for the development of sustainable agricultural systems. This work was carried out at the Paulista State University, Jaboticabal campus, State of São Paulo, Brazil, during the period from February to April 2004. The objective was to analyse the community of Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae e Araneae through faunistic indexes, to determine the spatial distribution and interespecific interactions of predominant species in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), corn (Zea mays L.) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). The arthropods were sampled by pitfall traps distributed each 10 m in two …

First Report Of Sweet Wormwood Leaf Blight Disease In India, Kunal Mandal

Kunal Mandal

Artemisia annua is an important drug plant yielding antimalarial compounds. It was found to be infected by Alternaria alternata in India. The pathogen reduces active leaf area and is also known to produce mycotoxins. Hence, the disease demands serious attention to ensure the availability of a safe drug.

Potential Of Spent Mushroom Substrate In Vermicomposting, Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Noor Zalina Mahmood

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin

The potential of spent mushroom substrate from saw dust in vermicomposting were found out through the growth and reproduction of earthworms including the nutrient elements of vermicompost produced at the end of vermicomposting. Five treatments in different ratio of cow dung : spent mushroom substrate were prepared as feed materials with four replicates for each treatment namely; 80:20 (T1), 60:40 (T2), 50:50 (T3), 40:60 (T4) and 20:80 (T5). After 3 weeks of pre-composting followed by 7 weeks of vermicomposting, T4 showed the highest percentage of growth and reproduction where mean of earthworms’ numbers increases (M = 295.00, SD = 17.32, …

Waste Recycling: Utilization Of Coffee Grounds And Kitchen Waste In Vermicomposting., Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Noor Zalina Mahmood

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin

Vermicomposting using Lumbricus rubellus for 49 days was conducted after 21 days of pre-composting. Three different combination of treatments were prepared with eight replicates for each treatment namely cow dung : kitchen waste in 30:70 ratio (T1), cow dung : coffee grounds in 30:70 ratio (T2), and cow dung : kitchen waste : coffee grounds in 30:35:35 ratio (T3). The multiplication of earthworms in terms of numbers and weight were measured at the end of vermicomposting. Consequently, only T2 showed significant increase (from it initial stage) compared to other treatments. The presence of coffee grounds in T2 and T3 showed …

How Farmers Learn: Improving Sustainable Agricultural Education, Nancy K. Franz, Fred P. Piercy, Joseph Donaldson, Jessie Deelo, Johnnie Westbrook, Robert Richard

Nancy K. Franz

This project examines how farmers prefer to learn and what that means for agricultural education, especially Extension educational program development and delivery. Extension educators use a variety of methods for teaching content and processes that enhance farmer learning and adoption of new practices. This research project specifically looked at farmer learning preferences and Extension educator’s instructional methods.